Discursive Practices And Gendered Reflections Of Its Use

Discursive Practices and Gendered Reflections of Its Use
Introduction
The following theoretical framework is divided in five sections. The first one deals with the
background to the study where a classification of research studies is done in terms of the way that
language and discourse have been researched. The second part reflects the issue of gender in applied
linguistics. The third tackles some key conceptualizations of literacy in terms of the research study.
The fourth aims to explain how writing is undertaken to fulfill a brief description of the basis that
underlies the study. Within it, it is explained the write–to–learn perspective that is the scope of the
investigation.
Background to the study
Bucholtz (2003) asserts that discourse is language in context. Discourse enables establishing the
existing relationship between language and gender within a given context. Then, discourse becomes
the materialization of such a relationship. That is why discourse analysis has become one of the
most outstanding methodologies to unravel gender issues within the EFL classroom.
The foci of these studies have been the way the discursive practices are used and what gendered
reflections this use shows. Some of these studies stress discourse as an anthropological tradition
(Bucholtz, 2003). This point of view highlights how language is used in the cultural practices of the
human beings. It also cares for the existing differences between men and women; but most
importantly the closed relationship between culture and language use Explain
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How Language Is Influenced By Our Language
The possibility that the way we think is influenced by our language has interested scholars for
hundreds of years. The strong view of this 'language relativity hypothesis ' or 'Sapir–Whorf –
hypothesis ' where our actions are determined only by language has been widely abandoned.
However answering the question whether language can still shape our thoughts to some extent has
been proven more difficult. In this paper I will examine some of the recent research that seems to
support the idea that although language does not completely dictate how we think it can have an
impact on our cognitive fuctions.
The ability to use language as a way to communicate is a defining difference between humans and
animals. Even though human beings form one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example when learning a second language it might be hard to find a definitive and suitable
translation but at the same time common sense tells us that "a stone is a stone whatever you call it"
(Gumperz & Levinson 1996: 1). The two different outlooks have also appeared in the academic
world gaining advocates for both perspectives.
The concept of linguistic relativity has interested linguists, psychologists, anthropologists and
philosophers for centuries (Boroditsky 2001: 2). St. Augustine 's view in the 4th century was that
language is merely a terminology for pre–existing concepts, and in the 13th century Roger Bacon
claimed that appropriate translations between languages are impossible due to the incongruity
between their semantic fields (Gumperz & Levinson 1996: 2). Lucy (1996) explains that the
beginning of the 20th century was dominated by the supposition that differences in linguistic and
cultural behaviour are caused by cognitive distinctions. After that the increasing popularity in
cognitive sciences has shifted the course towards more universalist ideas (Lucy 1996: 37).
The idea that language shapes the way we think is also known as the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis after
the two linguists who made the hypothesis well–known. Edward Sapir was an American
anthropological linguist who, like so many anthropologists of his day, was a student of Franz Boas.
He was

Directed by Dennis O'Rourke, the Film, Cannibal Tours, is...
1. This film is called Cannibal Tours. The subject group is primitive tribespeople and their villages
in the Sepik River, Papua New Guinea. The film's producer/director is Dennis O'Rourke. 2. The era
of the film is 1978. With symbolism, intense observation and interesting humour, Cannibal Tours
eliminates the cultural assumptions with these tribespeople by talking and interviewing them to
investigate how they feel about their lifestyle and the tourists that come to visit. It explores the
differences and similarities between civilized and primitive people. 3. Historical Context:
Throughout the film, there are a lot of references and short voiceovers or clips of things that are
related to the implementation of postmodernity. I believe it's trying to symbolize the attempt society
makes to suppress bad memories of genocides on which modernity was built. Hence, the ambition
behind this postmodernity is to try and stop history. But, it is not possible to repress the past without
denying the future. Therefore, the neglect continues throughout the film. Political Context: In the
Sepik River tribe community, there isn't much of a government–type leader. The people live to their
own rules and do as they think is correct. A majority of the community is run by income from the
tourists and thus from this, the society thrives. Economic Context: The European and American
tourists travel from village to village through the Sepik River and haggle the tribespeople for their
local

Essay about Cultural Studies 1st Exam
Cultural Studies
First Examination
Due September 28th by Midnight
Name ___________________________________________________________
Part One: Identifications (Write the correct terminology or name in the space provided by each
statement. Some terms may not be used.
Anthropology Human Race Orthopraxy
Arbitrariness Informants Paralanguage
Christianity Language Phonology
Cultural Hybridization Language Family Pidgin
Culture Language Ideology Priests
Diachronic Langue Primatologists
Dogma Linguistic Competence Revitalization
Enculturation Linguistic Performance Secularism
Fieldwork Monograph Shaman
Fundamentalist Multisited Fieldwork Sociolinguistics
Holistic New Religious Movement ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
_____________________________22. Term meaning sets of learned behaviors and ideas that
human beings acquire as members of society.
_____________________________23. The idea of mixing and reconfiguring of elements from
different cultural traditions is acknowledged and even celebrated.
_____________________________24. Individuals who people believed have the power to contact
powerful cosmic beings directly on behalf of others, sometimes traveling to the cosmic realm to
communicate with them.
_____________________________25. The beliefs and practices about language that are linked to
struggles between social groups with different interests and that are regularly revealed in what
people say and how they say it.
Part Two: Multiple Choices

___1. Anthropologists who study the factors that contribute to human disease or illness as well as
the ways in which human groups respond to them.
a. Biological Anthropologists
b. Medical Anthropologists
c. Cultural Anthropologists
d.

Example Of Ethnography Report
Data:
Last weekend me and my friends went to Hillsboro to play laser tag. We walked off campus and
from the very moment we got near the car it was expected that the guys would get first pick as to
where they sat, because of how society places gender based norms upon us naturally we did not
think twice as to ho this could have been a bad thing. We pile in and the car roars alive, we begin
down the road and eventually come to a stoplight the driver(male 1) expresses a desire to race the
car parked next to us, he puts the car in park and slowly revs the engine with his feet. Signaling a
type of international code that exclaims, " I can drive faster than you, let me prove it". The other car
does not acknowledge the invitation of battle. Our driver ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
When we got there we checked into our already booked spot and geared up to play this "game".
Everyone receives a gun and and some form of protection, googles or a suit. You are handled a
weapon that not really considered a weapon because it is filled with paint, and with this weapon the
goal is to try to shoot someone as many times as you possibly can. We walked out onto the
battlefield and our eyes opened with awe the bright green field was littered with exiting obstacles to
dodge bullets with, excitement filled our stomach and we could wait to get out on the field and
shoot each other. The game began and slowly the stress set it, as one can imagine it is not fun to get
shot with a paintball but it is fun to shoot some one with a paintball. We all scattered because it was
as they call it, "everyman for them self" the boys felt that they needed to go easy on the girls
because, "well your girls"(male 1). When it comes to violence many males seem to greatly enjoy it,
the art of war appears to be programed in their blood in a very interesting way. We continue our
game and shatter each other numerous times with paint balls and having a blast while doing it, many
times the word "die!" is used in a very playful nonthreating way, at least it appeared

