Extensive Field Documentation And Radiocarbon Dating

Extensive Field Documentation And Radiocarbon Dating
Summary and conclusions
Extensive field documentation and radiocarbon dating resulted in a detailed alluvial history of mid–elevation valley and piedmont areas of the Carrizo
Wash watershed. Much of the alluvial chronology has century–scale resolution, making it one of the best–dated and detailed Holocene alluvial
sequences from the southern Colorado Plateau and the larger southwestern U.S. region. The Carrizo Wash alluvial history spans the entire Holocene,
although early Holocene deposits in valley contexts are deeply buried with few exposures and little dateable material. Similarly, study of middle
Holocene alluvial fan deposits was hindered by the rarity of exposed deposits of this age probably because of subsequent erosion.
Comparison of the Carrizo Wash alluvial history with regional flood histories and paleoclimatic proxies of the strength of winter (ENSO) and summer
(NAM) moisture sources confirmed that Carrizo Wash geomorphic systems were sensitive to regional climate change throughout the Holocene.
Channel entrenchment was usually preceded by extended drought and occurred more frequently during (1) periods of increased climatic variability
associated with enhanced ENSO conditions, (2) major shifts in effective moisture or precipitation amount and seasonality, and (3) periods with few
large floods. Accelerated piedmont and valley aggradation occurred during periods with low effective moisture associated with enhanced NAM and
weak ENSO circulation that resulted in
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Trans: Film Analysis
In all aspects of life, you will form relationships with others that may range from romantic to platonic. Today, you see all sorts of relationship
types. I use to only see heterosexual couples as "normal." After looking into other relationship types in greater depth, I have begun to see that
homosexual relationships may be just as "normal." I think societal norms plays a strong role in telling us what being "normal" is, and if you don't fit
into the tight little box, then there's something wrong with you. Why is it that when we see heterosexual people kiss people say are in awe, but if
you see homosexuals kiss, people are in disgust? I think it has a lot to do with social media's influence on what is "right and wrong." Social media
creates... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Try to imagine feeling like your whole life is wrong. How would you feel? In the movie "Trans," transgender people revealed the hardship that they
experience day to day. Most transgender people feel like they were put in the wrong body, and they have known about it since they were very
young. They may have trouble finding something to identify with in fear of being an outcast. I think transgender people are some of the bravest
people in the world. They are able to transform into the person they know they are. It disgusts me how many people hate on them. Just because
someone is transgendered does not mean there is something wrong with them. These people are tortured for showing their true identity. They are
labeled as "weird" or "wrong," when they are actually the same as you and me. I think it is unethical to ask someone to change who they are, so
why can you ask someone who is transgender to pretend to feel comfortable in their body if they know they are supposed to be the opposite
gender? Transgendered people should not be shunned by society for their bravery to speak up and create a new life for themselves. It is not your
business or my own. It is only the person who wants to change. As a society, we should embrace them because change is vulnerable. We should be
proud of them and we should not hate one them. Everyone truly deserves to feel accepted. The movie "The Mask You Live In" has shown me that
we should not ever discriminate against people just because they may be different. Men in particular get a lot of discrimination in this movie. We all
define masculinity differently. I think of superman or prince charming when I think of a man. However, other people see other versions of being a
man. We should not put so much pressure on boys to "become a man" because that will create stress on their development. Why is it only ok for men
to show their emotions when they are drinking alcohol? They should be

Dating Is The Best Husband A Woman
Dating Methods
"An archaeologist is the best husband a woman can have.
The older she gets the more interested he is in her." A. Christie
Archaeological dating methods can be divided in two categories, relative and absolute dating. Relative dating in archaeology presumes the age of an
artefact in relation and by comparison, to other objects found around it. Limits for relative dating are that it cannot provide an accurate year or a
specific date of use, it is a more subjective approach. A more precise and accurate archaeology dating system is known asabsolute dating and can in
most circumstances provide a calendar year to an object . Absolute dating is in my opinion the way to go because it allows for a more precise and
more scientific answers. Within the absolute dating techniques, Carbon 14 seems to be the golden standard as Renfrew and Bahn state: "Radiocarbon is
the single most useful method of dating for the archaeologist, even though it has some limitations." Important to note is that, the relatively short
half–life of carbon–14, 5,730 years, makes the reliability only up to about 75,000 years. As the case study of the royal tomb of Solokha revealed, it is
not a perfect method, but currently, it is as close as it gets. First, radiocarbon looks at the subatomic particles that constantly bombard the earth and
produce high–energy neutrons. When the neutrons collide with the nitrogen atoms present in the earth 's atmosphere, they produce atoms of Carbon
14. These atoms

What Is The Theme Of Isang Tikbalang Ka Lang
Kristine Louise V. Moral
ABM 11
"Isang Tikbalang Ka Lang" By Eros Atalia is a story which provided a short narrative that explains the unrevealed attitude of one of the variables in
the story. Once, a tikbalang fell in love with a woman which at the end, gave him a comprehension that makes him think of his unconsciousness
because of a possessive woman knowing him well, on the other hand, he doesn't know the actual character of hers.
Specifically, there was tikbalang, who is an openhanded lover. Moreover, the loved one is the attractive, engaging woman. They both have the
capabilities to love, but in different ways and principles. The duwende, as an extra variable, is described as an old, wealthy man which is a contrast to
Tikbalang's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is a lot of lesson can be learned in this Atalio's story. Although tikbalang is known to be the hopeless one, the purpose of the author in creating
this character is to give advice and remind people, both of the men and women. Maybe, the reason of the author in conveying the messages is: first; to
present the uniqueness and importance in the human history of the different ways of Filipino courtships; to give lesson that love isn't about wealth;
and of course, the importance and unlikeness of the Philippine Mythology. I conclude that maybe there are really some other girls like the mortal girl
in the story but I believe that this story can change a number of girls

