How To Improve Airline Safety And Pilot Training Essay

How to Improve Airline Safety and Pilot Training Essay
On February 12, 2009, a Colgan Airlines flight operating as Continental Connection Flight 3407
crashed two miles from the runway in Buffalo, New York, killing all fifty people aboard.. The
National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigation that followed stunned the American
public and identified the need to closely examine the regulations governing pilot training and pilot
rest requirements, with a strong focus on regional airlines (Berard, 2010, 2). Currently, the United
States government has passed HR 5900, which was titled the Airline Safety and Federal Aviation
Administration Extension Act of 2010 and is now called Public Law 111–216 (Public Law 111–126,
2010, 3). The bill targets five focal points that will force the Federal ... Show more content on
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The reason that this came about was the captain of the Colgan accident flight in Buffalo, New York
had failed five checkrides in his life time. This would not normally be a big deal, but he failed his
checkrides because he was not satisfactory in icing procedures...one of the major causes of the
accident according to the NTSB.
Implementation of NTSB Flight Crewmember Training Recommendations The National Traffic
Safety Board (NTSB) is an independent United States government investigative agency responsible
for civil transportation accident investigation. The NTSB investigates all aviation accidents and
incidents. On an annual basis, this bill requires that the FAA accepts all NTSB flight crewmember
training recommendations that come up over the past year (Hughes, 2010). For example, the NTSB
has requested that the FAA include flight in icing conditions into all flight training curriculums.
FAA Rulemaking on Training Programs Prior to this bill, the FAA had no say in what airlines
included in their training programs as long as the program included certain subjects. No later than
fourteen months after the date the bill is signed into law, the FAA will issue a final rule on all
training programs (House Transportation Subcommittee, 2010). This was brought into effect
because Colgan Airlines did not include flight into icing conditions in their flight
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Pilot Fatigue Essay
In todays society it is no longer a question but a fact that pilot fatigue is a major threat to flight
safety. Fatigue has been cited as a factor in several accidents and serious incidents in recent years.
Over the last decade a substantial amount of research and case studies have been conducted on
fatigue and pilot performance. All of which have scientifically proven that fatigue reduces the
physical and mental awareness of one's ability to operate a plane safely. This is due to the long duty
days, circadian disruptions from night flying, time zone changes leading to jet lag, stressors, and
insufficient rest or sleep periods. In general, these studies have shown that a fatigued person may
lose up to 80% of his or her attention capabilities ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was not until after the February 2009 crash in Buffalo, New York of a Colgan Air plane that the
issue of pilot fatigue came under scrutiny. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) stated
in their findings that a determining factor of the crash was the role of pilot fatigue. The captain had
reduced sleep opportunities the night before as he stayed overnight in a crew room, and it was noted
that he accessed a company computer at 0310. The same was said about the First officer. The First
officer was on an overnight transcontinental commute the night prior to her work flight and was
sleeping on airplanes and in crew rooms. Both pilots' performances were undoubtedly impaired due
to fatigue. This accident raised major concerns and prompted the Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA) to revamp decades old rules. In November 2009 the ICAO amended Annex 6 to the
Convention on International Civil Aviation to include a series of standards and recommendations for
fatigue management requirements. Shortly thereafter Transportation Canada (TC), European
Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA), and India were all
required by ICAO to review their current flight duty time (FDT) requirements to determine if they
reflected the latest fatigue

Cogan Air Flight Fraud Investigation
Colgan air flight 3407 was a larger plane and being so needed a lot of materials to investigate the
wreckage. Initially once on scene, an investigator would need to call for as many emergency
personnel as possible. This is to secure the area which was as big as a mile wide by at least a half
mile in length. During this investigators would need personal protective equipment like gloves,
masks, and body suits, to protect against any hazards from the wreck including fires and to prevent
inhaling toxins. Investigators would need cameras to record the massive amount of evidence and
wreckage. Since the plane stalled and spun it went down at a fairly steep angle so the wreckage
wouldn't be strewn in a large area but there is still a lot of evidence ... Show more content on
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This helps see the whole area that was affected and see if there were any skid marks or to see if
surrounding areas may have debris. To help correlate all of the information and actions occurring on
site a large mobile command center would be needed or possibly multiple ones for multiple
agencies. This could be large RVs or large tents set up in the outer perimeter. While investigators are
working outside information would be needed to be obtained from places like ATC. This could be
useful to find out when the last communications were and if they were encountering an emergency.
Radar information would be useful to determine a possible flight path of the plane. While weather
information of the crash would be needed since there was a possibility of icing in the area that could
have caused complications. Also, check to see if there were any 911 calls from people witnessing
the plane go down. Any pilot information that is available would be beneficial to have including
hours, training, and any failures in checks. Along with records, any last communications to the pilots
would need to be found to help see if the pilots were of sound mind and body before the flight to
rule out foul play. After all of this, it would be good to have any aircraft records to make sure
maintenance was up to standard and all airworthiness directives were complied

Cross Functional Pilot Work Groups
Results in Brief: AVP Road Shows are cross–functional pilot work groups consisting of individuals
with expertise in various topics that will conduct presentations at local FAA facilities, for the
purposes of information sharing and relationship building. Benefit or Need: The road show concept
is not new to this organization. Although many believe the road show would be greatly beneficial,
budget restraints have been cited as the reason for delayed implementation. However, the value in
pursuing the road show is that AVP has the ability to play a powerful hands–on role in bridging the
gap between headquarters and other FAA facilities. Some local facilities have expressed interest in
these presentations; however, any road show ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dependent upon the target audience, topics could include (1) An Overview of Aviation Safety, (2)
Accident Investigation Processes and Procedures, and (3) Accident Investigation and Prevention
Data. Bridge the Gap with Program Office (PO) Focal Points: Results in Brief: Through shadowing
opportunities and frequent opportunities to engage with colleagues over working lunch meetings,
AVP promotes information sharing and a higher level of collaboration within AVS. Benefit or Need:
Based upon my experience of shadowing AVP–1 during the AVS Management meeting and in the
FAA mentorship program, I can attest to the benefits that shadowing offers employees. Opening this
opportunity to employees who are interested in learning more about our division promotes an
environment of learning throughout the office. Likewise, more frequent meetings with PO focal
points enhance communication flow and relationship building. Blueprint: Establishing a regular
communication method to promote employee shadowing opportunities is a great way to promote
free educational training and advance information sharing in the office. These types of opportunities
would be distributed via email once or twice a month. Likewise, optional quarterly brown bags in
the form of working lunch meetings are a great way to connect branches and designated PO focal
points. A method would be established to create open communication flow between offices in order
to accomplish

A Brief Report On Colgan Flight 3407 Essay
February 12th, 2009. A sad day it was in the United States, mostly in the eastern section of the great
land. Colgan flight 3407 was set for departure from Newark, New Jersey set to land in Buffalo, New
York. Traffic was significant enough to illuminate plenty of people travelling to Buffalo and back as
a total of 110 recorded flights from different carriers were incoming and going between the two
locations. In which seven Continental flights were bound for the Newark Liberty International
Airport from Buffalo Niagra International Airport on the same day. Little did the passengers and
crew members know that Flight 3407 was special. As the plane was approaching the New York area,
the cockpit crew observed ice accumulation on the aircraft's wings. This was an indication of the
flight operating in a low temperature area and may have been the cause of the crash. The
accumulation of ice on the wing adds weight to the air–bone body and thus, reduces the lift.
Additionally, it also changes the shape of the wing, and this shape is what gives the lift. During the
investigation held by the National Transportation Safety Board, the Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR)
was examined and found out that the crew did not recheck if the de–ice system installed in the
aircraft was operational or not. This was critical due to the fact that the ice buildup was a mere 6
minutes before the plane crashed. The Flight Data Recorder was brought into account, it stated that
the de–ice system was set in the