The Importance of Teaching Culture in the Foreign Language...
The Importance Of Teaching Culture In The Foreign Language Classroom
Radical Pedagogy (2001)
ISSN: 1524–6345
The Importance Of Teaching Culture In The Foreign Language Classroom
Language And Culture: What IS Culture And Why Should IT BE Taught?
In this section, we will briefly examine the relationship between language and culture and see why
the teaching of culture should constitute an integral part of the English language curriculum. To
begin with, language is a social institution, both shaping and shaped by society at large, or in
particular the 'cultural niches' (Eleanor Armour–Thomas & Sharon–ann Gopaul–McNicol,
1998) in which it plays an important role. Thus, if our premise is that language is, or should be,
understood as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Culture...is the foundation of communication.
Moreover, given Duranti's (1997: 24) definition of culture as 'something learned, transmitted, passed
down from one generation to the next, through human actions, often in the form of face–to–face
interaction, and, of course, through linguistic communication', it is patently obvious that language,
albeit a subpart of culture, plays a pivotal role. Bourdieu has emphasized the importance of
language not as an autonomous construct but as a system determined by various socio–political
processes. For him, a language exists as a linguistic habitus (see Bourdieu, 1990: 52), as a set of
practices that imply not only a particular system of words and grammatical rules, but also an often
forgotten or hidden struggle over the symbolic power of a particular way of communicating, with
particular systems of classification, address and reference forms, specialized lexicons, and
metaphors (for politics, medicine, ethics) (Bourdieu, 1982: 31, cited in Duranti, 1997: 45).
At any rate, to speak means to

The Influence of Age Factors on Second Language Acquisition
The Influence of Age Factors on Second Language Acquisition Xu Bailin
Abstract: In second language acquisition, age factors has always been the study focus and one of the
most controversial issues of linguistics. Based on the Brain Plasticity Theory and the Critical Period
Hypothesis, the purpose is to prove such a hypothesis that the younger the leaner who begins to
learn an second language,the greater the probability that he or she will achieve a native–like
command of it.
（许柏琳 110502112753）
摘要：在二语习得中，年龄因素一直都是语言学中的焦点以及最有争议的问题之一。本文以
大脑弹性理论以及关键期假设为基础，详细比较了儿童和成人第二语言学习的相似于不同，
旨在通过对比研究初步证实越早开始学习第二语言就越有可能获得像本土人一样的语言能力
这个假设。
Key word: second language acquisition age factors ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The theory suggests that the little kid's brain has a cellular receptivity to language acquisition. This
receptivity may be a function of cellular plasticity or elasticity which is controlled by a sort of
biological clock. With age, the biological clock changes the cellular plasticity, which reduces the
organism's capacity to learn langugage. Penfield and Roberts predict that an optimal age period for
L2 learning is between 4 and 8 because of greater brain plasticity. 2.2 Critical Period Hypothesis
The notion of "critical period" closely connecting with "plasticity" for language acquisition is a
period, somewhere in childhood or at puberty, after which leaning language becomes markdly more
difficult. First proposed by Lenneberg in 1967, Critical Period Hypothesis predicts that "younger is
bertter", complete acquisition of speech can occur only before the end of neurological plasticity and
speech acquired after this event will be acquired more slowly and will be less successful. He notes
that the age at which persistent aaphasic symptoms result from left–hemisphere injury is
approximately the same age,around puberty, at which "foreign accent" became likely in SLA.
Researchers differ over when this eriod comes to an end. A particularly convincing study made by
Johnson and Newport suggests that the period ends at about age 15. grammaticality judgment was
tested in a large group of subjects who had immigrated to the United States at

Textbook Analysis
University of Latvia
Faculty of Humanities
Department of English Studies
Textbook Analysis
3rd year, group B student
Kristaps Briedis
Riga 2013
Introduction
The "Focus on Advanced English C.A.E." is written by Sue O'Connell and first published in Pearson
Education Limited at the Edinburgh Gate, Harlow in year 1999, and the edition at hand is the
thirteenth impression printed in 2006. The textbook is oriented for students preparing for the
Cambridge Certificate in Advanced English examination. Further, the analysis of syllabus will be
based on the material given in the revised and updated edition of the "Advanced English C.A.E."
The whole text book consists of 240 pages. It includes fourteen units, which are divided ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Writing
Writing is said to be a method of representing language in visual or tactile form (Online 5). And
more important it is a skill of marking coherent words on paper and composing text (Online 6).
There are many reasons why writing is important, for example, the ability to express one's thoughts
and ideas, communicative competence (letters), also it serves as a record, as in expressing one's
ideas for future references (Online 6). There are different types of writing – writing to inform,
educational writing, writing to entertain, persuasive writing and motivational writing (Online 7). To
improve writing skills there are some essential instructions that need to be performed – research,
think, organize, write, edit, revise, relax (Online 7).
Two writing exercises are included into the unit 12 of the "Advanced English C.A.E." The first
exercise is writing an article (~250 words) about an interesting adventure. The textbook has a good
approach to the writing tasks as it provides a 'Task Checklist', where there are several guideline
questions concerning format and approach, content and organization, style and the target reader, for

example, 'Who are the magazine readers?' or 'What language features are needed for this content?'.
Also the textbook provides a 'Writing File', where the features of different

How Culture And Perception Are Directly Influenced By...
The idea behind language as culture is explained succinctly by dividing the description into a
framework of separate ideas. By breaking down how perception is developed through environment
and the presence of norms, culture is demonstrated as the provider that perpetuates this social
environment. The cohesion required of large populations begins with cooperation and
communication. From the expression of traditions, the reinforcements of norms through stories and
the passing of knowledge, language is the cohesive glue of people to environment. This can be
exemplified further by a pursuit that transcends individual populations to create a separate culture
and therefore maintains its own environment. In this paper I hope to analyze and illustrate how
culture and perception are directly influenced by language.
Beginning with the knowledge that perception drives the creation of anything from human minds or
hands, it can easily be suggested that interactions with the surrounding world are subject to this
same perception. The very experience of living is sensory and and dependant on what is presented to
stimulate those senses. Following this logic what has been created through the influence of
environment is, according to the author and Material Culturalist Richard Grassby, "subject to both
etic and emic analysis" (592). The reality of social interactions within a given environment, and the
people who inhabit this space, must also "be structured to be perceived and understood"