Zuni Salt Lake
Zuni Salt Lake
Bradbury's (1967) dissertation research was the first comprehensive study of Zuni Salt Lake maar. Based on a radiocarbon age of 22.9 В± 1.4 ka 14C
yr BP (Haynes et al., 1967) on aquatic, calcareous algae from Zuni Salt Lake lacustrine deposits 15 m above the present lake level, he concluded that the
Zuni Salt Lake maar formed during the late Pleistocene. This single date provided a maximum age for the Zuni Salt Lake maar but has long been
viewed as suspect because of probable hardwater carbon–reservoir effects. Subsequent argon dating of Zuni Salt Lake volcanic rocks resulted in
low–resolution plateau ages of 114 В± 38 ka and 86 В± 31 ka (McIntosh and Cather, 1994).
Fence Lake Project investigations in valleys and uplands
In the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the FLP work, I did not map historical period terraces within the modern arroyo and noted only two prehistoric terrace surfaces, one of which
has only very isolated occurrences. I identified six distinct, prehistoric units of stream–deposited alluvium and at least three arroyo–cutting episodes
along Carrizo Wash and its tributaries. Chronometric control was provided by 21 radiocarbon dates on charcoal and isolated prehistoric ceramics
found in both primary and reworked contexts. Three of the stratigraphic units (Qha1, Qha2, and Qha3) are separated by weak soils in clayey alluvial
and were dated to the middle Holocene between approximately 6200 14C yr BP and 4000 14C yr BP. Subsequent arroyo cutting preceded deposition
of late Holocene unit Qha4 during the 4000–1000 14C yr BP interval. Unit Qha4 deposition ended with arroyo formation ca. 1000 14C yr BP.
Similarly, the other late Holocene alluvial units (Qha5 and Qha6) were followed by arroyo cutting around 650 14C yr BP and the late 19th century,

Radiocarbon Dating Research Paper
Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon–14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material
by using the properties of radiocarbon (14C), a radioactive isotope of carbon.
The method was developed by Willard Libby in the late 1940s and soon became a standard tool for archaeologists. Libby received the Nobel Prize for
his work in 1960. The radiocarbon dating method is based on the fact that radiocarbon is constantly being created in the atmosphere by the interaction
of cosmic rays with atmospheric nitrogen. The resulting radiocarbon combines with atmospheric oxygen to form radioactive carbon dioxide, which is
incorporated into plants byphotosynthesis; animals then acquire 14
C by eating the plants. When the animal or plant dies, it stops exchanging carbon with its environment, and from that point onwards the amount of 14
C it contains begins to decrease as the 14
C undergoes radioactive decay. Measuring the amount of 14
C in a sample from a dead plant or animal such as a piece of wood or a fragment of bone provides information that can be used to calculate when the
animal or plant died. The older a sample is, the less 14
C there is to be detected, and because the half–life of 14
C (the period of time ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The development of radiocarbon dating has had a profound impact on archaeology. In addition to permitting more accurate dating within
archaeological sites than previous methods, it allows comparison of dates of events across great distances. Histories of archaeology often refer to its
impact as the "radiocarbon revolution". Radiocarbon dating has allowed key transitions in prehistory to be dated, such as the end of the last ice age,
and the beginning of the Neolithic andBronze Age in different

Archaeological Evidence Analysis
The purpose of this article is to document the first archaeological evidence in Australia both by death by spearing and the use of backed artifacts as
spear armatures before European contact. Furthermore using barbed death spears as a ritual punishment was known to have happened in the Sydney
region at European contact, but not before then. So this finding would provide early archaeological evidence for ritual payback killing by spearing, as
well as be significant in understanding other archaeological signs of the increase in social complexity across south–eastern Australia due to the timing
of the individual's death.
During an excavation for electricity cables underneath a bus shelter in Narrabeen on Sydney beaches archaeologists initially ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The supporting evidence consisted of the position of the backed artifacts where the remains of founds, the unhealed cranium trauma that was consistent
with the peri–mortem stone axe sound, and the fact the remains dated the individual's death back to an era when backed artifacts production were at an
all–time high. Also when it came to the idea of social complexity and death by spearing the finds had great similarities to ethno–historic literature; this
showed ritual punishment as being connected transgressions that took place during a ceremony or over visiting ritual

Dating Vs Radiometric Dating
Radiometric dating is a technique for determining the age of objects by measuring the decay of radioactive elements they contain (). Radiometric
dating helps to determine the age of the earth and its organisms by measuring its radioactivity. This process is can provide dates with a fair amount of
precision. Whereas, the fossil record helps to provide clues to the past and history of life on earth. It also proves the common occurrence of the
evolution from one species to another. Each of these theories helps to support the theory of evolution. Evidence suggest when comparing the fossil
record with radiometric dating, the proof of evolution between the two lines of evidence are agreeable.
The principle of natural selection is the process

Finding Categorizing An Archaeological Site Analysis Essay
How are artifacts, ecofacts, or features analyzed? Discuss the process of finding, categorizing, and interpreting an archaeological site. Describe at least
two analytical methods (in detail) used by archaeologists to interpret archaeological data. While most sites are found by accident, many sites were
carefully selected through surveys. By utilizing remote sensing technology, tools that allow us to see what the naked eye cannot through mapping
around the area, we are able to detect things such differences in the ground's temperature and reveal hidden trails that we could only see from the sky.
With the information, experts are able to narrow down locations of potential excavation sites by taking into account the surroundings such as the...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the most important aspects of analyzing an artifact is determining its age. Stratigraphic excavation, typological cross–dating, and radiocarbon
dating are said to be the most important methods of estimating the age of artifacts. Stratigraphic excavation is the most basic of all techniques that
utilizes the fact that the Earth has multiple layers that build up on top of each other over time. To put it simply, an age estimate could be made based
on how deep and object was found. With radio carbon dating, archaeologists are taking into account the fact that every living organism constantly
absorbs 14C and levels it with the atmosphere's carbon; as soon as the organism dies, it stops absorbing 14C and, over time, the levels decrease.
Through measuring those levels, experts are often able to determine the age of an artifact. However, the older the item, the less 14C it contains and this
could often affect the calculation's accuracy–typically. This method also does not work on carbon–based materials. That being said, carbon dating can
be as accurate as up to 30 years (NCSU). Typological cross–dating works through identifying distinctive artifacts that are known to be made over
certain areas and periods of time, and can work in conjunction with the other two methods to help narrow down the age of the object