The Aviation Industry Has Made Great Advances Improved...
The aviation industry has made great advances in improving flight safety. These successes have
been obtained thanks to the improvements made in aircraft designs and systems, which consequently
helped in decreasing pilot error. Although they are considered one of the great successes in the
industry and safety of flight has improved significantly, however, seventy to eight percent of aircraft
accidents are still caused by pilots' error, which therefore makes it one of the most contributory
factors to aircrafts' accidents. Every airplane accident has profound consequences on many ends and
is considered one of the most tragic events that can occur. Accidents deeply weigh on the minds of
the family victims and they often also result in major attention from the media and the general
public. When accidents occur, the pilots are the ones who are immediately thought to have caused
the accident and are often held liable for it. In the history of aviation, several accidents were due to
pilot error and the effects of regulations and legal implications as a result of them have been several
and complicated (Dismukes, 2007). The National Transportation Security Board, or NTSB, the US
government agency that is in charge of investigating and determining the causes of all accidents
involving US civil aviation, is responsible to analyze everything that lead to an accident from
examining the wreckage, the aircraft design, and the aircraft's performance characteristics to
evaluating

Str 581 Week 4
Alaskan Airlines – Strategic Choice and Evaluation
Recognizing an organization's alternatives for growth is an important process for companies. By
evaluating and selecting the competitive advantages within a market a company can distinguish
themselves from their competition. For an organization the "grand strategies indicate the time period
over which long–range objectives are to be achieved. Thus, a grand strategy can be defined as a
comprehensive general approach that guides a firm's major actions" (Pearce & Robinson, 2011).
Alaskan Airlines is a company that is known for their innovations and leadership within in the
aviation industry. Alaskan Airlines is easily identifiable because of the smiling Eskimo on the tail of
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alaska Airlines was the first airlines to use Internet technologies to enhance the customer service
experience through their online check–in and ability to print boarding passes. The grand strategy is
delivered through a final marketing strategy; Alaskan Airlines currently services over 60 cities and
three countries, has a pro–active program in place to reduce emissions from jet engines, an extensive
recycling program at facilities and is developing/using technologies to fly more economical routes.
Recently Colgan Air decided not fly offer service from Presque to Logan International, PenAir a
partner of Alaskan Air decided to provide the service at a $115 round trip. This gives Alaskan
Airlines the ability to provide customers with outstanding service while becoming a better global
citizen.
Recommendation
Alaskan Airlines, through the leadership of Brad Tilden, has been able to provide renowned
customer service within in the industry and has been a leader in the innovation of technologies that
can be used for the betterment of the aviation industry. The recommendation is to follow the current
business model of customer service to preserve the customer positive customer experience. Alaskan
Airlines should also focus on the environmental portion of the aviation industry by using more
Green practices such and wind farms, more robust

The Crash Of The Plane Crash
The plane crash occurred on February 12, 2009, approximately 22.17 EST, when the turboprop
Bombardier, Colgan Air, Inc., was executing the flight 3407, approaching to the international airport
in Buffalo, New York. He crashed into a house in Clarence Center, (NY), five nautical miles to the
northeast of the landing site, killing a man on the earth, the passengers and flight crew. Altogether,
this tragedy claimed the lives of fifty people. The airplane was destroyed after hitting the ground and
because of the fire, which started after the crash. That night, adverse weather conditions have been
observed. The forecast for wind up to 15 knots and snow showers. At the same time, the weather
documents for crashed Flight did not include any advice on the airplane management in hard
weather conditions, which would have informed the pilot about the specifics of such phenomena.
One of them was the rime icing of the plane caused by decreasing altitude. (National Transportation
Safety Board, 2010).
According to the records of the black box (Colgan 3407 NTSB, 2009), the timeline of events
indicates that the event occurred quickly and were extremely few chances that the accident will be
avoided. The events explained in the following sequence. The plane was on the instrument landing
near the airport of Buffalo. The engines were running at idle speed. There was a slight icing on the
glider, but its' impact was negligible. The autopilot mode was activated. Airspeed during the decline
was

Colgan Air And Continental Connection Flight 3407 Air Crash
Broward Community College Colgan air/Continental Connection Flight 3407 Air Crash Hugo M.
Minaya ASC 2320 Aviation Law Professor Mike Nonnemacher 5 August 2013 Hugo M. Minaya
ASC 2320 Aviation Law Professor Mike Nonnemacher November 25, 2016 Colgan air/Continental
Connection Flight 3407 Air Crash One of the most controversial and important air crash linked to
human error of the modern world happened on the night of February 12, 2009. Colgan air flight
3407, operated by Continental Connection, was on final approach to runway 23 at Buffalo–Niagara
International Airport as it disappeared from radar. The aircraft was a Bombardier Dash 8, a popular
twin engine medium range turboprop Airliner used by many regional carriers. The aircraft entered
an uncontrollable stall crashing into to a neighborhood 5 miles northeast of the airport killing all
everyone on souls on board. The Captain, Marvin Resnlow and first officer Rebecca Lynne were
behind the controls the night of the accident. The NTSB report determined error by both pilots cause
the aircraft to crash. Thus, pilot fatigues, improper recovery form a stall were contributing factors.
The victim's family members pushed for congress to overhaul airline regulations. The NTBS
investigation delivery multiple findings that eventually led to a modernization of airline operations
and pilot training. The NTSB concluded both pilots were suffering from sleep deprivation and
fatigue and eventually led to make errors during

Problematic Issues Caused by Acid Rain Essay
Problematic Issues Caused by Acid Rain
Acid rain has been problematic to the earth's environment for many years in North America. What is
Acid Rain? What causes Acid Rain? How is Acid Rain damageable to the Earths soil? Acid Rain is
rain that contains a high concentration of pollutants, chiefly sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide,
released into the earth's atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil.
(Definition.com) Acid Rain has been known to cause damage to vegetation and soils, animals and
humans. There are two types of Acid Rain: Wet Deposition and Dry Deposition. Wet Deposition
refers to acidic rain, fog and snow. Dry Deposition occurs in dry climates, where acid chemicals
may become incorporated into dust or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It pollutes the air when bad exhaustion comes out of the tails pipes of a vehicle. Most cities have a
law emission test requirement for vehicles that reside in the city. Rural areas, such as where I live,
do not require an emissions test. I believe that every vehicle that is sold to consumers, it is tested
before it is sold. Meanwhile, buses in New Mexico are using natural gas to transport people; it burns
clear and regular gas is dirty. Automobile designers have invented electric cars that do not cause
harm to the earth's environment. Hopefully in the far or near future everyone will be driving electric
cars. With the raise of electric cars out on the streets, Can you imagine what our environment would
look like? In modern day society, acid rain has affected vegetations, waters, rocks and animals in
various types of environments. Acid rain is very common in forest types of environments and lakes
due to the wind. The wind carries toxins of sulfur dioxide into the clouds where the clouds create
either rain or smog. When the ground/soil is affected by sulfur dioxide, it becomes rotted and the
acid rain kills all types of vegetation. Animals living in this environment loose some sort of food and
become poisoned. For example, fish that live in the waters of lakes are harmed by acid rain where
the pH levels become abnormal. When the forests are destroyed, the living creatures and animals
will not be able to find any source of food; the wild grass is one source of