Q & A on Communicative Teaching
1. Lightbrown & Spada examined the influence of form–focused instruction and corrective feedback
on communicative teaching. What has previous research on this topic indicated? What do we learn
about this important topic based on their results and conclusions?
As Lightbrown and Spada(1990) suggested that language teaching went through a major change
from focusing explicitly on teaching of language to teaching language in use. Language used to be
taught through its grammar, then the focus shifted to interaction and meaning. Krashen came with
the idea of teaching language naturally as young children do in their L1. Savingnon (1972) was one
of the first researchers who stated the greatness of communicative way of teaching. He found that
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A Good quote that shows that importance of social factor in language learning is:
Remove a learner from the social setting, and the L2 grammar does not change or disappear. Change
the social setting altogether, e.g., from street to classroom, or from a foreign to a second language
environment, and, as far as we know, the way the learner acquires does not change much either, as
suggested, e.g., by comparisons of error types, developmental sequences, processing constraints,
and other aspects of the acquisition process in and out of classrooms... (Long 1998:93).
Language surrounding is as important as the language itself. To elaborate the issue, for example we
know the level of a person through his or her language therefore, language is a representation for its
users, culture , place and many more.
Tarone proposed two questions:
1–Remove the L2 learner from the social setting: Does the IL grammar change?
2– Change the social setting altogether: Will the way the learner acquires L2 change much?
Social context will have its effect on language learners, From pidgin and Creole lecture, the
language of African were describe as being lower class language because it was for White but from
a lower class community. Academic language is different from general language. Moreover, in some
fields active voice is used more than passive and vice versa. This issue is highly scrutinized by ESL
researchers. Swales (1990) is the best example for exploring

The Language Of Vocabulary Instruction
This study examined the influence of the language of vocabulary instruction in English compared to
instruction in both English and Spanish in Spanish speaking pre–schoolers. This article questions
whether or not dual language learners (DDLs) in pre–school will acquire superior gains in English
and Spanish receptive vocabulary after receiving a culturally and linguistically responsive (CLR)
instructional modality in both English and Spanish, compared to an English culturally responsive
(ECR) modality. The study also examines whether English and Spanish receptive vocabulary gains
will remain 3 weeks post treatment of the CLR instructional modality in comparison to the ECR
modality (Mendez, Crais, Castro, & Kainz, 2015).
Forty–two preschoolers whom had a primary language of Spanish and secondary language of
English were recruited for this study. The participants included sixteen boys and twenty–six girls,
with a mean age of 5.14 months. All participants spoke minimal English and were enrolled in an
English–only classroom. The children were placed randomly in either the CLR group or the
comparison group, ECR. Both groups used the same vocabulary instructional approach, with only
the language of vocabulary instruction being different (Mendez et al., 2015). Receptive vocabulary
was examined in this study because comprehension normally precedes production, and children
usually have an understanding of words before they are able to produce words (Clark, 1993; Oller et

Anthropology : The Field Of Linguistic Anthropology
Originally, linguistics was my intended major. Recently, I decided to switch my major to
anthropology, and more specifically, the field of linguistic anthropology. For the linguistics major,
one of my requirements for transferring to a university was to take a language and culture class.
Several of the first lectures focused on the history of linguistics and anthropology. I was introduced
to the idea that language, thought, and culture all influence each other. This meant that studying
language, when divorced from the concept of culture, creates a myopic view of linguistics. It had
never occurred to me that linguistic does not occur in a vacuum and needs to be examined alongside
the culture it is associated with. Seeds of change were then sown in my mind. As the class
progressed, I found myself growing more interested in the subject as a whole, and so anthropology
became my major. Previously, I chose biological anthropology for one of my general education
science requirements. As a class project, the professor gave us the incredible opportunity to study
the primates at the San Diego Zoo. The assignment was to choose two primate species to focus on:
one species from the old world and one from the new world. I decided to observe the tufted
Capuchins and the Bornean and Sumatran orangutans. My classmates and I were to describe the
primates' appearances, behaviors, eating patterns, and to paint a picture of specific encounters that
occurred during the time of our

Saussure's System For Evaluating Linguistics Essay
In "Course in General Linguistics", Saussure does two things to develop his system for evaluating
linguistics: he chooses language as his linguistic object and he only incorporates factors into his
model that can be said to be true of all languages over all time. The net result is a very high level
and flexible classification structure, which is more intent on making a developmental framework for
evaluating linguistics than necessarily providing tremendous insight into it's more concrete aspects:
rudiments like structure, meaning, morphology, syntax, or phonology.
Others, including Levi– Strauss in "Structural Anthropology", have used
Saussure's methodology to develop their own models for study in different aspects of human
society. But ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But I feel he still needed to explicitly say it: 'that despite all the differences between languages, I
have identified these invariants to be true over all time, and I believe this is because of certain
specific commonalities between all humans, particularly the human desire to create and maintain an
effective and convenient system for communicating ideas with one another.' Levi–Strauss' additional
step provides a sense of completeness to the process; that is to say that the last step provides the
'why' and 'what' while Saussure's method provides the 'how'.
Incorporating the Levi–Strauss step gives us a new line of thought to ponder: engineering and
design. Going through the steps: "Structural Anthropology" first hypothesizes that myths exist to
provide people with anecdotes to help explain the unanswerable questions of their society such as
life versus death or love, etc. Then Levi–
Strauss applies Saussure's method, designating a mythological object, in this case the myth itself,
and then determining a set of invariants true to all myths. The most interesting of these invariants is
the use of categories to deconstruct the events of a story into specific event types, which are
common across all myths. And finally, Levi– Strauss uses his myth decomposition to draw
conclusions about the myth's moral and, by extension, the society that uses this myth.
This

Use Of Linguistics In Linguistics
Use of Linguistics in ELT
Linguistics is a scientific study of language, because it shares with other sciences a concern to be
objective, systematic, consistent and explicit in its account of language. Like other sciences it aims
to collect data, test hypotheses, subject matter, however, is unique. At one extreme it overlaps with
such hand sciences as physics and anatomy, at the other, it involves such traditional arts subjects as
philosophy and literary criticism.
The field of linguistics includes both science and the humanities, and offers a breadth of coverage
that for many aspiring students of the subject is the primary source its appeal. Linguistics is the
science of a language system. It is a modern science which deals with the mechanism of languages.
A language teacher has to teach his students how to use language. If he gets an insight into the
mechanism of the language that he is teaching, he can do his duty with confidence and efficiency.
He will do his duty better than one who does not know its mechanism.
Applied linguistics is a branch of linguistics where the primary concern is the application of
linguistic theories, methods and findings to the elucidation of language problems, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Language was studied on a systematic basis in ancient India and other countries also. These studies
established the foundation for subsequent developments. Some of the ideas and methods of these
traditional schools are discussed briefly, as this will help us understand the growth of modern
linguistics. There were many significant developments in the nineteenth century which prepared the
way for the growth of modern linguistics in the twentieth century. As a result of exposure to other
linguistic traditions during the colonial era, there was a great deal of interest in historical and
comparative study of

