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AN ADJUSTMENT REFORM
TOWARDS A MORE INTEGRATED INNOVATION SYSTEM STRENGTHENING :
Indonesia Cluster Policy Context
Dr. Tatang A. Taufik
Deputy Chairman
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) - Indonesia
Session VII : Extention Beyond East Asia
OECD Outreach Workshop on Smart Specialization
Gwangju, Korea, 3 - 5 April 2013
OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION1
2
TOWARDS INTEGRATED INNOVATION SYSTEM3
CONCLUDING REMARKS4
INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT
OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION1
2
TOWARDS INTEGRATED INNOVATION SYSTEM3
CONCLUDING REMARKS4
INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT
COUNTRY BACKGROUND
• South East Asia, Equator,
average 27ºC, 90% humidity
• Archipelago (stretched 5,200 km East to West, 67% sea)
• 1,904,569 square km landmass (13,466 islands ~ 400
inhabited, main islands : Java, Sumatera, Kalimantan,
Sulawesi, Papua, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara)
• ± 108,000 km coastline
• ± 257,516,167 people (est. 2012, 4th most populated country,
~ 60% in Java)
• ± 300 ethnic groups (major ethnics : Javanese, Sundanese,
Melayu, Bugis, Balinese)
• 16th largest economy.
11 National priorities
1. Bureaucracy Reform and Governance
2. Education
3. Health
4. Poverty reduction
5. Food security
6. Infrastructure
7. Investment and business climate
8. Energy
9. Environment and disaster
management
10.Marginal areas, outer
islands/regions, post-conflict ridden
areas
11. Culture, creativity and
technology innovation
15 President’s specific priorities
1. Eradication of court law’s “mafia”
2. Revitalization of defense industry
3. Terrorism prevention
4. Nation-wide electricity availability
5. Increased food production and strengthened food
security
6. Revitalization of fertilizer and sugar factories
7. Regulatory improvement in land-use and regional
planning
8. Infrastructure development
9. Financial/credit support for SMEs amounted to
~US$ 200 Mio/year
10. Financing and investment scheme
11. Reformulation of Indonesia’s contribution to
climate change and environmental challenges
12. Public health reform
13. Harmonization between education and
employment
14. Disaster mitigation and management
15. Central and provincial/district governments
synergy.
CURRENT GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT POLICY
(2010-2014)
NATIONAL POLICY ON STI : INNOVATION SYSTEM & INDUSTRIAL
DEVELOPMENT
• MOI, MOSME & others in industrial cluster related projects; BPPT’s
involvement since early 2000 in “industrial cluster & innovation
system approaches.”
• PERISKOP study - 2001, BMBF – MRT
• Act (17/2007) : National Long Term Development Plan 2005 –
2025 (includes strengthening the National Innovation System/NIS
to support knowledge-based economy development)
• National Coordination Meeting on Research and Technology, 2008
• Related Presidential Regulations :
1. 28/2008 : National Industrial Policy
2. 5/2010 : National Medium Term Development Plan, 2010-2014
3. 32/2011 : Master Plan for the Acceleration and Extention of the
Indonesian Economic Development (MP3EI) 2011 - 2025.
OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION1
2
TOWARDS INTEGRATED INNOVATION SYSTEM3
CONCLUDING REMARKS4
INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL POLICY
a. Vision 2025
‘’Indonesia to be a Strong Industrial Country in the World’’
b. Missions
1. Vehicles to fulfill people’s needs
2. Dynamic factors for the economic growth
3. Multipliers to productive business activities
4. Vehicles to advance the national technologies
5. Vehicles to modernize people’s life
6. Supporting pillars for the country’security and defence
7. ‘Main/focal points’ for sustainable industrial development
c. Goals
1. Manufacturing industries achieve the world class industries
2. Balanced contributions of SMIs and LIs to GDP
3. Strong networking amongst SMIs and LIs, and international industries.
Source : Presidential Regulation 28/2008 on the National Industrial Policy
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT : OBJECTIVES
3. Able to support infrastructure sectors.
2. Able to lead in domestic markets and to
increase exports.
1. Able to provide added value to the
economy and to absorb labors.
4.Able to contribute to the national
technology mastery.
5. Able to enhance the industrial structure
deepening and to diversify the production
varieties.
6. Grow towards outside Java.
Industrial development
consistent with the
sustainable development
concept, on the basis of :
1)Economic development,
2)Social development, and
3)Environmental
development.
Midterm Objectives Longterm Objectives
LongtermMidterm
Solved problems and finished industrial
revitalization , consolidation, and
restructuring programs, of those influenced
by the crisis and disasters
Growing industries capable of providing
siginficant job creations
Processed regional natural resource potentials to
become processed products
Enhanced industrial competitiveness to fulfill
domestic needs and exports
Increased potential industries to be the
progressing powers for the future industrial
growth
Developed SMIs, especially medium industries
twice faser than that of small industries
Strengthened
manufacturing
industry to become
world class industry
Strengthened
networking
amongst SMIs and
large industries and
the world
industries.
Balanced contributions
of SMIs and LIs to GDP
NATIONAL INDUSRIAL DEVELOPMENT GOALS
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE
BASIC
MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRIES
FUTURE
‘MAIN/FOCAL
POINT’
INDUSTRIES
HUMAN RESOURCES
PETROCHEMICALS
CEMENT
STEEL
ETC
TEXTILE-TP
FOOTWEAR
ELECTRONICS
ETC
CAPITAL GOODS INDUSTRIES
COMPONENT INDUSTRIES
(SME BASIS)
RENEWABLE NAT. RESOURCES NON RENEWABLE NAT. RESOURCES
REGIONAL INDUSTRY
CORE COMPETENCE
RESEARCH &
DEVELOPMENT
CREATIVITY
AGRO-
INDUSTRIES
ICT
INDUSTRIES
TRANSPORTATION
INDUSTRIES
TOP DOWN
Development of 35 Priority Industrial Clusters selected based on
the national capabilities to compete in the domestic and
international markets.