Logan International Airport Case Study Essay
Logan International Airport Case Study
MGCR 472: Operation Management
Executive Summary
This report provides an analysis and evaluation of the current and prospective delay problems of
Logan International Airport at Boston, Massachusetts. Method of analysis includes waiting line
simulation and historical data tracking as well as response from both local community and
Massport. Results of the data show that the major causes to delay are broken down in the following:
1. Increasing demand for annual operations
2. Adverse weather conditions, especially the northwest wind which Logan airport is not designed to
accommodate at normal capacity.
3. Continuous heavy air traffic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If Turboprops and regional airplanes were to be diverted then their delay time would only be 10
minutes in adverse weather conditions. As the delay time would be significantly reduced for
regional and turboprops in this scenario, we believe that the small planes would be willing to make
the switch. This would also free up capacity by 56% at Logan airport so that the conventional planes
would also have a decreased delay time of 22 minutes as compared to an infinite wait time (Figure
2).
However, while this alternative might be favorable in the short term, it is rather unfeasible over the
long term as there would be a significant passenger cost in terms of loss of goodwill. We assume
that the loss of goodwill would be similar to the passenger cost of $30.9/passenger/hour and we
include a car rental cost of $9/passenger/hour for a total passenger switching cost of
$40/passenger/hour. Passengers would likely be upset at arriving at a different location resulting in
many inconveniences and additional costs incurred. If this happens on a regular basis, Logan
airport's reputation will be hurt and this may adversely affect its revenue as well.
Building a new runway
Building a new runway 14/32 (one end at 320 degrees facing the NW and the other at 140 degree
facing the SE) which will situate at the southwestern edge of the airport is a favorable solution
toward the

The Four Elements Of Earth Bending
I´ve always believed that the pillars of planet Earth are the four main elements. Of course I am
referring to Air, Water, Fire and Earth. Imagine having the ability to harness and bend each of these
four elements into anything you desire. Each one of these elements has their own different but
unique characteristic. They all have endless possibilities depending on how you decide to use each
one of them.
Let us start with the simplest one, the Air element. This element is really basic. Although Air
bending sounds really simple there are a lot of things you are able to do with it. You can create air
rushes, tornadoes and other kind of aerial disruptions. However, the most interesting characteristic
of being an Air bender is that you have the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is probably the most complicated one but for me it´s the best out of every single one. It is only
complicated because of all the uses it has. Being a skillful Water bender has a lot of benefits. You are
able to control water, obviously. As you control water you are able to turn this water into ice and
vice versa. Also as a Water bender you have the ability to heal of other people wounds and of course
your own wounds. But my favorite use of water bending is blood bending. This ability as the name
implies consists of you having the ability to control the blood of any being either being an animal or
a human being. You can manipulate all of their actions; they are basically puppets to the grand
puppet master that you

What Are Respirators Are Common Today And Household Settings
Respirators are defined by Merriam–Webster as, "a device worn over the mouth and nose to protect
the respiratory tract by filtering out dangerous substances (as dusts or fumes) from inhaled air"
(Merriam–Webster). The use of respirators are common today in both industrial and household
settings. The earliest known idea for a respirator can be traced to Pliny the Elder over 1900 years
ago. He suggested the use of wearing animal bladders to protect Roman mine workers from inhaling
red oxide of lead (OSHA). In 1854, John Stenhouse developed a respirator using powdered charcoal
(see Figure 1) that could be used for protection from gas. Stenhouse's respirator led to the use of
activated charcoal, which is still used today (OSHA). There ... Show more content on
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There are 5 markings required (see figure 2) by NIOSH for approved particulate filtering face–piece
respirators (NIOSH, 2014);
Wet–laid process
The wet–laid process is a modified version of a process that is used to create paper. There are
various methods that can be utilized based on the needs of the finished product, production, demand,
etc. The particular wet laid process that was utilized in this experiment yielded a mat that was
approximately 12"x12" with varying thickness, based on the mass of material used. One mat could
be produced approximately every hour, with an additional two hours needed for the drying of each
mat. The material is mixed with a dispersal agent, flocculating agent, and a resin. The process
involved the mixing of the chemicals, along with the material. The resulting mixture is then added to
the "suction box" and filled with more water. A vacuum is then pulled by opening a valve below the
suction box, resulting in a mat of the material on the mesh bottom of the suction box.
This project was a continuation of prior research conducted by Meghan Moore. She investigated
how the efficiency of using activated carbon fiber compared to traditional filtering face–piece
respirators for nanoparticle aerosols. The particular activated carbon fibers used in this study were
two nonwoven activated carbon fiber felts, with a surface area of 1,000m2/g and 1,500m2/g, and
two woven activated carbon fibers

Aircraft Manufacturing Industry : Aircraft Engines
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW The aircraft manufacturing industry consists of completed aircrafts,
aircraft engines and engine parts and other aircraft parts and systems. Completed aircraft
manufacturing accounts for over 60% of the aircraft manufacturing industry, the largest sector.
Aircraft engines and other aircraft parts and systems account for smaller equal parts of the industry.
Please refer to figure 4. The aircraft segment includes completed large commercial aircrafts,
regional aircrafts, business jets, helicopters and ultra–light aircraft. Completed aircraft manufactures
also build completed aircrafts for the defense department and international defense agencies. The
aircraft engine segment also includes the manufacturing of single engine parts, as well as completed
engines. The other aircraft parts and systems segment includes products like propellers,
transmission, landing gear, etc. The aircraft manufacturing industry is a $233 billion industry
(Soshkin, 2015). In the past five years the industry as a whole has seen a 7.1% growth and is
projected to have a 4.1% growth through the next five years. The product segmentation of the
industry is 63% completed aircraft, 19.1% engine and engine parts, and 20.6% other aircraft parts
and systems (Soshkin, 2015). The industry is a mature industry. Products are sold two ways, to
commercial buyers and to government buyers. Over half of the products sold are sold to commercial
buyers, but the most expensive items are sold

Aviation Accidents
The world of aviation is a beautiful thing, dominated by massive airplanes powering through the
sky. In the United States, almost 900 million passengers traveled on scheduled airliner service in the
year 2016. Take 900 million and add in general civilian flights, and the number passes one billion
people. Having so many people traveling requires a great amount of timing and training to
accomplish such an outcome. The text below provides information on airplane accidents and factors
relating to them. The most important factor touched upon in the text is human error. Human error
plays a role in all aviation accidents, and eliminating it is a main focus of the aviation community.
Risk assessment and mitigation is a main component to preventing aircraft accidents. Key Words:
Domestic, AOPA, FAA, ATC, Fatality, Mitigation, ADM The last recorded fatality on a U.S.–
certificated scheduled airline flight was on Feb. 12, 2009, when Colgan Air Flight 3407 crashed in
Buffalo, New York. As of the date this paper was composed, that is almost 9 years ago. In that time,
roughly 6.1 billion people have traveled using a domestic airliner, and in that time not a single U.S.–
certified flight has had a fatality relating to a crash. Airplane travel is one of the safest means of
travel to date. Yet, the topic of airliner safety is still a pressing issue, not due to the amount of
accidents, but the volume of life that could be lost in one. Aviation training is strict, the amount of