Speech On Endangered Languages
Endangered Languages.
Abhishek Chemudu
1310110112
ca327@snu.edu.in
Contents.
1. Introduction. – Page 3
2. Endangered Languages. – Page 4
3. Scenario of endangered languages around the globe. – Page 5
4. Estimating degree of endangerment. – Page 6
5. Factors contributing to the estimation of the degree of endangerment. – Page 6
6. Causes for Language endangerment. – Page 7 Natural Catastrophes, Famine, Disease. – Page 7
War and Genocide. – Page 7 Political Repression. – Page 7 Cultural, Political, Economic
Hegemony. – Page 8
7. Effects of Language Endangerment. – Page 8 Value to Linguistic Science. – Page 8 Cultural
Heritage. – Page 9 Language and Ecology. – Page 9 Language and Identity. – Page 10
8. Response ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Natural catastrophes, famine, disease. Languages spoken by the people of the Andaman Islands,
who were seriously affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and earthquake, Malol and Papua
New Guinea (earthquake) were severely endangered.
2. War and genocide. Examples of these languages are of the population of Tasmania who were
wiped out by colonists and many extinct and endangered languages of the Americas where native
people have been a victim of genocidal violence or in the cases of the Mayan languages of
Guatemala which have been affected by civil war and the Miskito language in Nicaragua. There also
exist numerous factors which prevent speakers from speaking a language, such as,
1. Political repression. This often happened when nation or states endeavoring to promote a single
national culture restrict the opportunities for speaking minority languages in the public sector of life
and in some cases, even prohibiting them altogether. Sometimes minority sets are forcibly migrated
or children may be schooled away from home or otherwise have their chances of cultural and
linguistic continuity disrupted. We noticed this happen in the case of numerous Native American
and Australian languages, as well as Asian and European minority languages like Kurdish in Turkey
and Alsatian in

Anthropology And The Study Of Culture
1. Anthropology and the Study of Culture
a. The field of anthropology that I find to be most interesting is anthropological linguistics.
Personally, I believe this subdivision is so interesting because it is so diverse and covers so much
ground on how our language and others have evolved over time. Ranging from early cave writings,
to sign language, to the language and slang we all know and use today, language among not only our
cultures but also others have vastly changed and there is proof of this that dates back to ancient
times. The mere complexity of our current language is beyond what past civilizations could have
even imagined it would come to be. What I find to be very interesting is the fact that even today our
upbringing, social class, or cultural norms, can define how we speak. For instance, there are certain
slangs or terms that someone may say because they were brought up around people who spoke using
that kind of language. While this is true for some, but not all, children of an upper class parents may
grow up speaking very formally, and be taught to not use any slang or vulgar words. They continue
using this vocabulary further on in life because it is what they were taught to do. This can also be
applied to any other social class, or even differ between people from different geographic locations.
Linguistics is often learned and adopted from generation to generation and from civilization to
civilization.
b. A person who studies anthropological linguistics

Slang Language
Group paper of Anthropological Linguistic Lecturer: –Hj. Murni Mahmud, M. Hum, Ph.D.
ANALYSIS OF THE USING SLANG LANGUAGE (BAD WORDS) IN MAKASSAR SOCIETY
BY MOHAMMAD ASLAMMUDDIN (085214015) TRI WULANDARI (085214017) IHRAM
CHARLY (105214017) ENGLISH LITERATURE FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND
LITERATURE STATE UNIVERSITY OF MAKASSAR 2012 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A.
Background Language is a tool of communication. We can send information by communicate it. A
communication can be a spoken language or written language. In spoken language, it might be a
conversation. Conversation is interactive, more–or–less spontaneous, communication between two
or more conversant. In conversation we usually use language that communicative ... Show more
(Cocacola or sprite, dad?) D: Cocacola mo saja (Cocacola is good) A: Yang pake blek atau botol
pak? (In a can or bottle, dad?) D: Yang botol na mo deh (Bottle's one) A: Yang botol besar atau kecil
bapak? (Big bottle or small bottle, dad?) D: Oode'e, ngapana banyak kamma tanyanu aco? Anumo
saja belikanka, air putih mo saja (Oodee'e, why did you ask too much Aco? Just buy a drink water
for me) A: Aqua atau air biasa bapak? (Aqua or another brand, dad?) D: Aqua dongo (Aqua, fool) A:
Panas atau dingin bapak? (Hot or cold, dad?) D: Mana sapu? Ambilkan sai ka' sapu, mau skali ka'
cambukko, kurang ajar (Where's the broom, give me the broom, I really want to strike you with the
broom, you're so unpolite!) A: Sapu lidi atau sapu biasa bapak? (Palm Leaf or just the broom, dad?)
D: Setang! Awasko nah! (Setang, you better watch out, son) A: Setang pocong atau setang poppo'
bapak? Setang pocong or setang poppo', dad?) D: Sudahmi, pergi mko sana anak kurang ajar,
ededeh, pakaballisi–ballisi na anne anak (Enough, you better go away, you really test my patience)
A: Pergi sekarang atau besokpi bapak? (I should go now or tomorrow, dad?) D: Sekarang mo!
(NOW!) A: Ikutki atau tidak bapak? (Would you come with me or not, dad?) D: Suntili'! lama–lama
saya bunuh betul ko (Suntili', It seems like I really want to kill you) A: Ditikam atau dibalok–baloki
bapak? (You want to stab me or bludgeoned me dad?) D: Kubalok–baloki ko kabbulamma (I will
bludgeoned you

The Importance Of Language-Based Communication
The categorisation of humans into various gender related groups is something spanning across time
and cultures. Possible causes of such divisions include grammatical forms of communication, a
prospect investigated by structuralism. A variety of approaches concerned with the classification of
language in the mind (Jenkins, 1992), it demonstrates just how the power of spoken and written
word creates detachments between men and women. Key thinkers including Claude Lévi–Strauss
and Ferdinand de Saussure are credited with introducing and popularising the movement and
evidence provided by Bourdieu, Louie & Low and Abu–Lughod shows the utilisation of verbal
communication in contrasting areas. These ethnographies display structuralism via the linguistic
communications they detail, with their contexts holding great importance as they inform meaning
(Schirato & Yell, 2000). Interpretations of the organisation of a Kabyle house, the significance of
'wen–wu' in Eastern Asia and hushed conversations between Bedouin women all relate to the
divisive nature of language in societies. The intention of this report is to determine the degree to
which language–based communication establishes the gender–based groups individuals belong to,
using structuralism to explain my reasoning.
A popular topic in anthropological circles since Giambattista Vico published 'The New Science' in
1725, in which structuralism is described as a key mental component of the "instinctively poetic"
human race (Hawkes,

My Journey As A Teacher Journey
Introduction: It is hard to believe that a month has already passed since I started my journey as a
ESL teacher. From sitting in a coffee shop in Columbus, Ohio googling TEFL courses to sitting in a
cyber–cafe in the center of Guadalajara writing my final essay for my TEFL course, the distance
seems unfathomable. Indeed it is a good time to reflect on my reasons and motivations for traveling
halfway across the world, to start a career in which I have no experience. At first my motivations
were rather selfish, like many other ESL teachers my primary concern was finding a job that would
allow me to travel. However after the time spent in this course and with my students I sincerely
believe I have found a career for myself. One that is personally rewarding and has the ability to
make very real profound impacts on peoples lives. Thinking back on the ways I have improved over
the course of this intensive month, I cannot help but feel proud of what I have accomplished. What
is a good teacher? "I have learned that, although I am a good teacher, I am a much better student,
and I was blessed to learn valuable lessons from my students on a daily basis. They taught me the
importance of teaching to a student – and not to a test." –Erin Grunwell "What makes a good
teacher?" is not a question that I was ever asked in all my years of studying, although I believe I
have always known the answer. We all have had those teachers, the ones we can still remember by
name decades later,