BOTTOM UP
Development of processing industries for regional products towards
regional core competency (distinctive competence)
Industrial cluster approach is adopted in industrial development in order to
realize the national industrial vision 2025
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY
• To have a more focused industrial development, priority industries were selected in expectation
to be successfully supported to achive industrial development goals
• Those industries may bring along other industries to grow
• Priority industries were selected based on :
• their international competitiveness potentials, and
• future potentials to grow (the coverage of area, people involved, natural resources to be
used)
• International competitiveness potentials measured based on :
• Supply (15 parameters) and
• Demand (8 parameters)
• from 365 industries (ISIC 5 digits), had been selected 35 priority industries with total output
of 78% and total export of 83%.
APPROACH I
TOP-DOWN POLICY: PRIORITY INDUSTRIES
In 2009, 35 Minister of Industry’s Regulations on the Roadmap for the Development of
Priority Industrial Clusters had been issued
Focus
Certain SMIs
Supporting Industries for Creative
Industries
Basic Manufacturing Industries
Transportation
Agro-Industries
Electronics & ICT
1. Basic Material Industries (steel, cement,
petrochemicals, ceramics)
2. Machinery Industries (electrical machinery &
electrical equipment, general equipment)
3. Labor Intensive Manufacturing Industries (textile &
textile products, footwear)
1. CPO Processing
2. Rubber and Rubber
Products
3. Cocoa
4. Coconut Processing
5. Coffee Processing
6. Sugar
1. Automotive Vehicles
2. Ships
3. Aerospace
4. Railways
1. Electronics
2. Telecommunication
3. Computers and Peripherals
1. Gemstones and Jewelry
2. Salt
3. Pottery & Decorative Ceramics
4. Essential Oils
5. Snacks
1. Software & Multimedia Content
2. Fashion
3. Crafts & Art Products
7. Tobacco Products
8. Fruit Processing
9. Furniture
10.Fish Processing
11.Paper
12.Milk Processing
35 priority industries
of 365 industries, with :
 total output 78%
 total export 83%
Notes :
10 clusters in MTDP 2005 - 2009:
(1) food and drinks;
(2) marine product processing;
(3) textile and textile products;
(7) rubber and rubber products;
(8) pulp and paper;
(9) electrical machinery and electrical equipment;
(10) petrochemical.
(4) footwear;
(5) CPO;
(6) Wood products (including
rattan and bamboo);
ARRANGEMENT OF THE PRIORITY INDUSTRIAL CLUSTERS
Have been identified regional
competitive products of each
province, agreed to be supported
with the local governments
Develop regional core competence through the
development of processing industries for regional
competitive products
Have been identified industrial
core competence in several
regencies/cities
APPROACH II
BOTTOM UP POLICY: Development of Regional Core Competence
Up to December 2010 18 Minister of Industry’s Regulations on the Roadmap for the
Development of Province’s Competitive Products had been issued
Regencies/
Cities
Provincies
MAP OF DEVELOPMENT OF PROVINCE’S CORE PRODUCT PROCESSING
(SUMATERA & KALIMANTAN)
1. Marine Product Ind.
2. Essential Oil Ind.
1. CPO Processing Ind.
2. Rubber Processing Ind.
1. Marine Product Ind
2. Ship Ind.
1. Cocoa Ind. 1. CPO Processing Ind.
2. Coconut Processing
Ind.
1. Rubber Processing Ind.
2. Marine Product Ind.
1. Corn Processing Ind.
2. Starch & Pasta Processing Ind.
1. Rubber Processing Ind.
1. CPO Processing Ind.
2. Rubber Processing Ind. 1. Rubber Processing
Ind.
1. Rattan Processing
Ind.
1. CPO Processing Ind.
1. Rubber Processing Ind.
2. Cocoa Processing Ind.
1. Marine Product Ind.
2. Metal Product Ind.
MAP OF DEVELOPMENT OF PROVINCE’S CORE PRODUCT PROCESSING
(JAVA & EASTERN INDONESIA)
1. Textile & Textile
Product Ind.
1. ICT Ind.
2. Creative Ind.
1. Textile & Textile
Product Ind.
2. Wood Processing Ind.
1. Ship Ind.
1. Leather & Footwear Ind.
2. Wood Processing Ind.
1. ICT Ind
2. Art Product Ind.
1. Cocoa Processing Ind
2. Corn Processing Ind.1. Marine Product Ind.
1. Cocoa Processing Ind.
2. Coffee Processing Ind.
1. Marine Product Ind.
2. Wood Processing Ind.
1. Cocoa Processing Ind
2. Marine Product Ind.
1.Cocoa Processing Ind.
1. Cocoa Processing Ind.
1. Cconut Processing Ind.
2. Marine Product Ind.
1. Marine Product Ind.
2. Cocoa Processing Ind
1. Corn Processing Ind.
1.Coconut Processing Ind.
1. Marine Product Ind.
PROBLEMS IN INDUSTRIAL SECTORS
NATIONAL PROBLEMS
• High unemployment and poverty;
• Slowing down exports;
• Relatively low economic growth (recently good economic growth, but considered ‘not
in a good & strong quality’ yet);
• Limited infrastructure;
• Lagged technological capability and low human resource quality;
• Smuggling, labor issues, high economy costs;
• Less competitive bank interests.
• Very high dependencies on imported materials, intermediate goods, and components;
• Limited varieties and types of industries;
• Low depth industrial structures;
• Limited diversifications of export products;
• Imbalance roles of SMIs in industrial structures;
• Industries mostly spread out in Java (> 60 %).
