Materi - Materi Short Functional Text

1. PROCEDURE
Social function Procedure: To help us do a task or make something. They can be a set
of instructions or directions.
Text organization:
1. Goals ( the final purpose of doing the instruction)
2. Materials ( ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions)
3. Steps ( a set of instruction to achieve the final purpose)
Language features :
 Use of imperative ( Cut…….., Don’t mix……..)
 Use of action verbs (turn, put)
 Use of connectives(first, then, finally)
Example:
How to Make Tomato Soup
To make a bowl of tomato soup, you must prepare all ingredients below:
 4 large tomatoes
 spices
 1 small onion
 ½ teaspoon of salt
 8 cups of water
 ¼ teaspoon of pepper
 small clove garlic
 ¼ teaspoon of butter
Here are the steps to make a bowl of tomato soup:
1. Cut tomatoes, onions, and garlic into small pieces.
2. Fry them in a pan with butter for five minutes.
3. Add water, spices, salt and pepper.
4. Heat until the water boils.
5. Turn down the heat and cover with lid. Cook gently for one hour.

2. RECOUNT
Social function recount: To tell the readers what happened in the past through a
sequence of events.
Generic Structure of Recount:
1. Orientation ( who were involved, when and where was it happened)
2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)
3. Re-orientation ( optional – closure of events)
Language features Recount:
 Use of pronouns and nouns ( David, he, she)
 Use of action verbs in past (went, studied)
 Use of past tense ( We went for a trip to the zoo)
 Use of adverbial phrases
 Use of adjectives
Example:
My Holiday Was Fantastic
Last summer I got a fantastic holiday. I visited some great places.
I Went to an airport and was going to fly to Cleveland. I was spending there two days.
I liked to see some
Cleveland Cavaliers basketball matches.
Then I went to Hollywood. Hollywood is a famous district in Los Angeles, California,
United States. It had
become world-famous as the center of the film industry. Four major film companies –
Paramount, Warner Bros.,
RKO and Columbia – had studios in Hollywood. I did not want to leave but I had to.
After that, I went to New York city. I visited the Statue of Liberty. I went from the
bottom of Manhattan to the top
of the crown. That was very amazing.
The places made me feel at home but I have to go home. Next time I would return to
them.

3. NARRATIVE
Social function narrative: To amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary
experience in different ways. Narrative always deals with some problems which lead
to the climax and then turn into a solution to the problem.
Generic Structure Narrative:
1. Orientation ( who was involved, when and where was it happened)
2. Complication ( a problem arises and followed by other problems)
3. Resolution ( provide solution to the problem)
Language features Narrative:
 Use of noun phrases ( a beautiful princess, a huge temple)
 Use of adverbial phrases of time and place ( in the garden, two days ago)
 Use of simple past tense ( He walked away from the village)
 Use of action verbs ( walked, slept)
 Use of adjectives phrases ( long black hair)
Example:
ALI BABA AND THE FORTY THIEVES”
There once was a poor woodcutter, named Ali Baba. Helived in the wooden housenear
theforest.
One day, he was gathering wood in the forest when a band of thieves approached.
Hehid and watched them enter a cave that opened when they said to the words,
“Alakazam, open!.” After they departed, Ali Baba stood beforethecave and gave the
command “Alakazam, open!.” Hewas surprised, thecaveopened to reveal an enormous
supply of gold and treasures. Ali Baba packed someof thegold on his donkeys and
returned home.
His brother Qasim was rich but hardhearted merchant, discovered Ali Baba’s new
wealth, he demanded an explanation. The next day Qasim visited thecaveand greedily
gathered as much treasures as he could, but forgot theformula for leaving thecave. The
thieves opened thecave and found Qasim over there. The leader of the thieves killed
him.
Qasim’s wifewas worried why her husband did not comehomefor a day. Sheasked
Ali Baba to look for him. Ali Baba went to thecave and was surprised that his brother
killed. He brought his brother’s body homeand oneknew it and reported that to the
leader of the thieves.
The following day theleader of the thieves planned to kill Ali Baba and he came to
his house. Hetried to kill him, fortunately his slave, Murganah, helped him. Sheswung a
sword and killed theleader of thethieves. Murganah freed Ali Baba from the murder.
Finally Ali Baba married Murganah and they lived happily ever after.