The Book ' My Freshman Year ' By Barbara Johnstone And...
Power and Moves in Writing
Introduction
The book 'My Freshman Year; What a Professor Learned by Becoming a Student' has become a
bestseller and is has become a source of policy inspiration for college administrator. The book
details the findings of a professor who goes back to college and lives as a freshman. She registers at
Northern Arizona University and conducts her study as a part of the student body. She lives in a
dorm and takes a whole course load. The result is that she is able to attenuate student issues in a way
no other anthropologist can or has done. The author's exposure as Professor Cathy Small adds to the
intrigue of the book. As with any other, she has a distinctive method, and there are several ways in
which she establishes her position and power. The paper shall interrogate those methods using
readings by Barbara Johnstone and Charles Murray.
Referring to her History
At multiple points during the telling of the findings, the writer mentions her experiences as a
professor and relates that to the present situation. It is a linguistic measure that ensures that at no
time does the reader forget the qualifications possessed by the writer. Language can be used to
convey whatever meaning, and in these words and phrases, the author is communicating her
position of power. For example, when she is giving a story about dorm–room art, she says that as a
professor she would have found the writings too much or a bit offensive. In that instance, she has
created a

Evolution Of Language And The Brain
Professor Terrence Deacon, an American Neuroanthropoligist; for his undergraduate attended
Fairhaven College of Western Washington University from 1972–1976 as an Interdisciplinary major.
Later attending Harvard's Graduate School of Education from 1977–1978 in Philosophy and
Cognitive Development. Ultimately pursuing a Ph.D. from Harvard in Biological Anthropology
from 1978–1984. Later he joined the Harvard faculty as an assistant professor of biological
anthropology, he was promoted to an associate professor. In 1992 became an associate professor of
biological anthropology at Boston University and he was an associate at McLean Hospital and the
Harvard Medical School. Deacon's special interests include bio–cultural evolution, brain
development, and biosemiotics. He has published 2 major books "The Symbolic Species: The Co–
Evolution of Language and the Brain" and "Incomplete Nature: How Mind Emerged from Matter"
also coauthored several books and articles revolving semiotics. The book I will be mainly focusing
on is The Symbolic Species, which tackles on his theory of the co–evolution of language and the
brain. He has 3 tasks in this book first, differentiates human mode of reference (symbolic reference),
versus the non–symbolic references found in nonhuman species. Second to explain why it may be
difficult for nonhuman species to understand this form of symbolic reference, and third how to
explain humans overcome the difficult of understanding symbolic references.

Essay about Primitive vs.Civilized in the Movie the Gods...
Primitive/Civilized
In the film "The Gods Must Be Crazy" by Jamie Uys, there is a contrast between the primitive and
the civilized society. The civilized society has come a long way since its primitive days. Its hard to
imagine that there are still people in this world that live without the advantages and developments of
a civilized society. Those living in a civilized society would must likely believe that their society is
better than that of a primitive society, but like wise a primitive society would think their society is
better. In this essay, a comparison will be made between the different traits that make up these two
different societies.
In the film, the Bushmen society is considered to be the primitive while the people ... Show more
The Bushmen people are willing volunteers that would do whatever it takes to ensure the security of
their union but the civilized society would rather have someone else deal with what they are suppose
to do.
A major difference between the primitive society and the civilized society is their impact on the
environment. In the film, the Bushmen have little impact of the Kalahari dessert due to the fact that
its only a few of them. They have very low level of technology as they instead use soft raw
materials provided by the environment itself. In the other hand the civilized society which is
populated by a large amount of individuals affects the environment on a daily basis. These society
has a high level of developed technology as display in the film by tall buildings, long roadways, and
road bridges. The Bushmen society uses their surroundings as the mode of entertainment and
survival while the civilized society takes advantage of their developed technology as seen in the
film when a woman rode her car just to mail her letter through a mail box right across form her
house. It even goes further as to the civilized society using technology to hurt the environment as
seen in the movie when trees are torn down by automobiles driven by men with guns. Primitive
societies uses technology to help each other such as to dig holes in search for water, while the
Civilized uses it to hurt each other. In south Africa we

The Origins Of Structural Anthropology
Ari Lotter
Ms. Kasurak
HSB4U1
26 September 2015
Claude Levi Strauss
THE ORIGINS OF STRUCTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Structural analysis, at its core, is an attempt to comprehend things beyond the system of human
understanding. It's meant to be an objective, purely scientific approach untarnished by human
cultural and social systems. Claude Lévi–Strauss saw this pure science being applied in linguistics,
among the social sciences, and applied its objective principles and methods to anthropology.
Structural linguistics is a method of analyzing languages, broken down into signs, both syntactically
and lexically. Signs, in a structural context, are associations between concepts and means of
expressing those concepts. Comparing opposed syntagma and signs in this exploded arrangement
permits understanding of linguistic associations (syntax, etc.). By examining the paradigmatic
relations between signs, and diachronic syntagmatic configurations (something Lévi–Strauss applied
heavily in his theories about structural mythology), a basic objective understanding of the langue in
question can be gleaned from examples of its verbiage.
Ferdinand de Saussure, the linguist who explained language as a structure of signs, developed his
ideal method of a purely analytical science of linguistics in part because he was aware of the
impossibility of understanding exactly how the human mind creates and understands language. By
approaching language from a structuralist point of view, he was attempting to

Special Factors And Issues Of An Ell Professional
A2. Special factors and issues involved in identifying if a problem indicates a special education
issue or normal language acquisition
English Language Learners face a variety of unique challenges when compared to their non–ELL
peers. For example, when assessing new English Language Learners, once such challenge is the
lack of effective assessment tools. Many of the available instruments are not culturally relevant to
the ELL student's background, nor created at an appropriate level for their developing English
language skills. Another challenge is the lack of availability of qualified education professionals,
who are equipped to meet their specific needs linguistically. Language and cultural differences may
serve to put ELL students at an academic disadvantage, regardless of whether they possess normal
cognitive skills. For the educator and student alike, this matter is further complicated when an ELL
is affected by a learning disability. In this essay, I will discuss some special factors and issues that
an ELL professional may encounter when assessing an ELL student, and attempting to determine the
cause of a language difficulty; whether it occurs because of normal language acquisition issues, or
because of an underlying learning disability that calls for special education intervention and support.
Supporting English Language Learners to succeed in their new situation requires accurate
assessment of their existing abilities. The website, "Colorin Colorado" maintains