SOME SPOTTED ISSUES
OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION1
2
TOWARDS INTEGRATED INNOVATION SYSTEM3
CONCLUDING REMARKS4
INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT
Advanced Material
Food Security
Health & Medicine
Constitution
UUD -1945
Act No. 18/2002
National System on S&T
Act No. 17/2007
NLTDP 2005 - 2025
S&T Vision
2005 - 2025
Defence & Security
Information & Communication
Transportation
New and Renewable Energy
White Papers
2005 - 2025
NMTDP 2010-2014
S&T National Strategic
Policy
KIB II (Cabinet)
Vision & Mission
Regional Strategic Policy
Ministerial Agency’s SP
Non-Min. Agency’s SP
MRT’s Strategic Plan
ABP of Regional R&Ds
ABP of MAs
ABP of NMAs
ABP of MRT
AB of Regional R&Ds
AB of MAs
AB of NMAs
AB MRT
NRA 2010-2014
National Innovation System
COUNTRY POLICY FRAMEWORK ON STI
AnnualGovt.Budget
AnnualGovt.
Avtivity&
BudgetPlan
THE NEEDS FOR MORE INTEGRATED & COHERENT POLICY
FRAMEWORK
Partial & Fragmented
Policy Measures
Renewed Policy Framework
& Measures
More Coherent & Synergetic
Policy Framework & Measures
General
conditions
Creative-
innovative
culture
Shared
focus
STI Demand
International
dimensions
STI Supply
Linkages &
services
Better Ecosystems for Innovation
Policy
Issues
Sistem Pendidikan
dan Litbangyasa
Pendidikan dan
Pelatihan Profesi
Pendidikan Tinggi dan
Litbang
Litbang Pemerintah
Sistem Industri
Perusahaan Besar
UKM “Matang/
Mapan”
PPBT
Intermediaries
Lembaga Litbangyasa
Brokers
Konsumen (permintaan akhir)
Produsen (permintaan antara)
Permintaan (Demand)
Framework Conditions
Kondisi Umum dan Lingkungan Kebijakan pada Tataran Internasional, Pemerintah Nasional, Pemerintah Provinsi, dan Pemerintah
Kabupaten/Kota
Perbankan
Modal Ventura
Supra- dan Infrastruktur Khusus
HKI dan
Informasi
Dukungan Inovasi dan
Bisnis
Standar dan
Norma
Budaya
• Sikap dan nilai
• Keterbukaan terhadap
pembelajaran dan perubahan
• Kecenderungan terhadap
Inovasi dan kewirausahaan
• Mobilitas dan interaksi
Kebijakan Ekonomi
• Kebijakan ekonomi makro
• Kebijakan moneter
• Kebijakan fiskal
• Kebijakan pajak
• Kebijakan perdagangan
• Kebijakan persaingan
Kebijakan Industri/ Sektoral
Kebijakan Keuangan
Sistem Politik
Pemerintahan
Penadbiran
(Governance)
Kebijakan RPT
Kebijakan Promosi &
Investasi
Infrastruktur Umum/ Dasar
Kebijakan Pendidikan
SDA dan Lingkungan
Policy
Issues
Innovation
Culture
4
Global
‘Alignment/Adaptation’
to Global Challenges
6General Framework/
Conditions
1
STRATEGIC POLICY AGENDA TO STRENGTHEN THE INNOVATION SYSTEM
Interactions &
Services3
Institutions, S&T Supports &
Absorptive Capacity of Industry2
Focus & Synchronized
Value Chains5
FRAMEWORK OF POLICY ON STI (BPPT)
1. Develop conducive general
framework/conditions for inovation and
business.
2. Strengthen knowledge institutions and S&T
supports, and enhance absorptive capacity of
industry (esp. SMEs).
3. Develop synergetic collaboration for innovation
and its diffusion, and increase knowledge-/
technology-based services.
4. Foster innovation culture.
5. Develop and strengthen integrated efforts of
innovation system and industrial cluster
development (at the national and regional levels).
6. Develop and adapt strategic responses to global
changes and challenges.
Innovation Policy Framework :
The Hexagon
• National R&T Coord. Meeting 2008
• Strategic Plan of MRT 2010-2014
Academic Draft of the White Paper on the National Innovation System
1. Strengthening Regional Innovation System
(RIS) : as a vehicle to strengthen pillars for
fostering creativity-innovation at regional
levels (as an integral part of the National
Innovation System).
2. Industrial Cluster Development : as a vehicle
to develop the best collective potentials and
to enhance industrial competitiveness.
3. Innovation Network Development : as a
vehicle to develop linkages and partnerships
among actors, and dynamizing the flow of
knowledge, innovation, diffusion, and learning.
4. Technopreneurship Development : as a
vehicle to modernize business/economy &
society, and to develop innovation culture.
5. Strengthening Thematic Pillars : as a vehicle
to improve the thematic and contextual
elements of the innovation system.
4
5
1
6 2
3
Strategic Initiatives:
STRATEGI : ‘FLAGSHIP’ PROGRAM (SUB PROGRAM)
Pro Poor ... Pro Job ...
Pro Growth ... Pro Environment ...
Pro Innovation ...
Vision & Missions
of the National & Regional
Sustainable Development
INNOVATION POLICY FRAMEWORK
AND STRATEGIC INITIATIVES
Flagship Programs
Innovation
Policy Framework
Strategic
Initiatives RIS
Industrial
Cluster
Innovation
Network
Techno-
preneurship
General conditions
Institution, S&T support, Absorptive cap
Interaction, knowlegde-based services
Innovation Culture
Focus & Coherences
Adaptability to global changes
Thematic
Pilars
Academic Draft of the White Paper on the National Innovation System
OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION1
2
TOWARDS INTEGRATED INNOVATION SYSTEM3
CONCLUDING REMARKS4
INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT
CONCLUSION
• Indonesia as a large country is moving forward, but needs
to move faster & in a much better pattern;
• ‘Fragmented/incoherent’ policy framework & effective
measures are among challenging issues;
• Significant improvements in STI policy & industrial
renewal are required;
• Strong commitment & consistency to invest in innovation
may be among the most leveraging factors;
• Better collaboration/partnership within the country and
internationally is a must.