Air Pollution essay
Air pollution has become a major problem in the United States. The agricultural industry must help
maintain air quality. By doing that the United States has started trying to make machines that will
help reduce the pollution in the air which will help the environment. One way the United States has
tried stopping air pollution and that is to create a solar powered machine which decreases air
pollution. But also there are some ways that the people of the United States can help stop air
pollution.
Air pollution affects the health of people in a major way. The presence of carbon monoxide in the air
we breathe causes headache nausea and suffocation. Tuberculosis, bronchitis and asthma are
common in our country due to poor air quality. Dust in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When growing plants the Plants can reduce the air pollution by producing the oxygen which is very
important for human life to breathe.
Another solution is that the United States should limit factories how much they should make a year
because less smoke means less pollution. Also that would be sort of a bad thing but if we had less
pollution we would have more air. Such as recycling and reusing things like plastic bags so we don't
waste the plastic items. Doing the recycling go green way will help in getting the environment in a
better place. Another thing that will help the environment get different type of gas for cars that is
harmless to the environment.
But some ways that we can help the environment are to sometimes ride a bike instead of a car.
Doing that will do well for the environment and you because you are getting a good workout. But a
substance in the air that can be harmful to humans and the environment is known as an air pollutant.
Air pollutants are the gases such as carbon dioxides. Which mainly come from factories and cars.
Air pollution can be spread volcanic eruptions which send sulfur dioxide, tons of ash, and soot into
the air which mixes with water vapor to form acid rain. Dirt particles can also be carried to the
atmosphere during wind erosion. This happens in areas with less vegetation where soil cannot be
held together. Such as on islands for an example Hawaii.
People get exposed to air pollution not just outdoors. Even in

Human Error: The Three Types Of Fatigue
Human Error There are also three types of fatigue: transient, cumulative and circadian. In the
aviation field, fatigue can cause a pilot to fall asleep during cruise flight, taking off and landing.
Fatigue can cause fatal accidents like the Colgan Air Flight 3407. Matthew L. Wald of the New York
Times reports that Colgan Air Flight 3407 pilots were set up for fatigue. The commercial passenger
jet crashed outside of Buffalo on February 2009. According to the evidence, the first officer,
Rebecca L. Shaw, pulled an all–nighter the night before the flight to get a free transcontinental flight
to work. Shaw was forced to work long nights just to get paid. Shaw's rate of pay was $23,900 a
year for a minimum of 75 hours. Also, the captain, Marvin

Westjet Is A Calgary Based Discount Airline
WestJet Airlines is a Calgary–based discount airline founded in 1996 by Clive Beddoe, Don Bell,
Mark Hill and Tim Morgan. WestJet Airline began its business with only three aircrafts. The
company is now "Canada's leading high–value, low–fare airline." WestJet established their company
based on two main factors; low–cost structure and exceptional customer service. The airline's
founders believe that in order to be able to offer fares that are 50% lower than the average for
industry you need to keep your operational costs low. The way that WestJet has managed to
maintain its low costs was through an exceptional organizational culture which gives authority and
acknowledges employees through the decision process. "It is the culture that ... Show more content
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There is not a necessity to hire supervisors because employees supervise themselves and work
together towards achieving the company's goals. WestJet's culture it is the key that has helped
earned their place as one of the most successful airlines, their culture led them to success. Based on
the success of the company, WestJet came to a decision to expand its market. However, the
extension of the market may put at risk the culture of the company due to the increase of
performance and by exceeding goals of customer satisfaction. This is the foremost problem that
WestJet might face.
In view of the fact that culture is what made the company successful, with it being misplaced, it
would be difficult for WestJet to accomplish their purpose – customer satisfaction. The involvement
culture of WestJet helped it in achieving high employee performance, increasing revenue, and
escalating customer service satisfaction. WestJet's culture is based on trust and respect among all. If
anything interferes the structure of which the company's was first developed it will in fact result in
tragic failure. Every role in a company is essential for the stability and the overall performance of
the company. Perhaps, in order to understand how the culture of the WestJet can be affected is by
having a better understanding on WestJet's culture. One of the highlights of the culture of the
company is its strengths. The culture is very democratic and employees feel valued. The CEO has

Why Coal Is Responsible For Destroying The World
As far back as the Roman Empire, and indeed probably long before then, coal has been used by
humans as a source of heat, providing many advantages over wood, charcoal and other fuels.
However, it wasn 't until the introduction of the steam engine that coal became a major part of
shaping the world. Fueling the industrial revolution, the high energy concentration of coal made it
the standard source of everything from trains to power plants. Coal companies claim that coal,
though not perfect, is the best source of energy at this moment, and the negative effects are being
mitigated even as we speak. Consumers have a high demand of energy, that cannot be sated by other
sources. To this very day, coal continues to drive forward the world, but ... Show more content on
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They are focused on finding ways to make coal cleaner for the environment, and have outreach
programs to get youth involved in this process as well. Their main claims are that they "recognize
inextricable linkage between energy, the economy and the environment" and "support policies that
promote the use of coal". They resolve these two seemingly conflicting goals by "supporting
investments..including capture and storage of CO2 emissions". Coal, they argue, provides the
energy security that the United States relies upon. The United States have more coal reserves than
the Middle East has oil reserves, and could power the United States for the next 290 years at the
current rate of consumption. Even though Coal is becoming less relied upon, they expect coal to
remain dominant through at least 2040. The reason for this is low energy costs. States with large
coal reserves pay, on average, $0.88 per kilowatt hour (kWh), while states that lack reserves pay
$0.1244 per kWh. And outside of the states, consumption is on the rise. There was a 39% increase in
demand by 2012, and they are expecting an 80% increase by 2035. But with all this coal, there is
going to be more emissions. The ACCCE is attempting to develop new technologies to implement,
having spent one hundred thirty billion dollars so far and planning on investing

Association between Air Polluiton and Lung Cancer
Many epidemiologic studies have found an association between ambient air pollution and lung
cancer. This evidence lead the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) to report air
pollution as a category 1 or definite cause of cancer. The IARC reviewed over 1000 studies from
five continents and covering many different scientific fields. They concluded that air pollution is
linked to increased cancer incidence, with lung cancer being the most prevalent (Pope, 2013).
Air pollution occurs when the air is contaminated by foreign substances. These substances can be
liquid or solid and they are small enough that they remain suspended in the air. Some of the
substances can be toxic chemicals which can include sulphur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen
(NOx), ozone (O3), volatile organic compounds and suspended particulate matter (PM).
When talking about air pollution we categorize the particles with the term particulate matter (PM).
Suspended particulate matter (PM) is divided into three groups based on the diameter of the particle.
PM2.5 refers to particles with a diameter less that 2.5 micrometers (µm), PM10 classifies particles
with a diameter between 2.5 and 10 µm, and >PM10 defines particles with a diameter greater than
10 µm. The relative risk of developing cancer as a result of exposure to air pollution is generally
small, but the attributable risk (relative risk multiplied by the number of exposed people) is high.
Because exposure is so high ambient air pollution