The Hypothesized Finnish Population Bottleneck
The hypothesized Finnish population bottleneck is supported by archaeological evidence that shows the number of artifacts significantly decreased at
roughly the same time as hypothesized. When taken together, the genetic and archaeological records suggest that there may have been a population
bottleneck. The hypothesized population bottleneck circa 4000 BP (2000 BCE) has been increasingly researched over the past few decades, as genetic
evidence has come to support the existing archaeological evidence for such an event. Recent genetic testing has shown that there is very low diversity
on the Y chromosome, suggesting that the number of male ancestral lineages was small, especially compared to the rest of Europe. This is evidence
for a population bottleneck that killed a large portion of the population at some point in the past. In addition, there are genetic differences between
eastern and western Finland the presence of Finnish Disease Heritage, where certain genetic diseases are found in proportions different from the rest of
the Europe, as is common in groups with decreased genetic diversity. Other arguments that explain the same evidence in other ways have been
proposed and no consensus has been reached on which side is correct. The archaeological evidence is rooted in the number of artifacts found that can
be dated to before and after the hypothesized population bottleneck. This research relies on the assumption that a higher number of artifacts dated to a
certain

GLG Case Study
Determining age is extremely difficult when is comes to providing an accurate method that does not require the killing or substantial harm of animal.
Most aging methods of marine animals involve counting of growth rings in hard structures, such as bone or teeth. For the Beluga and most Odontocetes
scientists have been counting the growth layer groups (GLG) on their teeth. However, there have been conflicting reports on if Belugas lay growth
bands annually or biannually. This is because scientists will use a variety of methods to confirm their hypothesis of 1 or 2 GLGs a year. Solving this
discrepancy and finding an accurate method for aging is critical to the understanding of the Belugas life history. Knowing an animals life history allows
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If only one reader counts the GLGs they could be dramatically over or underestimating GLGs if there are multiple irregularities in the bands or if
the reader isn't very good at counting them, whether its due to inexperience or they aren't detail oriented or they simply counted late at night.
Consequently, the age would be inaccurate. In particularly studies that state that belugas deposit 1 GLG per year; each missed or double counted
ring would be altering the age by a full year. Both papers used more than 1 reader, except Bella from Brodie's review, and take variance of counts
into consideration using bias plots or CVs. The large difference in the methods used to determine if deposits happened 1 or 2 a year was the actual
variability of the teeth themselves. More specifically Stewart's paper used archived wild teeth, while Brodie's review paper mainly touched on studies
that used teeth from recently deceased captive animals. As mentioned many times throughout most papers, captive animals tend to have irregular
deposit patterns in GLGs once they become captive. Who's then to say that the irregularities are not only in how the deposits form, but also in terms
of how long they take to form. While we can only be certain that in captivity the deposits were 2 per year because we have the total amount of years in
captivity; the age of

The Bible Is Untrue By Radiocarbon Dating
Do you ever wonder where you came from or what man kind's history is? Many scientists have an idea or theory that we came from the Big Bang,
or that we evolved from apes. The Bible has been becoming a past time and no one wants to believe that it is our history. But how could you not
believe it is our history? The Bible has THE OLDEST manuscripts ever been found, than any other religion. The Bible is the main focus of what shows
the true history of how the world was created. I think that people start to doubt the existence of God, but there are many different pieces of evidence
that provide answers that God is truly real and that the Bible provides accurate history of the creation of the world.
There are many prime examples of how the Bible ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is radiocarbon dating? "Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon–14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an
object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon (14C), a radioactive isotope of carbon." (Wikipedia) Scientists have
determined the Age of the Earth to be four point five hundred and forty–three billion years old. But, Red platelets and hemoglobin have been found in a
few unfossilized dinosaur bone. Be that as it may, these couldn't last more than a couple of thousand years–surely not the 65 million years from when
evolutionists think the last dinosaur lived. Helium is filling the climate from radioactive rot, however very little is getting away. In any case, the
aggregate sum in the environment is just 1/2000 of that normal if the air were truly billions of years old. This helium initially got away from rocks.
This happens entirely quickly, yet so much helium is still in some stones that it couldn't have had sufficient energy to get away. Of course nothing can
be proven for sure and many creation scientists know this. But many of the modern dating methods depend on unprovable

An Introduction Of Cave Paintings In Cosquer Cave
Introduction
Do you know anything about cave paintings? Well I am here to inform you about them. For example, the majestic paintings of bison in Cosquer Cave.
In Altamira more beautiful animals of the Ice Age. In Lascaux too were majestic animals like horse, deer, bison, etc. These facts are truly amazing.
These caves are jewels of mother nature. Also, about Carbon 14 Dating and how it works with its formulas.
Cosquer Cave
In 1985 a professional Scuba diver named Henri Cosquer discovered the cave. Cosquer Cave is located in Ardeche department, on the Mediterranean
coast close to the Rhode river. The cave was discovered by accident when Henri was diving and found an opening.
He kept a secret for many years and went to check it himself from time to time. He trusted archaeologist Jean Clotte who was also a speleologist.
Jean Clotte was a speleologist and archaeologist he is very important in the government of France. He called Jean Courtin who was a archaeologist and
a professional diver he was also very important. They didn't make the discovery public because the public could harm the paintings.
They kept it a secret for 6 years. Later the French government found out about it and told the public.
The paintings are of 10,000 years of difference. The animal paintings are +18,000 years old and the hand paintings are 28,000 years old. There is a
huge difference of time because the theory is that the cave was lost however, then it was rediscovered. The cave was