Language, The, And The Glass Broke
When we conceive language as the product or instrument of an exclusively cognitive subject, then it
is merely representational. The meaning of our words depends directly on their correspondence to
things in the world, and we recognize no other meaning than the literal. Sentences like "this is a
chair", or "Machu Picchu is two thousand meters above sea level", or "the glass broke", all illustrate
this use of language. They are clearly literal, they serve to communicate facts, and they can be
verified by direct observation of the facts they register. In these cases there is no problem in
ascribing language to a cognitive subject, nor in limiting the sense of its words to the literal mode,
nor is there any problem in attributing to these sentences a belief as their base, or a utilitarian action
as their purpose. In other words, these are the cases that support the identification of the linguistic
subject with the cognitive self.
But Wittgenstein shows us that to a large extent in our ordinary use of language, and especially in
our psychological language, it is many levels of consciousness and diverse modes of knowing that
are active beyond the rational. In these cases, language functions primarily in a non–literal way.
Expressions like: "I have it on the tip of my tongue", or "it breaks my heart", or "I have a great idea"
(6) function in a very different way than literal statements. While the latter can be verified by direct
observation of the facts they register, the former

Discussion of the Importance of Multilingualism Among Yout...
Language is a system of representation that enables us to encode and convey meaning through the
production and combination of signs. (Neves, 2011) Multilingualism can, therefore, be described as
a person's capability to maintain and practice two or more languages in an environment. This
concept is quite commonly seen throughout South Africa as there is a total of eleven official
languages. These languages are critical in today's youth as they are exposed to a culturally diverse
society which enables them to broaden their thinking in every–day life.
Language within societies can be broken down into two categories, namely Linguistic Determinism
and Linguistic Relativism. "Linguistic Determinism proposes that different languages incorporate ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the years of language acquisition, the brain stores linguistic information but it also adapts to
the grammatical predictabilities of language. (Sakai, 2005) It is classified under Cognitive
Psychology and this development builds and enhances a child's communication skills in their
schooling careers. However, if children attend parallel medium schooling, they are likely never to
learn and use one language. They will be able to speak and write in both languages which is a
positive aspect but they may never have the full vocabulary or grammar rules as they are too busy
learning both languages instead of concentrating fully on one. The positive aspects of
multilingualism outweighs the negatives as being bilingual broadens one's opportunities in
schooling, especially in tertiary education, as well as one day when they are in search of jobs. A
person is that much more employable and more likely to be successful if they are able to participate
and communicate effectively in a growing and changing work environment.
Multilingualism can be seen as a vitally important factor amongst young South Africans as there is a
constant change occurring in the schooling and work environments. The drastic change from
Apartheid to the diverse and inclusive society today, where all languages are accepted and
recognised in South Africa's legislation, is the grounding and

Chomsky 's Theory Of Human Language
In the 1960s, Empiricism and Behaviorism reigned, yet these views are now commonly mostly
considered absurd due to Chomsky. Noam Chomsky, a prominent cognitive linguist and a great
contributor to analytical philosophy, is in awe of the concept of human language. The properties of
language enable humans to combine individual concepts together in indefinitely many ways,
making the range of human thought virtually unlimited. Chomsky is fascinated that language
enables humans to say virtually anything and cooperate to make plans with each other. The faculty
of language is arguably what makes human beings cognitively distinct from other creatures.
Through narrowing the scope of human language, adopting a rationalistic influence, proposing his
Cognitive Development Theory, and including essentialist aspects in his philosophy, Chomsky gives
linguistics a respectable place in the greater sphere of epistemology.
Noam Chomsky creates a narrow scope of linguistics, reducing the focus of its study. Chomsky
believes studying the meaning, reference, and use of language should be excluded from the field of
linguistics. He insists the study must be focused toward the capacity of humans to acquire, to utilize,
and invent languages as well as the abstract structural patterns found in a particular language under
some idealization . Chomsky, apart from narrowing the scope, narrows the faculty of language itself.
Previously, the focus was centered on the diversity of linguistic performance and

Women 's Language And Textual Strategies
For a number of years now, issues of language have been at the forefront of feminist scholarship.
This has been as true in psychology, anthropology, and history as in literary theory and linguistics.
Yes oddly, the studies that result often seem to have little in common. Psychologist Carol Giligan
writes about women's "voice," historian Carol Smith–Rosenberg wants to hear 'women's words,"
anthropologist Shirkey Ardener and Kay Warren discuss women's "silence and cultural muteness,"
literary critics form Elaine Showalter to Toril Moi explore "women's language and textual
strategies." But it is not at all clear that they mean the same thing when the say voice, words,
silence, and language as do the linguists and anthropologists who ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A second source of coherence within feminist discourse has been continuing argument about the
relative importance of difference – between women and men, and among women – as opposed to
dominance and pore, in our understanding gender relations. The contrast between approaches
focused on difference and those centered on dominance remains important in orienting debates, and
feminist scholars increasingly argue that we need to move beyond such static oppositions. Since the
familiar example. The silence of women in public life in the West is generally deplored by feminists.
It is taken to be a result and a symbol of passivity and powerlessness; those who are denied speech,
it is said, cannot influence the course of their lives or of history. In a telling contrast, however, we
also have ethnographic reports of the paradoxical power of silence, especially in certain institutional
settings. In religious confession, modern psychotherapy, bureaucratic interviews, oral exams and
place interrogation, the relations of coercion are reversed: where self–exposure is required, it is the
silent listener who judges and who thereby exerts power over the one who speaks. Silence in
American household is often a weapon of masculine power (Settle 1983). But silence can also be a
strategic defense against the powerful, as when Western Apache men use it to baffle, disconcert, and
exclude white outsiders (Basso 1979). And this does not exhaust the meaning of silence. For the

Analysis Of The Article ' The '
The Authored Object The Semiological Project
Kyle Onaga DAR2 Computational Space Spring 2015 AADRL
Outline
● Abstract ●
● The Role of the Author ●
● Language of Form ●
● Activation of the Viewer ●
● Object as Medium ●
● Removing the Author ●
● Architecture as Medium ●
● Bibliography
Abstract
The Authored Object in interested in investigating the contemporary role of the author in
architecture. Using linguistic construction as defined by theorists Noam Chomsky and Roland
Barthes, this paper traces the various roles of the a uthor m edium v iewers have had to each other
throughout the 21st century and how the evolving linguistic structures have affected the way
viewers interact with objects and assessed meaning.
The Authored Object will propose a new type of linguistic organization utilizing contemporary
technologies to hypothesize how inhabitants ' experience can be enriched by introducing a
semiological architecture. Expanding on the notion of the double reading, literal and contextual, in
linguistics and outlined by Noam Chomsky and later expanded to a theory of double readings in
imagery by Roland Barthes; the Authored Object expands the discussion to readings for a formal
architectural object with posture.
Akin to the concept of body language, The Authored Object proposes to utilize technological
advancements in engineering to make an architecture with the ability to physically alter its volume
and orientation to provoke a new behavioural complexity. Such that