RECOMMENDATION FOR ENHANCEMENT OF COUNTRY STI POLICY
1. A clear & formal comprehensive innovation policy framework to address the most
essential systemic failures and to lead STI advancement and utilization to
contribute to high economic growth, inclusiveness, and green/sustainable
development.
2. Industrial cluster development as a ‘development pillar’ in strengthening the
innovation system (of “5 pillar programs or umbrella programs” need to be
mainstreamed in the national & regional development agenda).
3. Better coordination & collaboration among key stakeholders.
4. Strong commitment to support innovation in
– industries important to enhancing competitive advantages,
– regional & the youth creativity-innovation development.
5. STI human resource development.
6. Significant improvements in budgeting system :
a. Improvements in government budget mechanisms & supports
b. Better funding supports for STI advancement & utilization (including effective
incentive schemes).
Dr. Tatang A. Taufik
Deputy Chairman
Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology
Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi (BPPT)
Gedung II BPPT, Lt 13
Jl. MH. Thamrin 8, Jakarta 10340 - INDONESIA
Telp. (021)-316 9441 / 9442
Fax. (021)-319 24127
E-mail: tatang.taufik@bppt.go.id
... in harmony we progress ...
Thank You
Gerakan Membangun Sistem Inovasi, Daya Saing
dan Kohesi Sosial di seluruh Wilayah Nusantara
(National movement to develop innovation system,
competitiveness, and social cohesion
through out the Country)
China
1,3 Bi
India
1,2 Bi
US
310
Mn
Indonesia
242 Mn
Brazil
Of the 240 million people in Indonesia, over 60% of the population is
under 39 years old, providing a dynamic workforce.
Age 100+
Age 0
2010 2030
(Est)
2050
(Est)
DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
30
World largest
producer no
3:
Nickel
229,000 ton
World largest
producer no
7: Gold
105,000 ton
World largest producer
no 10:
Natural Gas
69.7 Bil. cubic mtr.
World largest
producer no 6:
Coal
141.1 M ton oil eq
World largest
producer no
4:
Bauxite
Cad . no 7
World largest
producer
Geothermal
40% of the
world’s
resources
World largest
producer no
2:
Tin
102,000 ton
World largest
producer no
6:
Copper
789,000 ton
World largest
producer no
3:
Cocoa
545,000 ton
World largest
producer no
5:
Nuts
69.4 M ton
World largest
producer no
10:
Fruits
11.6 M ton
World largest
producer no
3:
Rice
35.8 M ton
World largest
producer no
6:
Tea
150,000 ton
World largest
producer no
4:
Coffee
465,000 ton
World largest
producer no
3:
Rubber
2.80 M ton
World largest
producer no
6:
Agricultural
US$ 60 billion
World largest
producer no
1:
CPO
465,000 ton
NATURAL RESOURCE-BASED PRODUCTIONS
Source : Indonesia Engineer Association, 2011
Regional Shares on the National Economy
Regional disparity needs strategic initiatives in strengthening the national innovation system
(as an integral part of the national development)
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES
PROVINCIAL TFP GROWTHS (AVERAGE 2001-2008)
IN THE 6 ECONOMIC CORRIDORS
TFP : Total Factor Productivity
Source : BPPT, 2011
BRAIN DRAIN PHENOMENA
1. Emigration of highly qualified STI human resources
(highly educated, experts, scientists, etc.) of a country
2. Migration /urbanization of talented people, usually from
rural (unattractive regions) to urban areas (more
attractive regions/places)
3. Profession/occupation switching (from previous
developed competency to different career paths)
4. Massive exodus from an R&D organization to other or
different organizations.
CHALLENGES IN POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
• Political related issues
• Leadership – short-sighted vision/interests
• Capability - Human resource related issues (incl. regional
brain drain phenomenon)
• Bureaucratic system
• Very limited budget supports
• Limited basic infrastructures
• Limited involvement of local universities/HEs & business
communities
GERD Rp. 4,720,341,818,344
GDP Rp. 5,613,441,700,000,000
GERD/GDP 0.08%
National GERD and GERD/GDP Ratio, 2009
0.03%
0.02%
0.04%
0.00%
0.01%
0.01%
0.02%
0.02%
0.03%
0.03%
0.04%
0.04%
0.05%
Higher Education Manufacturing Industry Government
GERD/GDP, 2009
Source: LIPI (Dec, 2011) based on R&D survey in University sector (2009), Industry sector (2010), and Government sector (2006)
Note:
1) Based on R&D Survey in University Sector, 2010
2) Based on R&D Survey in Industry Sector, 2010
3) Based on R&D Survey in Government Sector, 2008*
* the estimates with an average growth rate Goverment R&D
budget since 2005-2008.
Shows the breakdowon of R&D expenditure by
sector in 2009. Government and Higher
Education shares to the R&D expenditure were
higher (with ratio of GERD 0,04% for
Government and 0,03% for Higher Education)
compared to that of Manufacturing industry
(0.02%).