4. DESCRIPTION
Social Function descriptive: To describe a particular person, place or thing.
Generic Structure descriptive:
1. Identification (identify phenomenon to be described)
2. Description (describe parts, qualities, characteristics)
Language features descriptive:
 Focus on specific participants
 Use of attributive and identifying processes
 Frequent use classifiers in nominal groups.
 Use of the Simple Present Tense
Example:
MacQuarie University
Identification
Macquarie University is one of the largest universities in Australia. This year, in 2004,
it celebrates its 40th anniversary.
Description
The university is located at the North Ryde Greenbelt, Sydney, where the New South
Wales government sets aside 135 hectares for the institution. In 1964, Macquarie
area was a rural retreat on the city fringe, but today the campus and its surroundings
have evolved beyond recognition.
The North Ryde District has grown into a district of intensive occupation anchored by
a vibrant and growing university. Blessed with a fortunate location and room to
breathe, Macquarie can be proud of that careful planning that retains and enrich the
university’s most attractive natural features.
A pleasing balance between buildings and plating is evident across the campus. This
emphasis on the importance of landscape has created images of Macquarie as a place
that members of the university are most likely to pleasurably recollect.
Today, a railway station is under construction. In three years1 time, Macquarie will
be the only university in Australia with a railway station on site. Macquarie is poised
to be the most readily accessible in Sydney region by rail and motorway, yet retaining
its beautiful site.

5. NEWS ITEM
Social function news item: To inform readers or listeners about events of the day
which are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic structure news item:
1. News worthy event ( tells the event in a summary form)
2. Background events ( elaborate what happened, tell what caused the incident)
3. Sources ( comments by participants, witnesses, authorities and experts
involved in the event)
Language features news item:
 Information on the use of head lines.
 Use of action verbs( hit, attack)
 Use of saying verbs( said, added, claimed)
 Use of passive sentences ( Aceh was hit by Tsunami in 2004)
 Use of adverbs in passive sentences (The victims were badly injured)
Example:
Town ‘Contaminated
Newsworthy event
Moscow – A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another Soviet nuclear
catastrophe, which killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town.
Background events
Yelena Vazrshavskya is the first journalist to speak to people who witnessed the
explosion of a nuclear submarine at the naval base of shkotovo – 22 near
Vladivostock. The accident, which occurred 13 months before the Chernobyl disaster,
spread radioactive fall-out over the base and nearby town, but was covered up by
officials of the Soviet Union. Residents were told the explosion in the reactor of the
Victor-class submarine during a refit had been a ‘thermal’ and not a nuclear
explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to remove more than 600
tones of contaminated material were sworn to secrecy.
Source
A board of investigators was later to describe it as the worst accident in the history of
the Soviet Navy.

6. REPORT
Social function report: To describe the way things are (for example: a man -made
thing, animals, plants). The things must be a representative of their class.
Text organization report:
1. General classification (introduces the topic of the report/tells what
phenomenon under discussion is.)
2. Description (tell the details of topic such as physical appearance, parts,
qualities, habits/behaviour).
Language features report:
 Use of general nouns ( Whales, Kangaroo, Computer)
 Use of present tense(Komodo dragons usually weigh more than 160 kg)
 Use of behavioural verbs (Snakes often sunbathe in the sun)
 Use of technical terms ( Water contains oxygen and hydrogen)
 Use of relating verbs (is, are, has)
Example:
Topic: THE PELICAN
General classification
The white pelican is one of the most successful fish-eating birds.
Description
The success is largely due to its command hunting behaviour. A group, perhaps two
dozen birds, will gather in a curved arc some distance offshore.
The birds then begin to move forward towards the shore, beating the water furiously
with their wings, driving the fish before them.
When the water is shallow enough for the birds to reach the fish, the formation
breaks up as each bird dips its bill into the water to scoop up its meal.
As the bird lifts its head, the water drains from its bill leaving the fish which are then
swallowed.
Pelicans are among the oldest group of birds, Fossils of this genus have been found
dating back 40 million years.

7. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Social function analytical exposition: To persuade the readers or the listeners that
something in the case, to analyze or to explain.
Generic Structure analytical exposition:
1. Thesis (usually includes a preview argument. It introduces topics and indicates
the writer’s position)
2. Arguments (consists of a point and elaboration sequence. The number of
points may vary, but each must be supported by discussion and evidence)
3. Reiteration (restates the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments
presented)
Language features analytical exposition:
 Emotive words such as : alarmed, worried.
 Words that qualify statements such as: usual probably
 Words that link arguments such as: firstly, however, on the other hand,
therefore.
 Usually present tense
 Compound and complex sentences

Example:
“The Importance of English Language”
I personally think that English is the world’s most important language. Why do I say
that?
Firstly, English is an international language. It is spoken by many people all over the
world, either as a first or second language.
Secondly, English is also the key which opens door to scientific and technical
knowledge, which is needed for the economic and political development of many
countries in the world.
Thirdly, English is a top requirement of those seeking for jobs. Applicants who
master either active or passive English are more favorable than those who don’t.
From the facts above, it is obvious that everybody needs to learn to greet the global
era.