The language
What is language?
As North Americans living in the early 21st century, we have been educated about language from
the time we entered school. But much of what we learn about language in schools belongs more to a
folk model than to an analytic model of language. Here are several pervasive aspects of our folk
model of language.
Language is a communication system. It is true that we use language to communicate with others.
However, language is much more than a communication system. The most recent thinking about the
nature of language suggests that language is first and foremost a representational system; a system
which provides us with the symbols we need to model for ourselves, to ourselves, inside our heads,
the universe around us. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
not be there not–any beer brewed among Estonians 'There is no beer brewed among the Estonians. '
Furthermore, in some languages, like Spanish and Russian, so–called "double negatives" are the
rule, rather than the exception. Note the Spanish and Russian expressions for I don 't see anything.
Spanish: Yo no veo nada. I no see nothing
Russian: Ya ne vizhu nichevo.
These are the normal, indeed the only, way of expressing this in Spanish and Russian. If language
worked like formal logic, Spanish and Russian speakers would be suffering from a permament case
of illogic. Since speakers of Spanish and Russian appear to be normal human beings, we have to
conclude that language does not obey the rules of formal logic.
Thus, the rule against double negatives formulated by Bishop Lowth is not a grammar rule, but
rather a social rule having to do with what he considered to be the acceptable use of English.
Language is pure and unchanging. As a conservative society heavily focused on written, rather than
oral, forms of language, we tend to think that change, in language as in many other things, is bad. A
whole industry of language "experts" such as Edwin Newman and William Safire regularly rant

The Role Of Culture Of Teaching Foreign Languages
The role of culture in teaching foreign languages There are a lot of cultures in the World. All of
them have their own values. It is very interesting to note that the culture we belong to affects how
we think, interact, communicate and transmit knowledge from generation to generation. The
aptitude to ask and answer questions based on our own culture enables the process of making
connections across cultures. It is worth pointing out that English teachers can assist their students to
activate their " cultural antennas" by making them aware of vital elements of their own culture and
helping them to realize how their culture has shaped them. When we think of culture such artifacts
as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It may be said that he made a breakthrough in the teaching aspect of culture. He classified the
possible meanings of culture according to the understanding of people about them. The main vital
aim of his work was to make people aware that culture exist in all the aspects of peoples life. The
investigations that he did, as well as the theory that he stated can be considered as evidence to his
dissertation. The most important thing which we should mention talking about the culture is the
relationship between language and culture and we should also answer to the question of why the
teaching of culture should be regarded as the most significant part of the English language
curriculum. Firstly we should underline that , language is a social institution, which has a significant
role in shaping the society at large or in particular ,which plays an important role. Thus, if we learn
the language in details, it should be understood as cultural practice, then we must identify the notion
of culture in relation to language. Language is not an 'independent construct' but social practice both
creating and created by 'the social institutions within which we live and function. Certainly,
language can not exist without changes; one could make so bold as to retain that there is a kind of
"transfusion" at work between language and culture. Amongst those who have enlarged upon

Drama as a Means of Improving the Advocacy Skills of...
Drama as a Means of Improving the Advocacy Skills of Non–English–Speaking–Background
Students Chamkaur Gill Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences Bond University, Australia
cgill@staff.bond.edu.au This paper will discuss the problems facing overseas–Asian students who
study law in Western universities and will deal with how drama can help improve their English–
language oral–communication skills. A profile of the average student belonging to a high–context,
relational culture will be provided with the aim of showing why such a student needs full–on
immersion in oral English. An attempt will be made to suggest that the activities and materials
employed by instructors using such a strategy can help lower students?affective ... Show more
The general tone is one of harmony, a concept that one normally does not associate with law, given
its adversarial traits. In anthropological terms, we are dealing with students who share a relational
and collectivist philosophy, rather than one based on transactional or individualistic notions (Goh,
1996, 2002). They are reluctant to ‘open up?because of ‘social anxiety?(Schneier & Welkowitz,
1996), thus limiting their participation in oral interaction. Even the body language they exhibit
denotes appeasing and pacific behaviour. They are less inclined to communicate through touch,
facial expressions or gestures (Willoquet–Maricondi, 1991). Such students can be said to be
cautious about a loss of face. They tend to be easily affected by embarrassment when they make
mistakes that are linguistic, paralinguistic or content–related. While there is no denying the fact that
Western students, too, can get embarrassed, Asian students generally get into the ‘once bitten twice
shy?mode more immediately than their Western counterparts. So, instead of facing the risk of being
shamed, they would much rather limit their participation in the proceedings. The classroom
behaviour of such students could be described as follows: 1. Reserved ?usually quiet or with limited
participation during discussions; tend not to volunteer

Untranslatability from English to Romanian
INTRODUCTION The need for translation has always existed since the appearance of the human
being on the Earth. Translation is not only a way to explain what a language said to another, it is
also a way to present one culture to another. As to the notion of culture, Edward Burnett Tylor
considers that , "culture...is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law,
customs and many other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society". This
definition covers almost every aspect of human's life and lays at the basis of most modern
anthropological conceptions of culture. Putting it simply, culture is rooted in history, it represents all
the main peculiarities of a certain group of people, it is defined by language, religion, cuisine, social
habits, music and arts. In the process of translation culture cannot be ignored. Each culture is
unique, as a result, its language is also unique, so when translating from one language into another
we come across unique problems. It is commonly considered that understanding the culture of a
country is only by understanding what people of that country are saying or writing. However, in
practice, the fact that language is rooted in culture is often forgotten. The bigger the cultural
difference, the more difficult is to translate the culture bound concepts. Dealing with 'untranslatable'
terms is not an easy task at all, it requires a lot of knowledge, professionalism and even

Positivist Approach And Human Social Behavior
What is a positivist approach one may ask? Positivist approach is the view of how societies are
structured and human social behavior by examining it through methods of natural sciences.
Positivist approach is defined as an approach that assumes deviance is real, it exists in the objective
experience of the people who commit deviant acts and those who respond to them (Conrad, Peter &
Schneider, 1980). A book that provides great insight on explaining a positivist approach to those
who may not understand is My Lobotomy by Howard Dully and Charles Fleming. Howard Dully
was just like any ordinary young boy his age who would get in trouble either in school or at school.
Yet, Dr. Walter Freeman, his father and step mother agreed this something wrong with him causing
him to receive his lobotomy. Although he received the lobotomy he was still abandoned by his
family and went through a rough lifestyle. He spent his teen age years in mental institutions, his
twenties in jail and then as he got older he turned to alcohol. When he became older and questioned
the lobotomy he found out reasons how the procedure fit perfectly with the paradigm of his time.
What will be discussed is the basic assumption and logic of the positivist paradigm. Which will be
tied to the historical development and the relevance of its criticism. Understanding the basic
assumption and logic of the positivist paradigm is by knowing what it means. positivism means a
perspective on knowledge and reality that