The Uses Of Human Biological Remains
The use of human biological remains can tell us quite a lot about how past civilizations lived. One is able to deduce from the findings whether
groups of people were transient or stationary by examining findings from a midden. Refuse stashes also tell us much of what a specific group
consumes in terms of diet or housing materials. One is able to discover how long ago an individual lived by using dating measurements such as radio
carbon dating or argon dating. The use of human biological remains is the most beneficial and educational resource for archeologists in the field and in
the laboratory.
There are many ways to determine antiquity with archeological findings that fall under two main categories, relative dating and absolute dating.
Relative dating uses techniques applied by the archeologists themselves and produce a general understanding of the age of findings while absolute
dating can provide an exact date the biological remains were alive and uses much more elaborate and in depth laboratory testing techniques. Absolute
dating techniques such as dendrochronology, radiocarbon dating, and argon dating are the most effective and wide spread methods for dating human
biological remains to provide a detailed analysis of antiquity. Radiocarbon dating is the most widespread and commonly used technique for dating
human remains in archeology. It is known that all living things contain carbon and upon death carbon breaks down at a specific and steady rate once. By

Radiocarbon Dating Research Papers
Laura Watson SPH3UT Mr. Moffatt 4 Mar. 2016 Radioactive Dating Radioactive dating is a technique in order to determine the age of earth materials
based on a measurement of either short–lived radioactive elements or the amount of long–lived radioactive element plus the decay product (Dictionary).
Radioactive Dating was first thought of in 1905 by a British scientist, Lord Rutherford. In 1907, a radio–chemist at Yale University, Professor B.B.
Boltwood, made the first attempt to establish a geologic time scale ("Foundational"). In 1947, Willard Frank Libby developed a radioactive dating
method to determine the age of organic materials. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1960 for his radiocarbon research ("Radioactive
Dating"). The... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reason for this controversy is due to the fact that radioactive dating relies on assumptions about the past. By using this technique, scientists are
assuming that the atmospheric conditions are the same today as they were in the past (Veith), for example, they are assuming that they ratio of C–12 to
C–14 has remained the same ("Carbon Dating"). They are also assuming that the rate of decay for radioactive elements has not changed. Although this
method is trusted by many scientists, recently, more than 50% of radiocarbon dates from geological and archaeological samples found in North
American have been found unacceptable after an investigation

Radiocarbon Dating Is Inaccurate
If a tree falls in a forest and no one is around to hear it, does it still make a sound? If God created the earth and no one was around to see it, did it still
happen? The answer to both of these questions is yes. Because of the Bible, we know that God created the earth in a literal 6, 24 hour days about
6,000 years ago. Many Christian think God may have used evolution and creation but that is not a viable theory. Methods such as Carbon Dating
cannot be trusted because they have been proven inaccurate over and over again. Because radiocarbon dating is inaccurate, the literal Genesis account
of creation is the one and only viable answer to where this world came from.
Back in the 1800's, people started to drift away from God. Because ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Just like one can tell that age of a person by thing such as their height, weight, hair, and skin, scientists should be able to see signs of wear on the
earth. "Every year, water and wind erode about 20 billion tons of dirt and rock and debris from the continents and deposit them on the sea floor. Yet
the average thickness of all of these sediments globally over the whole seafloor is not even 1,300 feet." (The New Answers Book 4 113) This
disproves the theory of evolution since there is so little settlement on the sea

Successful Dating Research Paper
Successful dating advice for men. The reason behind dating, is to get to know someone better. You also open up the possibility of developing this into
something long–term. As a male, a lot of responsibility is placed upon you to deliver the right date and conduct yourself appropriately for it to be a
success. Whatever your sexual orientation, if you are leading the event you have a certain obligation to get it right. You have already met the person, so
remind yourself about the conversations you have had together. Think about what they told concerning their interests, this a clue to the things you may
have in common. When and where: A thumping night club on a Saturday night, is really not appropriate for a first date. If you are both into clubbing
that doesn't mean you have to rule it out... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For a nice pleasant day out at the weekend, a walk through a central park is certainly enchanting. Walking together outdoors in pleasant weather,
gives you a chance to talk and be close to nature. Booking into that same restaurant won't suffice, be creative. It's important that you enjoy the
occasion too, but don't be selfish or complacent. Notification and details: Call and notify them as to when and where you are going. Negotiate a
day and time, or make a suggestion. It sounds obvious, but give them a little advance notice. Calling someone a few hours before, is not cool. Give
them an indication of what to wear. If the event is going to be a surprise, give them a hint. No one wants to turn up in formal wear, if they are going
to the racing track. Be charming: When you first see your date, compliment them. Even though they are the sexiest man or woman in town, it's still
good to let them know. A little boost from you, will help them feel more confident. It will also give you extra points for being so charming. Needless
to say, you should be well groomed yourself. This could bag you a compliment