8. SPOOF
Social function spoof: To tell an event with a humorous twist.
Generic structure spoof text:
1. Orientation (who were involved, when and where was happened)
2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)
3. Twist (provide the funniest part of the story)
Language features spoof:
 Use of connectives (first, then, finally)
 Use of adverbial phrases of time and place (in the garden, two days ago)
 Use of simple past tense (he walked away from the village)
Example:
“Michael and His Father”
Okay students. Listen to me. I have a good story. The story is about a boy named
Michael. He was ten years old. He was not a very good pupil. Why? Because he didn’t
like doing his homework. What did he like then ?Oh, he liked playing in his leisure
time. He liked football very much. Do you know why he didn’t like doing his
homework? Because he always made a lot of mistakes when he did it.
Well, one day, his mathematics teacher looked at Michael’s homework and
found that all his homework was correct. Wow, that’s a good job! Of course students,
the teacher was very pleased and surprised. So, he called Michael to his office and
said to him, Michael, you’ve got all your homework right this time. You’re doing great.
Well done, Michael. Did your father help you?
“No, sir” Michael said, “Usually my father did it for me. But last night he was
very busy. He had a meeting. So, he couldn’t do my homework. Then, I had to do it by
myself.
Vocabularies:
1. named : yg bernama
2. leisure time kb. waktu terluang
3. happy : senang
4. surprised : heran
5. myself : saya sendiri

9. HORTATORY EXPOSITION
Social function hortatory exposition: To persuade the readers or the listeners that
something should or should not be the case.
Generic structure hortatory exposition:
1. Thesis ( stating an issue of concern)
2. Arguments ( giving reasons for concern, leading recommendation)
3. Recommendation (stating what ought or ought not to happen)
Language features hortatory exposition:
 Emotive words: alarmed, worried
 Words that qualify statements: usual probably
 Words that link arguments: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore
 Usually present tense
 Compound and complex sentences
 Modal auxiliary: can, may, should, must
Example:
“CARS SHOULD BE BANNED IN THE CITY”
Cars should be banned in the city. As we all know, cars create pollution, and cause a
lot of road deaths and other accidents.
Firstly, cars, as we all know, contribute to most of the pollution in the world. Cars
emit a deadly gas that causes illnesses such as bronchitis, lung cancer, and ‘triggers’
off asthma. Some of these illnesses are so bad that people can die from them.
Secondly, the city is very busy. (point) triggers wander everywhere and cars
commonly hit pedestrians in the city, which causes them to die. Cars today are our
roads biggest killers.
Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the city, you may find it hard to sleep at
night, or concentrate on your homework, and especially talk to someone.
In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city for the reasons listed.
Vocabularies:
1. Banned : dilarang
2. Cause : menyebabkan
3. Deaths : kematian
4. Accidents: kecelakaan
5. Emit : memancarkan, mengeluarkan
6. Triggers : memicu
7. Wander : menggeluyur, keliling

10. EXPLANATION
Social function explanation: To explain the process involved in the formation or
working of natural or socio cultural phenomena
Generic structure explanation:
1. A general statement to position the reader
2. A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs
3. Closing
Language features explanation:
 Focus on generic, non-human participants.
 Use mainly of general and abstract nouns, action verbs, simple present tense,
passive voice, conjunction of time and cause, noun phrases, complex
sentences, and technical language.
Example:
“How Do Floods Occur?”
In winter there is snow on the mountains. When spring comes the sun comes
out, it shines onto the snow. The snow melts. The melting snow turns into water and
flows off the mountain and enters the rivers. The huge amount of water makes the
water level rise
If rocks and concreted areas around rivers they can cause floods. If it rains the
rain falls onto the rocks, nothing can soak up the water. The water flows down the
rocks and into the river.
When it rains for a long time the huge amount of rain cannot soak into the soil.
The water forms small streams. The streams all lead to the main river and feed it. As
the water enters the river the water level rises. If there is not a dam on the bank of
the river the river will flood.