U.S. Airways Flight 1549 Accident Essay
U.S. Airways Flight 1549 Accident: Flight Accident: The above mentioned airplane was a planned
commercial passenger flight that took off from LaGuardia Airport, New York destined for Charlotte
Douglas Airport in North Carolina on January 15, 2009. Six minutes after takeoff, the airplane was
successfully abandoned in Hudson River after striking multiple birds during its initial climb out. The
crew reported by radio two minutes after takeoff at an altitude of 3,200 feet, the Airbus experienced
multiple bird strikes. The result of this multiple bird strikes, which occurred in northeast of George
Washington Bridge was compressor stalls as well as loss of thrust in both engines. The Airbus was
ditched in Hudson River after the aircrew ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After successfully ditching the plane in mid–river, the aircrew began to evacuate the 150 passengers
immediately. While some passengers were evacuated through the four mid–cabin emergency
window exits, others were evacuated through the front right passenger door. The rescue efforts
involving local ferries and tugs began almost immediately with some passengers standing on the
wings of the floating plane while others entered life rafts. In addition to these local ferries and tugs,
police helicopters, rescue divers and Coast Guard vessels among others joined the rescue efforts.
Notably, other organizations provided about thirty other ambulances including various hospital–
based ambulances. Medical help was also provided by various agencies on the Weehawken side of
the river. These rescue and recovery efforts led to the safe evacuation of all the passengers as well as
the flight crew. While seventy–eight people were treated for minor injuries and hypothermia, the
two broken legs of one woman, a fight attendant, was the only major injury. While some patients
were treated in triage facilities, about twenty–four passengers and two rescue personnel were cared
for in hospitals. The aftermath of the accident led to the plane being anchored to a pier near the
World Financial Center in order to stop it from floating out

The Unseen Death
The Unseen Death Thailand is an increasingly growing country, with about 60% of the population
involved in agriculture (Subhadrabandhu). In the past few decades it has been making its transition
from agricultural based to an industrialized economy has raised concerns to an environmental
degradation. The increasing level of pollution, particularly in the city area causing numerous
problems along the way in the past recent years. With level of life expectancy dropped, health
defects and an increasing number of mortality rates. The pollution includes air, water, and noise
pollution. With vehicle emissions and forest fire being among one of the most to cause air pollution.
In 2012, a legislation called First Time Car Buyer Tax Rebate Program has been launched. It has
been critiqued for being a huge part of an increasing traffic jams, stretched finances and most
importantly the side effect on publics health. The program was originally aimed for people who are
using motorcycles to switch to cars. Also to boost the automobile industries that has dropped since
2011 after the flood in Thailand. With the boost of the industry, many automotive companies which
already have their facilities manufacture and assemble their cars in Thailand. This causes the level
of emission and industrial wastewater to rise. The increase number of cars and factories also mean
the higher level of noise pollution. Which in human not only causes annoyance, if being exposed for
a long period of time can cause

The Watchtowers And Paganism
The Watchtowers The Watchtowers represents the four cardinal directions: North, South , East and
West. In many traditions they are also associated with each of the four classical elements: Air, Fire
and Water and Earth. These are the Elements of nature and are forces honored by Pagans and
Witches. The Watchtowers are often referred to as Corners, Quarters, Elements, Elementals and so
on. These related titles represents different forms of energy and holds different meanings.They are
seen differently by each induvidual, like with many other things in the Craft or Paganism. The
Watchtowers are being evoked (or invoked) when doing magickal rituals and workings, and they are
asked to watch over the circle. Usually the practitioner faces the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Some pracitioners feel that the pentacle represents the four elements and the top of the pentacle
representing the Divine, Spirit, Ether or Akasha, residing above the rest of the Elements. The
Watchtowers may also represent and house other beings assosiated with the Directions and Elements
for example Angels or other ethereal beings like Deomons, Fairies and Deities. For example, in
magical traditions influenced by Christianity the Watchtowers are understod to be the Achangels
Uriel, Raphael, Michael and Gabriel. Uriel is representing North, Raphael is represting East,
Michael is representing South and Gabriel is representing West. Personally I had no knowledge of
the Watchtowers in the earlier assignment. I guess that it meant the home of the Ancient ones. I have
called upon the Elements to assist me in some of my practice, and in some of the guided meditation
both Angels and Elements have been present, but I did not know so much of how they work. Now I
have learned more of what they are, the meaning and the importance of the many types of Beings. I
am sure I will work with them in the future, when learning to do more

Pilot Shortage In The United States Essay
The Pilot Shortage in the United States In the next 7 years there is an expected surge in the
availability of jobs for pilots in the United States. With the amount of baby boomer pilots retiring
there is a traditional way for them to be replaced: The pilots from the lesser paid regional airlines
(Delta Connection, United Express etc. affiliates) interview and move up to the mainline carriers
(American, Delta, United) and graduates from flight programs (Auburn, Embry Riddle, University
of North Dakota) take the spots of the regional airline pilots. This system has been the way that
civilian pilots have climbed the career ladder for years and has worked in the past, but currently it is
running on borrowed time. The 2000s have been a hard time ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Flightglobal and aviationweek magazine has numerous articles about the issues about the shortage
and aviation news in general. The research I conducted is fairly neutral and many reputable sources
have confirmed that there is a pilot shortage. A major limitation is my small sample of sources.
They're hundreds of articles of the topic but I only picked a select few in the interest of time.
Another limitation is that some of my sources are from blogs which are susceptible to being

The Implementation Plan For A New Outlook From Local...
The implementation plan indicates modifications made from the original plan, to add local business
owners. This modification will give a new outlook from local business owners and benefit the
community. For example, the local business owners can anticipate damages from disaster and offer
insight on the impacts during pre–disaster planning.
The implementation plan will support the community plan by; historical management, prioritizing,
and community support. By looking at Arkansas history of disaster, strategies can be developed to
decrease the impacts. In the past Arkansas, the federal government has paid out disaster aid of over
one billion and 120 million dollars. By prioritizing tasks by the most important to the least
important, Little Rock can better plan to cover a total of 152,000 buildings.
By implementing these factors will increase community satisfaction and promote community
development; which will increase volunteers and community support.
Implementing these strategies and procedures will increase our communities chance for survival and
decrease the impacts of disasters. We need this modification in our mitigation process within three
months, since this will reduce potential lose and increase community satisfaction.
Community Profile
I live in West Little Rock, Arkansas. My community is between the Rock Creek and Summit Ridge
area. My community has hospitals, office buildings, and apartments. It also has schools, churches,
and residential area with