FUNDING FOR RD&I :
GROSS EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GERD)
GERD INDONESIA
Source: UIS, August 2010 Note: +1 = 2008, -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -5 = 2002.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
SouthAfrica
Sudan-2
Morocco-1
Botswana-2
Tunisia-2
Zambia-2
Uganda
Seychelles-2
Ethiopia
BurkinaFaso
Madagascar
Senegal-2
Malaysia-1
Israel+1
Japan
Rep.ofKorea
China
Singapore
Philippines-2
HongKong-1
Kazakhstan+1
Thailand-2
LaoPDR-5
India
Kyrgyzstan
Azerbaijan
SriLanka-1
VietNam-5
Iran-1
Cambodia-5
Indonesia-2
Mongolia
Armenia
Tajikistan-2
Brunei-3
Pakistan
Georgia-2
Australia-1
NewZealand
Business enterprise Government Higher education Private non-profit Unknown
www.uis.unesco.org
A breakdown of R&D investment in Africa, Asia and the Pacific. GERD by sector of
performance, 2007 or latest available year

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An Adjustment Reform towards a more Integrated Innovation System Strengthening : Indonesia Cluster Policy Context by Tatang A. Taufik

  • 1. AN ADJUSTMENT REFORM TOWARDS A MORE INTEGRATED INNOVATION SYSTEM STRENGTHENING : Indonesia Cluster Policy Context Dr. Tatang A. Taufik Deputy Chairman Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) - Indonesia Session VII : Extention Beyond East Asia OECD Outreach Workshop on Smart Specialization Gwangju, Korea, 3 - 5 April 2013
  • 2. OUTLINE INTRODUCTION1 2 TOWARDS INTEGRATED INNOVATION SYSTEM3 CONCLUDING REMARKS4 INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT
  • 3. OUTLINE INTRODUCTION1 2 TOWARDS INTEGRATED INNOVATION SYSTEM3 CONCLUDING REMARKS4 INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT
  • 4. COUNTRY BACKGROUND • South East Asia, Equator, average 27ºC, 90% humidity • Archipelago (stretched 5,200 km East to West, 67% sea) • 1,904,569 square km landmass (13,466 islands ~ 400 inhabited, main islands : Java, Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Papua, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara) • ± 108,000 km coastline • ± 257,516,167 people (est. 2012, 4th most populated country, ~ 60% in Java) • ± 300 ethnic groups (major ethnics : Javanese, Sundanese, Melayu, Bugis, Balinese) • 16th largest economy.
  • 5. 11 National priorities 1. Bureaucracy Reform and Governance 2. Education 3. Health 4. Poverty reduction 5. Food security 6. Infrastructure 7. Investment and business climate 8. Energy 9. Environment and disaster management 10.Marginal areas, outer islands/regions, post-conflict ridden areas 11. Culture, creativity and technology innovation 15 President’s specific priorities 1. Eradication of court law’s “mafia” 2. Revitalization of defense industry 3. Terrorism prevention 4. Nation-wide electricity availability 5. Increased food production and strengthened food security 6. Revitalization of fertilizer and sugar factories 7. Regulatory improvement in land-use and regional planning 8. Infrastructure development 9. Financial/credit support for SMEs amounted to ~US$ 200 Mio/year 10. Financing and investment scheme 11. Reformulation of Indonesia’s contribution to climate change and environmental challenges 12. Public health reform 13. Harmonization between education and employment 14. Disaster mitigation and management 15. Central and provincial/district governments synergy. CURRENT GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT POLICY (2010-2014)
  • 6. NATIONAL POLICY ON STI : INNOVATION SYSTEM & INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT • MOI, MOSME & others in industrial cluster related projects; BPPT’s involvement since early 2000 in “industrial cluster & innovation system approaches.” • PERISKOP study - 2001, BMBF – MRT • Act (17/2007) : National Long Term Development Plan 2005 – 2025 (includes strengthening the National Innovation System/NIS to support knowledge-based economy development) • National Coordination Meeting on Research and Technology, 2008 • Related Presidential Regulations : 1. 28/2008 : National Industrial Policy 2. 5/2010 : National Medium Term Development Plan, 2010-2014 3. 32/2011 : Master Plan for the Acceleration and Extention of the Indonesian Economic Development (MP3EI) 2011 - 2025.
  • 7. OUTLINE INTRODUCTION1 2 TOWARDS INTEGRATED INNOVATION SYSTEM3 CONCLUDING REMARKS4 INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT
  • 8. NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL POLICY a. Vision 2025 ‘’Indonesia to be a Strong Industrial Country in the World’’ b. Missions 1. Vehicles to fulfill people’s needs 2. Dynamic factors for the economic growth 3. Multipliers to productive business activities 4. Vehicles to advance the national technologies 5. Vehicles to modernize people’s life 6. Supporting pillars for the country’security and defence 7. ‘Main/focal points’ for sustainable industrial development c. Goals 1. Manufacturing industries achieve the world class industries 2. Balanced contributions of SMIs and LIs to GDP 3. Strong networking amongst SMIs and LIs, and international industries. Source : Presidential Regulation 28/2008 on the National Industrial Policy
  • 9. NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT : OBJECTIVES 3. Able to support infrastructure sectors. 2. Able to lead in domestic markets and to increase exports. 1. Able to provide added value to the economy and to absorb labors. 4.Able to contribute to the national technology mastery. 5. Able to enhance the industrial structure deepening and to diversify the production varieties. 6. Grow towards outside Java. Industrial development consistent with the sustainable development concept, on the basis of : 1)Economic development, 2)Social development, and 3)Environmental development. Midterm Objectives Longterm Objectives