11. DISCUSSION
Social function discussion: To present information and opinions about more than one
side of an issue (“for” points “against” points)
Generic structure discussion:
1. Opening statement presenting the issue
2. Arguments or evidence for different points of view ( pros and cons)
3. Concluding recommendation
Language features discussion:
 Use of general nouns: alcohol, abortion, smoking, etc.
 Use of relating verbs: is, are, etc.
 Use of thinking verbs: think, feel, hope believe, etc.
 Use of additive connectives: addition, furthermore, besides, etc.
 Use of contrastive connectives: although, even, if, nevertheless, etc.
 Use of causal connectives: because, because of, etc.
 Use of modal auxiliary: must, should, etc.
 Use of adverbial manner: hopefully.
Example:
“HACKING: PRO AND CONTRA?”
Do you know what a hacker is? Well, a hacker is a person who enjoys exploring the
details of programmable systems on computers and they like to stretch the capability
of the systems. And you know what, the activities they do in the computers are called
‘hacking’.
So, what’s the problem with ‘hacking and its hackers’? Well, the problem is whether
‘hacking and its hackers’ is legal or illegal? What I mean is that people in the world

12. have many different views about hacking and the hackers. Some of them take sides,
but many objects.
To get back to what I was saying previously, let us see the positive points of a hacker,
shall we? Although in most places breaking into computer systems is considered
illegal, I believe that hackers don’t do anything illegal because they only want to know
and try the systems. I dare to say that a hacker likes finding the strengths and the
weaknesses of a computer system. They feel proud if they can find the weaknesses.
So I don’t really see the crimes in this case. In addition, these hackers sometimes help
the police catch the ‘white collar criminals’, such as bank robbers, money launderers,
credit card forgers. For example, in 2000, the U.S. hackers caught some Singaporean
hackers who made ‘Virus Love’ to break up the programs of the U.S. National Security
system.
Nevertheless, those who object to the good points of a hacker say that hacking is a
crime. The reason is that some hackers use their brilliant skills to break into banks and
other vital institutions where they can get money, destroy information, and the worst
thing is they can get secret information and sell it to another country. This is a
treachery.
Take for example, in 1994, The U.S. government broke a conspiracy of computer
hackers out of Majorca, Spain. These hackers were responsible for accessing and
eliminating 190,000 telephone credit card numbers over computer bulletin boards in
America and Europe. Seeing this fact, I don’t blame those who think negatively about
hackers.
To put the whole thing in a nut shell, I personally think that hackers are not bad
people with their brilliant skills. However, they could be bad because of money
orientation to get the wealth. That’s just the point.

13. REVIEW
Social function review: To critique an art work or event for a public audience
Generic structure review:
1. Orientation ( background information on the text)
2. Evaluation ( concluding statement : judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It
can consist of more than one.
3. Interpretative Recount ( summary of an art works including characters and
plot).
4. Evaluative summation: the last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch
line of the art works being criticized.
Language features review:
 Focus on specific participants
 Use of adjectives
 Use of long and complex clauses
 Use of metaphor
 Reviews are used to summarize, analyze and respond to art works. They may
include: movie, TV shows, books, plays, concerts, etc.
Example:
Harry Potter:
Order of the Phoenix I absolutely love the Harry Potter series, and all of the books will
always hold a special place in my heart. I have to say that of all of the books, however,
this was not my favorite. When the series began it was as much of a “feel good”
experience as a huge mug of hot cocoa. The stories were bright, fast-paced,
intriguing, and ultimately satisfying.
Order of the Phoenix is a different kind of book. In some instances this works…you
feel a whole new level of intensity and excitement by the time you get to the end. I
was truly moved by the last page. Other times the book just has a slightly dreary,
depressing feel.
The galloping pace of the other books has slowed to a trot here, and parts of it do
seem long, as if we’re reading all about Harry “just hanging out” instead of having his
usual adventures.

14. Reading in detail about Harry cleaning up an old house, for example – housekeeping is
still housekeeping, magical or no, and I’m not very interested in doing it or reading
about other people doing it.
A few other changes in this book – the “real” world comes much more in to play
rather than the fantasy universe of the previous books, and Harry has apparently
been taken off his meds. I know that he had a lot to be grumpy in this book, especially
with being a teenager and all, but the sudden change in his character seemed too
drastic.
He goes from being a warm-hearted, considerate person to someone who will bite his
best friend’s heads off over nothing. It just seemed like it didn’t fit with his character,
like he turned into a walking cliché of the “angry teen” overnight.
The “real” story seemed to happen in the last 1/3 of the book, and this part I loved. I
actually liked the ending (and yes, I cried!) as sad as it was. It packed a punch and it
made me care about the story even more. Still a really good book, with some editing
it would have been great.