Wise Tips Dating Single Moms Need to Know Before...
Wise Tips Dating Single Moms Need to Know Before Introducing the Kids to the New Guy
Dating when you have children can be very exasperating. You don't only think about how to go on with the date, you also think about what is going
to be good for the children. After all, it is no longer just about you and him alone. It's also whether or not the kids will be cool enough to like your
guy and vice versa. It is often worth any single parent's trouble to note what it is their children might be thinking about the entire dating process. But it
is also not to say that a single parent should just put any hopes for a real romantic date to rest. At any rate, the idea of meeting someone else should
not be crippled by the fact that you have had kids who ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Slow down and do not make the mistake of forcing it out on the children. It is better to take it slow and be successful later than to make haste and fail
afterwards.
2. Reassure your children.
It is important to stress out to the children that they will only have one mom and one dad. No one needs to replace anyone. This creates a win–win
situation for everyone. The children will slowly understand the role your new boyfriend will play in their lives and it should not include replacing
their daddy. It is good enough if your children like your new boyfriend so much to even recognize him as their step dad and starts calling him
"daddy". That's not so bad if that is what you want to achieve at the end of the day. But you might want to avoid further hassle by confusing your child
eventually when things do not go in that direction. Just reassure your children about having one mom and one dad.
3. Do not expect.
Consider this rule of thumb. You can't force anyone to like anyone. Asking your children to be nice or to like someone is definitely going to spoil
everything you have planned in mind. Allow everyone to meet and form their own opinions.
4. Come in groups.
You might want to avoid going for uptight and formal meetings. This could potentially dismantle any positive vibe that could exist if you go for
friendly and less formal scenarios. Try some gimmicks like having some BBQ party or a pool party. Introduce him as a friend and give the children the
chance

Paper Pills: The Cure for Doctor Reefy
"Paper Pills" is a short story written by Sherwood Anderson in his most recognized book, Winesburg, Ohio, which has several interrelated stories
(Belasco 859). The story is about an older physician, named Dr. Reefy, who is distanced from society, and only expresses his thoughts on pieces of
paper, which he stuffs into his pockets (Bort). Eventually, he meets a younger woman who he marries and shares those crumbled pieces of paper with
for a brief period before her death. The story is recounted by an unknown narrator, which is the same narrator throughout the book–using several
instances of imagery and symbolism to describe Dr. Reefy's hands, truths, and his courtship and relationship with the younger woman. The description
of Dr. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, once the papers–or thoughts–become hard and overflowing in Doctor Reefy's pocket they become synonymous to the creation of a
"pyramid of truth" (867). And once a "pyramid" is created, Doctor Reefy destroys it (867). The manner in which he destroys the "pyramid" is when
he dumps the hardened paper balls out of his coat pocket on to the floor (867).
Symbolism and imagery is also used to describe the relationship Doctor Reefy has with his only friend John Spaniard, "who owned a tree nursery"
(867). The narrator says, "...in Doctor Reefy there were the seeds of something very fine," which the seeds could be interpreted as thoughts since
Doctor Reefy's hands are described as "gnarled apples" (867). Furthermore, John's occupation could have deeper meaning, and be construed as John
being a tree since he is called a "sentimentalist" by Doctor Reefy (857). And when he calls John a "sentimentalist" he means John has become someone
who "lives his life by" a truth, and, therefore, a grotesque as described in the aforementioned story (862). Thus, when Doctor Reefy throws the hardened
paper balls at John, and says, "'That is to confound you, you blithering old sentimentalist,'" he is trying to suggest John detach himself from whatever
truth he has adopted.
Another relationship of Doctor Reefy's that also uses

What Is Radiocarbon Dating
The plaque at the museum may say the artifact is several thousand years old. What if we could place its creation to several decades? Writings say
something lived so long ago, or their life time is just a guess. What if we were able to actually give them some numbers to work with? History has
always been the product of a lot of guess work. Sometimes first–hand accounts give the details for a clear image of the story. More often than not, the
story is not complete. Scientific tools such as radiocarbon dating can fill in the gaps. Unfortunately, the method behind radiocarbon dating is not
perfect. It requires the precise removal of a sample piece. Precision is a key word here as some artifacts are on the verge of decomposition anyway.
Also, a sloppy removal could permanently disfigure the artifact.
This is one possibility for a hook: Cicero, the great Roman lawyer, historian, philosopher and statesman said, "He who forgets his past is doomed to
repeat it." Then I would talk about how accurate measures of time, and environmental observations are key pars to every story.
Here is my working ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I should also consider researching tests that have gone wrong, to determine what the reason was, miscalculation, or factors out of control. I should,
for the main point of this paper, include several examples of the successes of radiocarbon dating. Above, I listed several instances in which I believe
radiocarbon dating was used. I should double check, and expound further on the exact reasons why radiocarbon dating was so important for those
discoveries. I should also look for and consider the advancements or ulterior methods used for dating historical artifacts. In conclusion, I was really
looking for a way to tie history into the technology aspect of my research, and think that radiocarbon dating could have plenty of

The Mobile Love Industry : An Analysis Of Sexuality
The Mobile Love Industry: An Analysis of Sexuality Through the employment of modern technology and social media platforms, countless aspects of
our everyday rituals, customs, and behaviors, have been unquestionably redefined. No other area is more apparent than in matters of love and sex. The
Mobile Love Industry, a documentary short from VICE, explores this phenomenon as it relates to various mobile apps.
Sexual scripts specify with whom people have sex, when and where they should have sex, what they should do sexually, and why they should do sexual
things (Laumann et al., 1994). Over the past hundred years, there have been three distinct scripts guiding young men and women's intimate lives, each
emerging during a period of transition. The first script occurred during the calling era of the first decade of the twentieth century. This would involve
young men "calling" on young women at their homes, with the intent to spend time with her and her family, especially her mother. Part I of thedating
era emerged shortly after. The young people wanted to go out on dates away from the watchful eye of their parents. There were a few caveats that
existed, however. Both men and women refused to date a person who did not "rank". As a result, people went to great lengths to rate high on the
dating scale. The final script occurred during part II of the dating era during the mid–twentieth century. This script involved "going steady." Men and
women felt comfortable in their relationships