The Effects Of Alcohol On A Pilot
CONTENTS Introduction to Pilots' Health and Flying Safely 1 The Effects of Alcohol on a Pilot 2
Sleep Deprivation, Fatigue and Performance Degradation 4 Dangers of Self–Medication 6 Flying
with a Common Cold 9 Conclusions regarding Flying with these Health Issues 12 Bibliography 13
HEALTH AND FLYING Introduction to Pilots' Health and Flying Safely This report explains issues
regarding pilots' health, their effects on flying safely, and measures to avoid catastrophes and
jeopardising the life of the pilot, their crew and the passengers. Flying and health go together and a
pilot needs to be fully fit to fly. Hence, before undertaking any form training to become a
commercial pilot, one has to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Effects of Alcohol on a Pilot People drink to unwind and relax, and alcohol alters the mood by
reducing inhibitions. All drinkers have experienced alcohol's short–term health effects, a hangover
or poor sleep, but alcohol has long–term effects, often discovered when it's too late. A pilot who has
had a drink shouldn't fly under the influence of alcohol; everyone knows that alcohol and flying
shouldn't mix. A small quantity of alcohol in the blood can impair performance drastically, while
relieving anxiety, so that person thinks he/she is performing brilliantly. Alcohol produces adverse
effects relating to the brain, eyes, and inner ear, which are all mission–critical organs for pilots.
Effects to the brain include impaired reaction time, judgement, reasoning, and memory; vital senses
for a pilot to perform safely and to the best of his ability. Alcohol reduces the brain's ability to make
use of oxygen, magnifying these effects with simultaneous exposure to altitude, which has a
decreased partial pressure of oxygen. Visual symptoms include eye muscle imbalance, which leads
to difficulty focusing and double vision; dangerous for pilots carrying hundreds of passengers, or
alone in a light aircraft. Alcohol affects the inner ear, sometimes resulting in dizziness and increased
hearing perception – dangerous for a pilot in a plane. Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) 91.17
states that no

The On A Sleepy Mind And Sleepy Body
Introduction
There is a large difference between a sleepy mind and a sleepy body, but the combination is the
characteristics of a fatigued person. A fatigued person has behavior similar to "that of drunkenness,
[under] the effects of a large dose of alcohol" [1]. Many careers, which include high stress situations
and strict timelines, often deprive employees of a good rest due to their working environment. An
example of such would be the life of an Airline Pilot, where passenger safety, fast changing weather
and inconvenient schedules prevent the Pilot from receiving enough rest. In a British study done in
2014, 86.1% of Pilots reported that they commenced a shift while fatigued and reported feeling
"utterly drained, very slow to think and process information" [2]. Such conditions can cause a lack
of judgments and more mistakes occur, which in turn leads to accidents. Airlines and government
agencies have developed techniques and laws which aid the flight crew to operate while being well
rested, resulting in reduced errors. [enter purpose systems]
Causes and Sympoms A leading cause in fatigue in pilots is the long hours and times of commuting
between flights. Especially at the entry–level flying positions, as a result of the low pay, pilots
cannot afford to live near major airports and are required to drive for a long period of time, which
can further aggravate exhaustion. Along with that, many airlines require their pilots to operate
through bases which are different

Trends And Current Problems In Aviation: Cockpit Voice...
Problem statement
One of the most scrutinized pieces of evidence gathered from an aircraft accident is the collection of
information contained in the Cockpit Voice Recorder and Flight Data Recorder. CVRs and FDRs
paint an often haunting, but frequently useful picture of what occurred during the last minutes of an
accident flight. This is not to say, however, that the recorders are always conclusive, or even useful.
There are a handful of cases where the CVR and FDR tapes have broken, failed to record, stopped
recording early, or not captured enough information to be useful to the investigation. Advancements
in these devices are not new to the industry; however, the pace is slow to incorporate new
technology into current fleets. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is no disputing the fact that black boxes are essential components of civil aircraft today; their
job is critical to the investigation of an accident, however, safety experts would argue that the basic
capabilities of these devices are no longer sufficient.
Specifications
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is a regulatory body, which sets standards for
international aviation. ICAO is broken into 18 annexes, and, comparable to international law, they
are the very basic requirements that the organization's 185 member states must follow. Annex 6 to
ICAO deals with the operation of aircraft and states that CVRs should be capable of retaining the
information recorded during the last 30 minutes of the device's operation. In addition, ICAO has
recommended that CVRs installed in aircraft over 5,700kg with a certificate of airworthiness issued
after January 1, 1990 be capable of retaining information recorded during the previous two hours of
operation. ICAO suggests that flight recorders be "constructed, located and installed so as to provide
maximum practical protection for the recording in order that the recording information may be
preserved, recovered and transcribed. Flight recorders shall meet the prescribed crashworthiness and
fire protection specifications" (Frostell 20). The FAA has met the recommendations of ICAO and set
the following standards for CVRs and FDRs:

Understanding the Dangers of Pilot Fatigue
Understanding Dangers of Pilot Fatigue In February of 2009, Colgan Air flight 3407 crashed while
on approach killing forty–nine people on board as well as one on the ground according to the official
National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Accident Report (2010). In February of 2008, go!
flight 1002 ignored several radio calls after departure and eventually flew past its destination and
continued over open water according to the NTSB's Report (2009). In April of 2007, Pinnacle
Airlines flight 4712 overran the runway after landing at its destination airport. According to the
NTSB's official Accident Report (2008), there were no injuries. The incidents and accidents listed
above all have one common factor: fatigue. Fatigue was shown to have played some role in Colgan
3407, go! 1002, and Pinnacle 4712. According to the U.S. National Library of Medicine (2013),
fatigue is a response that is important and can be caused by physical activity, emotional stress,
boredom, or lack of sleep. According to the Aviation Instructor's Handbook (2008), "Fatigue is one
of the most treacherous hazards to flight safety as it may not be apparent to a pilot until serious
errors are made" (p. 8–4). Not only is fatigue a major danger to professional pilots, it can also
becomr a serious danger to student pilots as well. Davisson (2013) believes that learning to fly can
be intense because everything learned in the aircraft is new to the student. When in flight training, a
student is

Benefits Of A Fatigue Management Program Essay
Our company has operated as the leader in our industry for a long time. We have since fallen behind
in regards to our competitors in that, we have not implemented a fatigue management program. The
proposed program will operate at a significant loss ($1.5 million in the first year) with an annual
drop in cost of 10–12%. The cost of the program past year five will be $900,000. With that being
said, the possibility of lowering our liability in terms of potential incidents in the future significantly
outweighs the associated costs of our program. Overall, pilots and supervisors have a positive
outlook on the implementation of a fatigue management program. In addition to pilots not being
fatigued while on duty, when the research team spoke with our partner airlines, one of the airlines
showed data that demonstrated a 10–15% rise in productivity. Therefore, the following
recommendations are presented to the board:
1. Implement the fatigue management program as soon as possible. The potential gains and liability
decrease significantly outweigh the initial financial burden incurred by our airline.
2. Continue to communicate with our partner airlines, as they will provide essential information
pertaining to the implementation of the program.
3. Clear all proposed changes and introductions with the FAA, as they do have the final say in all
facets of operation regarding safety.
4. Consult with supervisors around our domestic hubs to determine the best way to implement the
program.
The