The And Reference Of Natural Kind Terms
In this paper, I will begin by briefly explaining both what defines a natural kind term and what the
description theory of the meaning and reference of natural kind terms is. I will then proceed to
outline Hilary Putman's argument where his main goal is to defeat the descriptive theory and
provide a thesis of that of the following, only one being true, and not both: knowing the meaning of
a term is just a matter of being in a certain psychological state, and that the meaning of a term
determines its extension. Putnam gives two examples to further explain his claim. In regards to his
twin earth thought experiment, he concentrates on the idea that meaning is reference. Building off of
the twin earth thought experiment, he then provides more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
So when we are pointing to a 'dog' and call it a 'Labrador Retriever,' we are automatically
corresponding the name "dog" to the category of "Labrador Retrievers." Same goes for water and
gold. Usually, natural kind terms are explained by scientific makeup so water and gold both remain
classifications of natural kinds as well. Putnam argues against the notion that these natural kind
terms provide meaning from their description (intension determines extension) while, at the same
time, intensions being concepts through psychological states. Thus, Putnam believes only one can
be true at a time. With this information, we can now further our understanding of this concept of
what a natural kind term is by looking at the theory Putnam intends to defeat.
The Description Theory of the Meaning and Reference of Natural Kind Terms On the surface, the
description theory of the meaning and reference of natural kind terms is simple: that knowing the
meaning of a term is just a matter of being in a certain psychological state of mind, and that the
meaning of a term determines its extension. In other words, intention entails sameness of extension,
as Putnam puts it.
Putnam's Argument Hilary Putnam's account of what makes up a natural kind term relies on our
definition stated above, in which he believes natural kind terms hold true in all of nature (this is an
important point) through being a rigid designator, or indexical. He believes that

Literary Language And Everyday Language
Literary Language and Everyday Language What is a Language? At first glance, the question about
what is the language might be strange, because we have been using language extemporarily,
unconsciously for centuries ago. Nevertheless, the language is the essence difference between
human beings and animals, due to what language offers to humans. It enables them to have a history
and live the present as well as for planning for the future. furthermore, it is our major tool to
communicate ,express our thoughts and feelings under different circumstances, and it enables us to
exchange knowledge, beliefs, and opinions to accomplish a great civilization. However, ordinary
language is the daily usage of language by people, whereas literary language is the language used by
writers, poets, and literates. Everyone can understand the ordinary language easily, but it is quite
difficult to realize the proper meanings of the literary language. In order to reach to literary
meanings, you should take in your consideration the all structures of the literary language. Literary
language is a deviant type of language, for how a writer uses various devices of diction in order to
make the language vary from the usual use of language. The Unity Between Everyday Language
Literary Language: Throughout twenty–centuries ago, writers thought that ordinary language and
literary language were two different languages. But this is an analytical assumption. There is only
one language, which

Albanian Pride
Red and black runs in my veins
Everyone fears that it does
Because of you I am me
And because of you I am Albanian
Albanian is what I am
It keeps me going
And because of you
A piece of me is apart you
I am willing to die
To see you fly
The two headed eagle is in my heart
The shqiponja is what I see
And for you ill keep my head up high
And for you I will die I'm proud to be Albanian
Reflection 1
I chose to write about this because this is apart me who I am. And I love the fact that I am Albanian
it means a lot to me. It mean a lot because of the traditions that have been passed down to my
parents to me. But also it means a lot to me because of my cultural had to do to be who we are now.
We want people to think ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most people love who I am because I am honest and I tell the truth no matter what. But then people
don't like because of that because I tell them exactly what I am thinking about and don't think about
what going to come out of my mouth I just say it. So I think this poem is the best one I wrote
because it shows who and what Albanians are willing to do for their flag.
Reflection 2
A specific element I used that stood out to me was symbol. My symbol in this poem was the two
headed eagle. The two headed eagle means a lot if I didn't show it in the poem. The two headed
eagle means a lot to Albanians it shows who we are and what we are willing to do to defend our flag
if it is put in harm. This helps me establish the purpose of the poem because I want people to know
what we do for the things that we love. This means a lot because we are willing to do anything for
the things that we love even if it risks life or death. Each of the literary elements I used enhanced
my writing because each one represented a meaning in the poem. Symbol showed an object that

means a lot more to us and this helped show how we feel about the things we love. Imagery helped
me develop what's in my veins other then blood I tried to show that the colors of the flag are in my
veins because I am Albanian. Rhyme helped me show a lot because it showed the truth about what
Albanian would do for their country. Rhyme scheme also helped me but some

The Importance Of The English Language
en the human populations for the reason that this language is the second most used worldwide
meaning that more people are starting to use it as a base where in a near future this language will be
required to be able to get a well–paid job. The student that will be following the course along with
me is Chris Illán Gonzalez, he is an eleven–year–old boy that was born is the U.S. but brought to
live in Mexico at the age of two. This caused that he couldn't develop English as his first language
making room for Spanish to be his mother language. In his family we can get to know his two
siblings, Alan and Leslie, they were also born in the U.S. but in difference of Chris they had the
opportunity to grasp English as their mother language helping Chris with any obstacles that can
present itself. Chris' motivation at the age that he has is the use of technology that comes in the
foreign language, as well as getting the ability to be able to talk in English with his siblings and a
couple of cousins. At the moment his father and brother live in the U.S. making him the offer to
move with them attending a new school in the states where he has to use the English language on a
daily basis. We can say that his motivations are a mix of intrinsic and extrinsic because he like the
language and has the desire to learn it to get better in touch with family members as well as the
opportunity of being in a better school and having advantages over other people once he is in the
age of work (TTC, 20147 pp.43). After getting to know and analyze Chris, I can say that his
learning strategy is inclined mostly to the kinesthetic with a holistic learning ability. He also is a
ground thinker which means that we can encounter several disadvantages as to having specifically
patients as to his learning and comprehension skills (TTC, 2017, pp.161). When these strategies are
presented together we can observe that the one on one classes will require activities that keep Chris
busy as he learns the new topic giving him a lot of examples and focusing a bit more in the way we
show the details such as grammar rules. (Gardner, H., "Frames of Mind." New York, 1983, Basic
Books.) The best methods to use on Chris are: · The Affective Humanistic

What Are The Four Subfields Of Anthropology?
Anthropology can be defined as the study of all people, spanning all times and places (Wilreker,
2016). This includes human anatomy and physiology, material culture, language, and ethnographic
record (Wilreker, 2016). The four subfields of Anthropology are sociocultural, archaeological,
biological, and linguistic anthropology (Kottak, 2015). Sociocultural anthropology is the study of
societies in the present and recent past (Kottak, 2015). Anthropological archaeology analyzes
material remains and uses that to reconstruct the lives of ancient and more recent cultures (Kottak,
2015). Biological anthropology looks through time and geographic space to study human biological
variation (Kottak, 2015). Linguistic anthropology studies language in all cultures (Kottak, 2015).
Holism refers to the examination of the human condition as a whole (Kottak, 2015). This means
past, present, and future; and includes biology, society, language, and culture (Kottak, 2015). ...
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La Loner. In the article, La Loner discusses an effort by anthropologists, a community group, and
local government to rescue a nearly–forgotten mining heritage of an Appalachian society (La
Loner). The effort used a holistic approach in combining the past, present and future of the
community by thinking about how the future generations would be effected by the loss of history.
Since aging members of the community were passing away without their stories being heard,
Anthropology students recorded their memories (La Loner). This was in effort to educate the current
and future generations living in the area about their mining history (La

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