The Shroud Of Turin : Deep Inside The Cathedral Of St....
Matthew Douthit
Professor Sullivan
ANTH 2302
28 April 2017
Final Paper – The Shroud of Turin
Deep inside the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist in Turin, Italy rests a 14.5 x 3.7 inch long linen cloth. This shroud is stored in a custom built,
temperature and humidity controlled, lighttight case made of bulletproof, laminated glass, which weighs about 2,200 pounds. On the shroud bears the
faint image of a man who has been crucified. Many believe it to be the actual burial shroud Jesus of Nazareth was wrapped in when he was buried after
crucifixion. This is the Turin Shroud. The image of the man on the shroud bears a striking resemblance to the historical descriptions of Jesus. Not only
that, but all the wounds align precisely with the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1532, the shroud was greatly burned in a fire in Savory, whereafter nuns repaired the damage. In 1578, the shroud was transferred to Turin, Italy
where it has remained in the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist ever since. Further repairs were made to the shroud in 1694 and 1868. The whole rest
of world did not learn about the shroud until 1898 when Italian amateur photographer Secondo Pia took the first photographs of it. The image on the
shroud itself is extremely faint, but Pia's photographic negatives brought out the image in striking detail. Pia was shocked at what he had discovered.
"I was looking into the face of the Lord," he later said. And just like that, the Turin Shroud spread like wildfire across the globe.
In 1977, science decided to put the shroud under the microscope. Three American scientists, John Jackson, Eric Jumper, and William Mottern along
with over thirty others, formed the Shroud of Turin Research Project (STURP). Its goal: figure out how the was image formed. In 1978, despite the
resistance of many in the Vatican, the Turin church agreed to let STURP physically examine the shroud. The church gave them only 120 hours to let
them do their thing, and STURP immediately got to it. They worked literally around the clock to find out how the haunting image got on the linen cloth.
"There were spectral analysis done," Barrie Schwortz, the photojournalist who recorded the event recalls. "There were a mosaic of photographs

Carbon-14 Dating
The key principle behind radiocarbon–14 dating is plants and animals exchange carbon with their surroundings and thus contain the same ratio of
carbon–12 to carbon–14 once an organism dies it no longer exchanges carbon with its surroundings. The carbon–14 will slowly decay at a known rate
decreasing the ratio of carbon–12 to carbon–14. Since the decay rate and original ratio of carbon–12 to carbon–14 is known we can determine how old
a sample is by the amount of carbon–14 remaining. There are two ways to measure the carbon–12 to carbon–14 ratio. The first being beta counting.
Beta counting was the first method used to measure carbon–14 levels in a sample. Two different type of beta counting were primarily used. The first of
those being liquid ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This then tells us the atmospheric carbon–14 to carbon–12 ratio in the year that tree ring grew in. Other atmospheric variations include coal

The Science of Radiocarbon Dating Essay
The Science of Radiocarbon Dating
When we think of history, we think of important people, places, cultures, events, and much more. The backbone of history rests on its chronology.
It gives us the "when" of basic analysis. It gives us a frame of reference, the order of things. Before having an "absolute" way of determining dates,
history was based in guesses and assumptions. Many attempts were made to organize the dates of the past. Some of these attempts were made by
geologist. Geologist used the idea of "stratigraphic succession" (Renfrew, 1973) which is based on the "principle that when successive layers or strata
are observed in position, the underlying ones are the earliest." (Pg. 23 Renfrew, 1973) By setting the layers in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This changed history forever. While it created controversy, due to some people's attachments to the old ways of dating and doubts in this revolutionary
method, it proved to be the closest method to have an accurate chronology of history. In 1955, to prove the accuracy or radiocarbon, Libby published a
graph that showed the comparison of the results of radiocarbon dating of specimens from Egypt. These specimens had already an absolute known date.
The graph proved the accuracy of Libby's radiocarbon dating. Figure 1 (Renfrew, 1973)
Libby developed the method of radiocarbon dating though his observation of how cosmic rays create radiocarbon. From outer space cosmic rays
infiltrate earth's atmosphere. In the upper atmosphere, these rays hit nitrogen and oxygen atoms in the air. (Renfrew, 1973). When the neutrons of these
high–energy particles (mostly protons) hit nitrogen atoms, Carbon 14 (C–14) is created. The nitrogen atom (atomic number 7) has an atomic mass of 14
(with 7 protons and 7 neutrons). When the nucleus of the nitrogen is hit by the cosmic ray's neutrons, the atomic number of the atom decreases by one.
The make–up of its atomic mass changes, a proton is emitted and the neutrons are increased by one; therefore, the atomic mass number stays the
same. Because the atomic number has changed, a new element, carbon 14, with atomic number 6, has an atomic mass of 14 (with 6 protons and 8
neutrons). (Bowman, 1990) The reaction is 14N + n = 14c + p (where n is a

What Is The Construction Of The Triple System
The timbers were thought to indicate timber–lacing in the walls but are likely to support a wall– walk or a similar structure. Carbon dating has given us
an age range of AD340 and AD610, which is according to MacKie (1969) for the construction of the fort. It has been claimed that the fort was Roman
however MacKie (1969) argues with the evidence that it was built by Picts in the early parts of the period and did not exist during the roman
occupation of southern Scotland (MacKie, 1969). A project conducted by professor Ian Ralston aimed to find out whether the triple outerworks are
similar with well– known enclosed 'courts' or whether the triple system of banks and ditches being different in construction of the headland walls are...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Excavation of deposits within the lookout showed that it had been built on top of a surviving rampart core material with little resultant disturbance of
the rampart beneath (Johnson M., 2002). A section excavated through the rampart at this point showed that it was stone–built with no evidence of
timber–lacing. The body of the rampart consisted of a mixture of large stones and apparently quarried sandstones with pockets of large beach pebbles,
within a sand matrix. Fragments of sandstone were present throughout. There appeared to be little organised structure of the ramparts construction. It
could have been seen although with little variation that pockets of beach pebbles were prevalent. Larger stones were visible towards the basal
section, with more voids present, perhaps indicating that a layer of basal stones had been laid on the ground surface initially to mark out the line of
the rampart or provide a firm foundation. The section of rampart excavated measured 8m wide and 3–3.25m high. Excavating could not extend to the
inner and outer faces of the rampart as constraints were imposed by working within the confines of the building (Johnson M., 2002). Beneath the
rampart was discovered well preserved organic deposits. Further examination of these deposits discovered two old land surfaces separated by
windblown sand, with relict dune sands