Natural Gas Must Be A Hydrocarbon Fuel
Although natural gas could be a hydrocarbon fuel, the global warming emissions from its
combustion are much lower than oil.
Natural gas emits 50 to 60 % less greenhouse gas. Considering only tailpipe emissions, natural gas
additionally emits 15 to 20 % less heat–trapping gases than oil when burned in today's typical
vehicle
Emissions from smokestacks and tailpipes, however, don 't tell the complete story.
The drilling and extraction of natural gas from wells and its transportation in pipelines, ends up in
the leakage of methane, a way more potent global warming gas than carbon dioxide. Preliminary
studies and field measurements show that these questionable "fugitive" methane emissions vary
from 1 to 9 % of total life cycle emissions.
Whether natural gas has lower life cycle greenhouse gas emissions than oil depends on the assumed
leakage rate, the global warming potential of methane over different time frames, the energy
conversion efficiency, and different factors
Cleaner burning than different fossil fuels, the combustion of natural gas produces negligible
amounts of sulfur, mercury, and particulates. Burning natural gas will manufacture nitrogen oxides,
that are precursors to smog, however at lower levels than oil and diesel used for motorcars.
However, despite these advantages, unconventional gas development will have an effect on native
and regional air quality. Some areas where drilling happens have experienced increases in
concentrations of unsafe air pollutants

Transportation as a Source of Air Pollution
STRATEGIC APPROACH TO REDUCING VEHICLE EMISSIONS IN NIGERIA: ROLE OF
FLEET OPERATORS.
BEING A LECTURE PRESENTED BY ENGR. BG IBRAHIM fwc ACM (SED) AT SAFETY
MANAGERS TRAINING PROGRAMME AT FRSC ACADEMY, JOS ON THE 28TH
AUGUST,2009.
INTRODUCTION
1. In developed and developing countries, the history of air pollution problem has typically been
high levels of smoke and sulphur dioxide arising from the combustion of sulphur–containing fossil
fuels such as coal for domestic and industrial purpose.[i] Industrial development and the use of
fossil fuels have affected the world climate adversely. In Nigeria epileptic power supply has brought
about the use of diesel and petrol powered generators virtually in all homes
2. The transport ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was also revealed that in 1998, a single car in Nigeria emitted 29,600kg of hydrocarbons,
34,000kg of Nitrogen Oxides and 4,029 kg of different carbonate gasses over its average lifespan.
[iii]
CAUSES OF POLLUTANTS IN VEHICLE
5. Motor vehicle use is now generally recognised as the source of more air pollution than any other
single activity in cities around the world. The internal combustion engine of a vehicle produces
power by burning fuel and changing the chemical energy of fuel into heat energy. The heat energy is
then converted into mechanical power. Cars and trucks do not burn all of the fuel that goes into the
combustion chamber. In fact, most vehicles only burn about 85% of the fuel and as the vehicle gets
older less and less fuel is burned. It is this unburned fuel that produces some harmful products which
are discharged from the engine and become air pollutants.[iv] Therefore, an engine's fuel system,
and its emission controls are closely interrelated. That is why attention is given to the requirements
of emission control in the design and operation of all parts of the fuel system in a vehicle.
EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS IN VEHICLES
6. Adverse effects to human health include; a. Reduction in the amount of oxygen that can be

delivered to our body's organs and tissues, which can be life threatening caused by particles of
carbon monoxide. A mild

Central and Eastern Europe Environmental Issues
Abstract Eastern Europe's environmental problems are not as simple as they may seem on the
surface. The environmental problems that face Eastern Europe are complicated by political,
economic, and social implications. The current environmental problems are a bi–product of rapid
industrial expansion under a socialist government. The soviet government was more concerned with
surpassing the western cultures in technology and military might than the environmental damage
they were doing to their country. The following paragraphs will address the current environmental
problems facing Eastern Europe, the various solutions to the environmental problems, and the
efforts taken to correct the environmental problems.
Environmental Problems in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The good news is that there are viable solutions to the environmental problems that the Eastern
Europe countries are having.
Viable Environmental Solutions The environmental problems that face Central and Eastern Europe
are much the same as any other country in the world with one exception, the proximity of the
environmental hazards. Most countries in the world deal with environmental hazards, but the
hazards are spread out over different parts of the country. Central and Eastern Europe are unique
when it comes to environmental disasters because Central and Eastern Europe was the industrial
might behind the soviet military. For every environmental disaster Central and Eastern Europe faces,
there is a viable solution thanks to modern technology and proven environmental regulations.
Possible environmental solutions Because of the vast environmental disasters throughout Central
and Eastern Europe there are several possible environmental solutions. The possible environmental
solutions that Central and Eastern Europe are considering will be decided by the cost of the solution,
ease of implementation, and consultation from environmental agencies such as the United States
Environmental Agency. Even with the various economic, governmental agency communication
problems, and various ecological disasters Central and Eastern Europe have a number of viable
solutions.
Air Pollution Solutions One of the

4 Elements the Wars Essay
The Wars: Four Elements It was the ancient Greek philosopher, Empedocles, who first established
the four elements: earth, water, air and fire. He also stated that everything in the world is structured
by and rooted in these four elements. However during times of conflict and violence, humans begin
to disturb this harmony. When this happens, the elements stop representing life and start
representing a form of destruction. Throughout Robert Ross's journey in The Wars, Timothy Findley
exemplifies this theory by displaying the four elements in two diverse ways: benevolent and
harmful. Earth is said to be the feminine element. It is perceived to be nurturing, stable, and full of
endurance. The planet itself is a ball of life in which one is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This comes to no surprise. Like water, life is subject to change. Like water, life is shaped by the
places it exists in: the earth, the environment, and the ecosystems. Throughout his voyage, Robert
Ross finds himself in the presence of snow numerous times. For instance, it snows during Rowena's
funeral, "All the time the minister eulogized and all the time they prayed, it snowed" (Finley 18)
Robert also stands in the snow at the train station, much like Mrs. Ross let the snow beat down on
her face. Each of these events marks a point of permanent change. Everyone is able to imagine the
scene where the hero looks down and the town below him is awash in flames. Fire is the agent of
destruction; symbolism of both chaos and war. Burning everything in its path, it brings nothing but
devastation. "Fire storms raged along the front. Men were exploded where they stood – blown apart
by the combustion" (Findley 137) Staying true to this depiction, fire takes the lives of many during
the war, including Robert himself. While trying to save the horses, Roberts get caught in the barn
and the roof "went up in seconds like a tinder box." (Finley 212) Although the flames claimed the
lives of many, at times they also helped give Robert peace at mind. During Robert's stay at Desole,
he receives his kit bag which includes a picture of Rowena. He decides to burn the picture and it is

U.s. Airline Carriers And Canada
Case Situation
Over the past three years, the number of Canadians crossing the border to take the advantage of the
cheaper U.S. airline carriers was increasing. The young adults from 18–24 years old led the way
with 32% have down so. Also, survey suggests that the residents from Ontario and British Columbia
were most frequent flyers from the U.S. airports with 23% of the respondents. Canadians make up
88% of the customers at the Fall Airport. YVR and YWG are estimated to lose nearly 1,000,000 and
250,000 passengers to the U.S. each year respectively. WestJet is affected by this situation in the
price battle. In order to keep its fares competitive, WestJet announced baggage fee, but was received
negatively by many customers.
Research ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the end of 2014, the aircrafts in possess are 109 Boeing 737 NG, and 19 Bombardier Q400,
which are all short and medium–range narrow–bodied airliners. We assume that majority of WestJet
customers are travelling for leisure, and the determinant of which airline to choose is the price.
Target Market
Demographic Segmentation
30–65+
Midsized families, young couples with children, old couples with grown children
30–80k income
Professional, academic, retired, small business owner.
Geographic Segmentation
Canada
Big cities
Large population size – 250,000+
Urban and Suburban areas
Psychological Segmentation
Working class, middle class, upper middle class
Suburban families, retired couples, single urban professional
Highly organized and detail oriented.