  • 10. LongtermMidterm Solved problems and finished industrial revitalization , consolidation, and restructuring programs, of those influenced by the crisis and disasters Growing industries capable of providing siginficant job creations Processed regional natural resource potentials to become processed products Enhanced industrial competitiveness to fulfill domestic needs and exports Increased potential industries to be the progressing powers for the future industrial growth Developed SMIs, especially medium industries twice faser than that of small industries Strengthened manufacturing industry to become world class industry Strengthened networking amongst SMIs and large industries and the world industries. Balanced contributions of SMIs and LIs to GDP NATIONAL INDUSRIAL DEVELOPMENT GOALS
  • 11. NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE BASIC MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES FUTURE ‘MAIN/FOCAL POINT’ INDUSTRIES HUMAN RESOURCES PETROCHEMICALS CEMENT STEEL ETC TEXTILE-TP FOOTWEAR ELECTRONICS ETC CAPITAL GOODS INDUSTRIES COMPONENT INDUSTRIES (SME BASIS) RENEWABLE NAT. RESOURCES NON RENEWABLE NAT. RESOURCES REGIONAL INDUSTRY CORE COMPETENCE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CREATIVITY AGRO- INDUSTRIES ICT INDUSTRIES TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRIES
  • 12. TOP DOWN Development of 35 Priority Industrial Clusters selected based on the national capabilities to compete in the domestic and international markets. BOTTOM UP Development of processing industries for regional products towards regional core competency (distinctive competence) Industrial cluster approach is adopted in industrial development in order to realize the national industrial vision 2025 NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY
  • 13. • To have a more focused industrial development, priority industries were selected in expectation to be successfully supported to achive industrial development goals • Those industries may bring along other industries to grow • Priority industries were selected based on : • their international competitiveness potentials, and • future potentials to grow (the coverage of area, people involved, natural resources to be used) • International competitiveness potentials measured based on : • Supply (15 parameters) and • Demand (8 parameters) • from 365 industries (ISIC 5 digits), had been selected 35 priority industries with total output of 78% and total export of 83%. APPROACH I TOP-DOWN POLICY: PRIORITY INDUSTRIES In 2009, 35 Minister of Industry’s Regulations on the Roadmap for the Development of Priority Industrial Clusters had been issued
  • 14. Focus Certain SMIs Supporting Industries for Creative Industries Basic Manufacturing Industries Transportation Agro-Industries Electronics & ICT 1. Basic Material Industries (steel, cement, petrochemicals, ceramics) 2. Machinery Industries (electrical machinery & electrical equipment, general equipment) 3. Labor Intensive Manufacturing Industries (textile & textile products, footwear) 1. CPO Processing 2. Rubber and Rubber Products 3. Cocoa 4. Coconut Processing 5. Coffee Processing 6. Sugar 1. Automotive Vehicles 2. Ships 3. Aerospace 4. Railways 1. Electronics 2. Telecommunication 3. Computers and Peripherals 1. Gemstones and Jewelry 2. Salt 3. Pottery & Decorative Ceramics 4. Essential Oils 5. Snacks 1. Software & Multimedia Content 2. Fashion 3. Crafts & Art Products 7. Tobacco Products 8. Fruit Processing 9. Furniture 10.Fish Processing 11.Paper 12.Milk Processing 35 priority industries of 365 industries, with :  total output 78%  total export 83% Notes : 10 clusters in MTDP 2005 - 2009: (1) food and drinks; (2) marine product processing; (3) textile and textile products; (7) rubber and rubber products; (8) pulp and paper; (9) electrical machinery and electrical equipment; (10) petrochemical. (4) footwear; (5) CPO; (6) Wood products (including rattan and bamboo); ARRANGEMENT OF THE PRIORITY INDUSTRIAL CLUSTERS
  • 15. Have been identified regional competitive products of each province, agreed to be supported with the local governments Develop regional core competence through the development of processing industries for regional competitive products Have been identified industrial core competence in several regencies/cities APPROACH II BOTTOM UP POLICY: Development of Regional Core Competence Up to December 2010 18 Minister of Industry’s Regulations on the Roadmap for the Development of Province’s Competitive Products had been issued Regencies/ Cities Provincies
  • 16. MAP OF DEVELOPMENT OF PROVINCE’S CORE PRODUCT PROCESSING (SUMATERA & KALIMANTAN) 1. Marine Product Ind. 2. Essential Oil Ind. 1. CPO Processing Ind. 2. Rubber Processing Ind. 1. Marine Product Ind 2. Ship Ind. 1. Cocoa Ind. 1. CPO Processing Ind. 2. Coconut Processing Ind. 1. Rubber Processing Ind. 2. Marine Product Ind. 1. Corn Processing Ind. 2. Starch & Pasta Processing Ind. 1. Rubber Processing Ind. 1. CPO Processing Ind. 2. Rubber Processing Ind. 1. Rubber Processing Ind. 1. Rattan Processing Ind. 1. CPO Processing Ind. 1. Rubber Processing Ind. 2. Cocoa Processing Ind. 1. Marine Product Ind. 2. Metal Product Ind.
  • 17. MAP OF DEVELOPMENT OF PROVINCE’S CORE PRODUCT PROCESSING (JAVA & EASTERN INDONESIA) 1. Textile & Textile Product Ind. 1. ICT Ind. 2. Creative Ind. 1. Textile & Textile Product Ind. 2. Wood Processing Ind. 1. Ship Ind. 1. Leather & Footwear Ind. 2. Wood Processing Ind. 1. ICT Ind 2. Art Product Ind. 1. Cocoa Processing Ind 2. Corn Processing Ind.1. Marine Product Ind. 1. Cocoa Processing Ind. 2. Coffee Processing Ind. 1. Marine Product Ind. 2. Wood Processing Ind. 1. Cocoa Processing Ind 2. Marine Product Ind. 1.Cocoa Processing Ind. 1. Cocoa Processing Ind. 1. Cconut Processing Ind. 2. Marine Product Ind. 1. Marine Product Ind. 2. Cocoa Processing Ind 1. Corn Processing Ind. 1.Coconut Processing Ind. 1. Marine Product Ind.