Art of Love
The Art of Love, written by Ovid, was a set of three books, the first being a guide or rule book on how to "pick–up" women and the second book a rule
book on how to keep the woman you have or "caught" satisfied and interested in you. The third and final book that he wrote was written for women on
what to do to catch and keep a man, since he felt it was only fair for women to also be "armed" when it comes to picking– up men. The rules that Ovid
describes in The Art of Love are similar to the rules that most people follow in the "cruising and catching" game because they are effective and
produce results, although not all the rules described in Ovid's book are still used, a great majority of them are and have not changed after so many years.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Comparing what he wrote to experiences I have had, I would say they are very similar because I have gone to clubs with friends so that they could
"cast their nets" and "catch" women. Being in a relationship for five years and going, I am able to relate more to Ovid's book two which sets the
"rules" to keeping the women that one has "caught". I can relate more to that book because all the rules that he explained, I have done. All of the
rules that h went over, such as letting her win at games, going to her whenever she needs you and if you have no transportation walk to where she is
no matter what the weather is like. The similarities and differences between the "ways of the hunt" from now and then exist because throughout time,
things have changed with society and how they view sex. I believe that the similarities exist because men and women have not changed since the time
that he wrote the poem. The relationship between men and women has stayed the same throughout time in which no matter what men and women are
still "wired" the same way and experience the same things every women or man will experience. An example of that would be from book three in
which he tells women to fake their orgasm if the man can't please them. That is an excellent example because in today's time, women still fake
orgasms to give their man a confidence boost and make

The Relevence of Carbon-14
A human skeleton is discovered at a new construction site outside a small town in Nebraska. The remains could be from someone who died within
the past 100 years or the past 1000 years or even longer. An archeologist from a local university is called in to examine the remains. He finds evidence
that the skeleton may indeed be very old. To determine its age, he uses radiometric dating.
Radiometric dating is based on analyzing the amount of carbon–14 in an ancient example of once–living substantial, related to what is found in a
current sample of active material. The important material on which it is established is that carbon–14 has always been constructed at the same level in
the greater atmosphere for all history.
An element is radioactive if its atomic nuclei are unstable. The nucleus holds neutrons and protons; the electromagnetic force separates the protons
because they have an equivalent charge, but the strong nuclear force pulls the protons and neutrons closer together. A nucleus is only unchanging if it
has an even balance of protons and neutrons, or also doesn't have any extra energy. Radiocarbon dating only works on things that were once alive and
are now dead.
The level of carbon 14 in an artifact reduces by 50% every 5730 years from the moment that the raw material from which the artifact is made no longer
is exchanging carbon with he atmosphere, in most cases this is the point of death of the animal or plant.
Carbon–14 is produced naturally in the upper

Argumentative Essay On Radiocarbon Dating
Radiocarbon dating is a scientific procedure used to calculate the age of dead specimens by the rate of decay in their levels of C–14. Radiocarbon
dating methods are deeply flawed and do not reliably determine the age of certain fossils or the earth. This is due to the assumptions that they are built
upon. These assumptions include that the conditions on the earth have always been constant and nothing has ever caused the C–14 levels to fluctuate.
These assumptions must be true for radiocarbon dating to be reliable. However, there is a plethora of evidence showing that these assumptions cannot be
trusted.
Radiocarbon dating is a heavily debated topic in the world today. This is primarily due to the powerful implications it has on people's belief
systems. Christians and atheists alike view radiocarbon dating as important and need to be able to defend or support it. Findings through the process
of radiocarbon dating can help prove or disprove people's beliefs about the world. Radiocarbon dating will always be a controversial method because of
its impact on one's worldview. However, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For radiocarbon dating to accurately date anything no matter its age, two facts must be accounted for. The rate of decay of Carbon–14 and the amount of
Carbon–14 in the creature at the time of its death must be known. The rate of decay of Carbon–14 can be determined by its half–life, which is around
5,730 years. This means that every 5,730 years the amount of Carbon–14 in an organism is cut in half. As a result, the amount of Carbon–14 would
eventually dissipate to nothing in every organism after its death. Because of this, radiocarbon dating has a limit to its accuracy. Many times, scientists
will claim that an organism was dated to be many millions of years old. However, according to the half–life of Carbon–14 and the limits that it
possesses, this is

Courting And Courtship
Being courted is what every woman fantasized about. That is if the suitor is someone who she admires as well, but the guy doesn't need to know
that yet. As time goes by, ways of courting also changes. In the old tradition, one cannot just approach a woman on the streets and ask for her
number the courting needs to be done in steps. They say that in the traditional way, courting is like playing baseball. The man is said to reach "first
base" if the woman accepts his proposal to go out on a date for the first time. But it's really not that easy. If the guy is really serious and sincere about
courting the woman, then he still needs to introduce himself to the woman's parents. It is always expected that the man must show his face to the
woman's family and even bring gifts. Going out on several dates is... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
No one can guide and teach the teenagers better than their parents. It is therefore very important that teens wanting to pursue a relationship should first
consult their parents especially for girls. They should seek the approval of their parents first. Teenage boys should also seek guidance to their parents
in picking the best girl for him. To understand better the role of the parents in courtship, understand first the reason why courtship happens in the first
place. Courtship is not a game, it isn't a trial–and–error kind of thing but it is a serious matter. Courtship is something you have to think deeply and
decide carefully. You don't just do it unmindfully or it will leave you with heartache and tragedy. That's why you have parents to provide counsel and
guidance. They have experienced going through that stage and have felt what it's like to admire, to love, to be rejected and to be heartbroken. They
know the consequences if you date the person who isn't meant for you. So it is important to heed and obey their advice. They will help you in
choosing your lifetime