Behavioural Segmentation
Regular, holiday, and seasonal occasion
Looking for customer service and convenience benefits
Regular users, medium to frequent users
Medium to strong loyalty
Positive view of WestJet.
SWOT Analysis
Strength
Condition of fleet
Reliability
Customer service
Make profit every year
Strong alliances
Schedules
Weakness
Ticket prices
Baggage fee
Limited international flights
Expensive international flights
Losing to cross boarder
Opportunities
Convenience
Growing tourism rate
Positive outlook on global air freight industry
Service northern work freight
Canadian airline
Threats
American airports

A Problem for the Aviation Industry Essay
Section 217: A Problem for the Aviation Industry
On a cold February evening in 2009, just outside the city of Buffalo, New York, two pilots crashed a
new aircraft on final approach to land into Buffalo Niagara International Airport. In an effort to
prevent an accident of a similar nature from happening, the U.S. Congress passed H.R. 5900, the
'Airline Safety and Federal Aviation Administration Extension Act.' This bill under Title II was
aimed to enhance airline safety and in part prevent an accident of this nature from occurring again
(U.S. House 2010). Section 217 of the bill pushes the minimum hours required to act as a pilot on a
regional carrier up to 1,500 total flight hours and requires those persons to do an extensive Air ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Asia's economy is booming and this has resulted in the growth of many startup carriers that offer
tax–free salaries and free housing for pilots with less than 1500 hours – a very attractive
opportunity. This may cause a potential migration of pilots that would lead to many U.S. airlines
having planes but no one qualified to fly them.
Further contributing to the shortage is that the cost to become a pilot is already expensive, causing
low interest in the field; this law would make it even worse. By calculation, if a potential pilot were
to start today, he would probably be facing a debt of between $50,000 and $80,000 just to receive
the flight training required to gain 250 hours (Chatterjee). Added to this is the cost of attending a
college with an accredited program. Potential pilots could be looking at paying well over $200,000
in loans to be able to fly. Before this law passed, pilots were assured that if they worked hard and
passed through all the training received from college and flight school they would be able to become
a pilot with one of the regional carriers and make a small salary while obtaining the required hours
for one of the major carriers. Now, even this option has been taken away by the government because
of the new hour requirement. Many pilots will have to look for work at their local airport for two or
even three years without a steady pay in order to get a job which will only

Promoting a Skillful, Safe Cockpit Essay
On a cold February evening in 2009 two years ago, just outside the city of Buffalo, New York, two
pilots crashed a new aircraft on final approach to land into Buffalo Niagara International Airport. In
an effort to prevent an accident of a similar nature from happening, the U.S. Congress passed H.R.
5900 the 'Airline Safety and Federal Aviation Administration Extension Act.' This bill under Title II
was aimed to enhance airline safety and in part prevent an accident of this nature from occurring
again (U.S. House 2010, 3). Section 217 of bill pushes the minimum hours required to act as a pilot
on a regional carrier up to 1500 total flight hours as well as requires those persons to do an extensive
Air Transport Pilots examination. Although ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Asia's economy is booming and this boom has resulted in the growth of many startup carriers that
offer tax–free salaries and free housing. The requirement to fly in Asia is a lot lower than 1,500 and
the planes the pilots get to fly are a lot larger, certainly this is a very attractive opportunity. The
potential migration would cause many airlines to have planes but no one qualified to fly them. Also,
with the growing economy more people would have enough money to fly instead of drive.
Therefore, more positions would be available for entry level pilots.
In addition, the cost to become a pilot is already expensive causing low interest; this law would just
make it even worse. By calculation, if a potential pilot were to start today he would be probably
facing a debt of between $50,000 and $80,000 just to receive the flight training required to gain 250
hours. (ibtimes) Added to this is the cost of attending a college with an accredited program. Potential
pilots could be looking at paying well over $200,000 in loans to be able to fly. Before pilots were
somewhat assured that once they work hard and pass through all the training received from college
and flight school they would be able to become a pilot with one of the regional carriers and make a
small salary until the

Stop Poisoning Our Water
The PBS documentary, Poison Waters, is a documentary on the disastrous state of America's major
water bodies that continue to be polluted by state governments and companies. The video is a source
used to educate the general public on the dangers of pollution and the disastrous effects pollution
will have on the environment. The video exposes a multitude of people and institutions that
purposely turn a blind eye to what is going on in the environment. The main reason the state of the
environment is still subpar is due of the lack of interest of the people about what's going on. Due to
the lack of interest there are many preventable problems that exist that are contributing to the
depletion of our safe and healthy environment.
Six decades ago, various sea creatures such as oysters, crabs and fishes were in abundance in the
Chesapeake Bay, however today fishermen are struggling to bring in a bountiful harvest due to the
level of pollution. The east coast heavily depends on the food able to be harvested from the
Chesapeake Bay. Travel is also a major reason people embark upon the Bay with its easy access to
various locations. Humans have over crabbed and overfished the bay seizing chances for the species
to replenish themselves. Another problem is the aptly titled dead zones in the bay which is due to
excess algae. The excess algae sucks up oxygen when it dies killing all the life at the bottom of the
bay. Due to the ongoing problem affecting the health of the bay and its

Air India
[pic]
CASE STUDY
ON
AIR INDIA
[pic]
OF
BUSINESS PROCES & STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT
Submitted To: N.P.SINGH Submitted By: Priyanka Bhardwaj(86) Anil Tiwari(98) Lovisha Sharma
(76)
JAGANNATH INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT SCHOOL
KALKAJI,NEW DELHI
Air India Limited (Hindi: एअर इंडिया) is the national flag carrier airline of India, flying a worldwide
network of passenger and cargo services. Air India is state–owned, and administered as part of the
National Aviation Company of India Limited – which was created in 2007 to facilitate Air India's
merger with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Only applied to around a half of Air India's fleet, the new livery did not succeed, as the Indian flying
public complained about the phasing out of the classic colours. The new livery was dropped after
two years and the old scheme was returned.
In 1993, Air India took delivery of the flagship of its fleet when the first Boeing 747–400 named
Konark and registered VT–ESM made history by operating the first non–stop flight between New
York City and Delhi. In 1994 the airline was registered as Air India Ltd. In 1996, the airline
inaugurated service to its second US gateway at O'Hare International Airport in Chicago. In 1999,
the airline opened its dedicated Terminal 2–C at the newly renamed Chhatrapati Shivaji
International Airport in Mumbai.
In 2000, Air India introduced services to Shanghai, as well as to Los Angeles and Newark. On May
2004, Air India launched a wholly–owned low cost airline called Air India Express. Air India
Express connecting cities in India with the Middle East, Southeast Asia and the Subcontinent. Air
India expanded its international routes to include non–stop flights from Ahmedabad and also

expanded its international operations from Bangalore and Hyderabad.
On 8 March 2004, International Women's Day, the airline operated an "All Women Flight" from
Mumbai to Singapore.[8] Captain Rashmi Miranda, who became Air–India's first female
Commander in November 2003 and Captain Kshmata Bajpai piloted the flight, an

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