  • 18. PROBLEMS IN INDUSTRIAL SECTORS NATIONAL PROBLEMS • High unemployment and poverty; • Slowing down exports; • Relatively low economic growth (recently good economic growth, but considered ‘not in a good & strong quality’ yet); • Limited infrastructure; • Lagged technological capability and low human resource quality; • Smuggling, labor issues, high economy costs; • Less competitive bank interests. • Very high dependencies on imported materials, intermediate goods, and components; • Limited varieties and types of industries; • Low depth industrial structures; • Limited diversifications of export products; • Imbalance roles of SMIs in industrial structures; • Industries mostly spread out in Java (> 60 %). SOME SPOTTED ISSUES
  • 19. OUTLINE INTRODUCTION1 2 TOWARDS INTEGRATED INNOVATION SYSTEM3 CONCLUDING REMARKS4 INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT
  • 20. Advanced Material Food Security Health & Medicine Constitution UUD -1945 Act No. 18/2002 National System on S&T Act No. 17/2007 NLTDP 2005 - 2025 S&T Vision 2005 - 2025 Defence & Security Information & Communication Transportation New and Renewable Energy White Papers 2005 - 2025 NMTDP 2010-2014 S&T National Strategic Policy KIB II (Cabinet) Vision & Mission Regional Strategic Policy Ministerial Agency’s SP Non-Min. Agency’s SP MRT’s Strategic Plan ABP of Regional R&Ds ABP of MAs ABP of NMAs ABP of MRT AB of Regional R&Ds AB of MAs AB of NMAs AB MRT NRA 2010-2014 National Innovation System COUNTRY POLICY FRAMEWORK ON STI AnnualGovt.Budget AnnualGovt. Avtivity& BudgetPlan
  • 21. THE NEEDS FOR MORE INTEGRATED & COHERENT POLICY FRAMEWORK Partial & Fragmented Policy Measures Renewed Policy Framework & Measures More Coherent & Synergetic Policy Framework & Measures General conditions Creative- innovative culture Shared focus STI Demand International dimensions STI Supply Linkages & services Better Ecosystems for Innovation
  • 22. Policy Issues Sistem Pendidikan dan Litbangyasa Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Profesi Pendidikan Tinggi dan Litbang Litbang Pemerintah Sistem Industri Perusahaan Besar UKM “Matang/ Mapan” PPBT Intermediaries Lembaga Litbangyasa Brokers Konsumen (permintaan akhir) Produsen (permintaan antara) Permintaan (Demand) Framework Conditions Kondisi Umum dan Lingkungan Kebijakan pada Tataran Internasional, Pemerintah Nasional, Pemerintah Provinsi, dan Pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota Perbankan Modal Ventura Supra- dan Infrastruktur Khusus HKI dan Informasi Dukungan Inovasi dan Bisnis Standar dan Norma Budaya • Sikap dan nilai • Keterbukaan terhadap pembelajaran dan perubahan • Kecenderungan terhadap Inovasi dan kewirausahaan • Mobilitas dan interaksi Kebijakan Ekonomi • Kebijakan ekonomi makro • Kebijakan moneter • Kebijakan fiskal • Kebijakan pajak • Kebijakan perdagangan • Kebijakan persaingan Kebijakan Industri/ Sektoral Kebijakan Keuangan Sistem Politik Pemerintahan Penadbiran (Governance) Kebijakan RPT Kebijakan Promosi & Investasi Infrastruktur Umum/ Dasar Kebijakan Pendidikan SDA dan Lingkungan Policy Issues Innovation Culture 4 Global ‘Alignment/Adaptation’ to Global Challenges 6General Framework/ Conditions 1 STRATEGIC POLICY AGENDA TO STRENGTHEN THE INNOVATION SYSTEM Interactions & Services3 Institutions, S&T Supports & Absorptive Capacity of Industry2 Focus & Synchronized Value Chains5
  • 23. FRAMEWORK OF POLICY ON STI (BPPT) 1. Develop conducive general framework/conditions for inovation and business. 2. Strengthen knowledge institutions and S&T supports, and enhance absorptive capacity of industry (esp. SMEs). 3. Develop synergetic collaboration for innovation and its diffusion, and increase knowledge-/ technology-based services. 4. Foster innovation culture. 5. Develop and strengthen integrated efforts of innovation system and industrial cluster development (at the national and regional levels). 6. Develop and adapt strategic responses to global changes and challenges. Innovation Policy Framework : The Hexagon • National R&T Coord. Meeting 2008 • Strategic Plan of MRT 2010-2014 Academic Draft of the White Paper on the National Innovation System 1. Strengthening Regional Innovation System (RIS) : as a vehicle to strengthen pillars for fostering creativity-innovation at regional levels (as an integral part of the National Innovation System). 2. Industrial Cluster Development : as a vehicle to develop the best collective potentials and to enhance industrial competitiveness. 3. Innovation Network Development : as a vehicle to develop linkages and partnerships among actors, and dynamizing the flow of knowledge, innovation, diffusion, and learning. 4. Technopreneurship Development : as a vehicle to modernize business/economy & society, and to develop innovation culture. 5. Strengthening Thematic Pillars : as a vehicle to improve the thematic and contextual elements of the innovation system. 4 5 1 6 2 3 Strategic Initiatives:
  • 24. STRATEGI : ‘FLAGSHIP’ PROGRAM (SUB PROGRAM) Pro Poor ... Pro Job ... Pro Growth ... Pro Environment ... Pro Innovation ...
  • 25. Vision & Missions of the National & Regional Sustainable Development INNOVATION POLICY FRAMEWORK AND STRATEGIC INITIATIVES Flagship Programs Innovation Policy Framework Strategic Initiatives RIS Industrial Cluster Innovation Network Techno- preneurship General conditions Institution, S&T support, Absorptive cap Interaction, knowlegde-based services Innovation Culture Focus & Coherences Adaptability to global changes Thematic Pilars Academic Draft of the White Paper on the National Innovation System
  • 26. OUTLINE INTRODUCTION1 2 TOWARDS INTEGRATED INNOVATION SYSTEM3 CONCLUDING REMARKS4 INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT
  • 27. CONCLUSION • Indonesia as a large country is moving forward, but needs to move faster & in a much better pattern; • ‘Fragmented/incoherent’ policy framework & effective measures are among challenging issues; • Significant improvements in STI policy & industrial renewal are required; • Strong commitment & consistency to invest in innovation may be among the most leveraging factors; • Better collaboration/partnership within the country and internationally is a must.
  • 28. RECOMMENDATION FOR ENHANCEMENT OF COUNTRY STI POLICY 1. A clear & formal comprehensive innovation policy framework to address the most essential systemic failures and to lead STI advancement and utilization to contribute to high economic growth, inclusiveness, and green/sustainable development. 2. Industrial cluster development as a ‘development pillar’ in strengthening the innovation system (of “5 pillar programs or umbrella programs” need to be mainstreamed in the national & regional development agenda). 3. Better coordination & collaboration among key stakeholders. 4. Strong commitment to support innovation in – industries important to enhancing competitive advantages, – regional & the youth creativity-innovation development. 5. STI human resource development. 6. Significant improvements in budgeting system : a. Improvements in government budget mechanisms & supports b. Better funding supports for STI advancement & utilization (including effective incentive schemes).
  • 29. Dr. Tatang A. Taufik Deputy Chairman Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi (BPPT) Gedung II BPPT, Lt 13 Jl. MH. Thamrin 8, Jakarta 10340 - INDONESIA Telp. (021)-316 9441 / 9442 Fax. (021)-319 24127 E-mail: tatang.taufik@bppt.go.id ... in harmony we progress ... Thank You Gerakan Membangun Sistem Inovasi, Daya Saing dan Kohesi Sosial di seluruh Wilayah Nusantara (National movement to develop innovation system, competitiveness, and social cohesion through out the Country)
  • 30. China 1,3 Bi India 1,2 Bi US 310 Mn Indonesia 242 Mn Brazil Of the 240 million people in Indonesia, over 60% of the population is under 39 years old, providing a dynamic workforce. Age 100+ Age 0 2010 2030 (Est) 2050 (Est) DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS 30
  • 31. World largest producer no 3: Nickel 229,000 ton World largest producer no 7: Gold 105,000 ton World largest producer no 10: Natural Gas 69.7 Bil. cubic mtr. World largest producer no 6: Coal 141.1 M ton oil eq World largest producer no 4: Bauxite Cad . no 7 World largest producer Geothermal 40% of the world’s resources World largest producer no 2: Tin 102,000 ton World largest producer no 6: Copper 789,000 ton World largest producer no 3: Cocoa 545,000 ton World largest producer no 5: Nuts 69.4 M ton World largest producer no 10: Fruits 11.6 M ton World largest producer no 3: Rice 35.8 M ton World largest producer no 6: Tea 150,000 ton World largest producer no 4: Coffee 465,000 ton World largest producer no 3: Rubber 2.80 M ton World largest producer no 6: Agricultural US$ 60 billion World largest producer no 1: CPO 465,000 ton NATURAL RESOURCE-BASED PRODUCTIONS Source : Indonesia Engineer Association, 2011
  • 32. Regional Shares on the National Economy Regional disparity needs strategic initiatives in strengthening the national innovation system (as an integral part of the national development) NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES
  • 33. PROVINCIAL TFP GROWTHS (AVERAGE 2001-2008) IN THE 6 ECONOMIC CORRIDORS TFP : Total Factor Productivity Source : BPPT, 2011
  • 34. BRAIN DRAIN PHENOMENA 1. Emigration of highly qualified STI human resources (highly educated, experts, scientists, etc.) of a country 2. Migration /urbanization of talented people, usually from rural (unattractive regions) to urban areas (more attractive regions/places) 3. Profession/occupation switching (from previous developed competency to different career paths) 4. Massive exodus from an R&D organization to other or different organizations.
  • 35. CHALLENGES IN POLICY IMPLEMENTATION • Political related issues • Leadership – short-sighted vision/interests • Capability - Human resource related issues (incl. regional brain drain phenomenon) • Bureaucratic system • Very limited budget supports • Limited basic infrastructures • Limited involvement of local universities/HEs & business communities
  • 36. GERD Rp. 4,720,341,818,344 GDP Rp. 5,613,441,700,000,000 GERD/GDP 0.08% National GERD and GERD/GDP Ratio, 2009 0.03% 0.02% 0.04% 0.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.03% 0.03% 0.04% 0.04% 0.05% Higher Education Manufacturing Industry Government GERD/GDP, 2009 Source: LIPI (Dec, 2011) based on R&D survey in University sector (2009), Industry sector (2010), and Government sector (2006) Note: 1) Based on R&D Survey in University Sector, 2010 2) Based on R&D Survey in Industry Sector, 2010 3) Based on R&D Survey in Government Sector, 2008* * the estimates with an average growth rate Goverment R&D budget since 2005-2008. Shows the breakdowon of R&D expenditure by sector in 2009. Government and Higher Education shares to the R&D expenditure were higher (with ratio of GERD 0,04% for Government and 0,03% for Higher Education) compared to that of Manufacturing industry (0.02%). FUNDING FOR RD&I : GROSS EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GERD)
  • 37. GERD INDONESIA Source: UIS, August 2010 Note: +1 = 2008, -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -5 = 2002. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% SouthAfrica Sudan-2 Morocco-1 Botswana-2 Tunisia-2 Zambia-2 Uganda Seychelles-2 Ethiopia BurkinaFaso Madagascar Senegal-2 Malaysia-1 Israel+1 Japan Rep.ofKorea China Singapore Philippines-2 HongKong-1 Kazakhstan+1 Thailand-2 LaoPDR-5 India Kyrgyzstan Azerbaijan SriLanka-1 VietNam-5 Iran-1 Cambodia-5 Indonesia-2 Mongolia Armenia Tajikistan-2 Brunei-3 Pakistan Georgia-2 Australia-1 NewZealand Business enterprise Government Higher education Private non-profit Unknown www.uis.unesco.org A breakdown of R&D investment in Africa, Asia and the Pacific. GERD by sector of performance, 2007 or latest available year

Editor's Notes

  1. Endorsed by national gathering where all S&T stakeholders gathered in Palembang, reps from R&D regional institutue, LPNK< LPK followed by consistent support from the top eaders