Teenage Dating in the 1950s Essay examples
Teenage Dating in the 1950s
Teenagers in the 1950's are so iconic that, for some, they represent the last generation of innocence before it is "lost" in the sixties. When asked to
imagine this lost group, images of bobbysoxers, letterman jackets, malt shops and sock hops come instantly to mind. Images like these are so
classic, they, for a number of people, are "as American as apple pie." They are produced and perpetuated by the media, through films like Grease and
Pleasantville and television shows like Happy Days, The Donna Reed Show, and Leave It to Beaver. Because of these entertainment forums, these
images will continue to be a pop cultural symbol of the 1950's. After the second World War, teenagers became much more noticeable in... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
She then is given the option of accepting his call by letting him in or rejecting it by making up an excuse as to why she cannot see him. Refreshments
were often served (though not always), and the entertainment was primarily piano playing in the parlor. But because the lower classes were not so
well–endowed so that they own pianos or even parlors, they started their own form of "courtship" which soon became known as dating. This practice
was soon picked up by the upper classes, and from there it progressed into the middle class, with which it is still inherently associated today (Bailey 17).
Calling and dating are so intrinsically different it is hard to imagine how the transition from one to another was even made. Firstly, calling was
practiced with the intention of finding a suitable husband for a young lady; whereas, in dating, this was, and still is, not the primary goal. People date
because it is "enjoyable, pleasant, and valuable" (Merrill 62), and they thought that they could gain rewarding experiences from it. In the fifties and
surrounding decades, handbooks and other books exploring relationships described dating as a fun activity in which teens are allowed to meet and
mingle with many members of the opposite sex. Besides, dating allowed young people to be with each other without their parents interfering. Secondly,

The Vinland Map: 15th Century Artifact or 20th Century...
The Vinland Map: 15th Century Artifact or 20th Century Forgery?
Throughout history, the discovery of an ancient artifact has always brought with it much excitement. The idea that we are able to look at something
that existed so long ago intrigues us. However, along with the excitement of new discoveries, there is often much controversy. One such discovery, the
Vinland Map, has been the cause of much debate since 1957.
The Vinland Map, first presented to the public in 1965 in a book written by Skelton, was discovered in 1957 (Skelton 1965, p.3). In the 1960's the
map was bought and donated to YaleUniversity where it remains today. The Vinland Map was originally thought to be a 15 th century depiction of
medieval Africa, Asia, and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first of these three methods is microscopy, used most notably by Walter C. McCrone. As defined by McCrone, microscopy is "the use of any
tool or technique that allows us to identify microscopic objects." This includes the use of the light microscope as well as more advanced types of
microscopes such as the electron microscope and x–ray diffraction (McCrone 1976, p. 676 A). McCrone's methods using microscopy were desirable
because they allow observations to be made on small samples so that no visible damage is done to the item being tested. When testing the Vinland
Map, McCrone used a small needle with rubber cement on the tip to pick up ink particles. Particles were then observed, first using an optical stereo
microscope, and then observed more closely with a series of more advanced microscopic techniques such as the electron microscope and x–ray
diffraction (McCrone 1976).
The second method, used by Donahue, Olin, and Harbottle in their testing of the Vinland Map is radiocarbon dating (Donahue, Olin, Harbottle,
2000). Radiocarbon dating is based on the decay of a specific carbon isotope known as 14C. All organisms contain 14C and once an organism dies,
scientists are able to measure how much 14C has decayed in an organism. By measuring this rate of decay, scientists are able to date the age of an
organism (Higham). Since the Vinland Map is drawn on

Radiocarbon Dating Accurate
Radiocarbon dating, which is quite often referred to as Carbon–14, or C14, is probably used the most of all absolute dating techniques. The method is
used to date all sorts of artifacts including bones, cloth, and wood, in addition to plants. For artifacts up to about 50,000 years old, it is one of the
most specific methods of dating available. In the late 1940's, C–14 was developed by Willard Libby. Archeologists use this dating method, which is the
standard in the scientific industry to this date. According to the Kelly Long in Why is Radiocarbon Dating Important to Archeology, "In 1948,
American chemist Willard Liberty, who worked on the development of the atomic bomb, published the first set of development in absolute dating in
archeology ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is an objective method that provides more accurate ages of artifacts by measuring the amount of C14 present in the artifact and comparing it to an
already known reference artifact. According to Michael Gagne, in Dating in Archeology, "Following the death of an organism, any exchange ceases and
the carbon 14, which is radioactive and therefore unstable, slowly begins to disintegrate at a known rate (half–life of 5730 years, ie, after this period
only half of the total carbon 14 present at the time of death remains). The amount of carbon 14 remaining in the material to date is compared to a
reference standard (ratio 14C/total carbon, 12C and 13C) to calculate the time elapsed since its occurrence." (Gagne, p. 1) This method actually is
based on a something that occurs every day on earth and is the foundation of life. Think about it... all living species on Earth including plants and
animals exchange carbon dioxide with their environment until they die. Marshall Brain in How Carbon–14 Dating Works describes simply how C14
dating works. Simply said, the way the process works is by measuring the amount of C14 in the artifact, which forms naturally when cosmic rays in
the earth's upper atmosphere strike nitrogen molecules and oxidize to become carbon dioxide. Plants then absorb and continually replenish carbon
dioxide until the plant dies or it passes onto animals that eat the plants. After the death of the organism, the amount of C14 in the organism or artifact
decreases at a regular pace as decaying occurs. Since C14 has a half–life of 5,730 plus or minus 40 years, the object loses half of its C14 about every
5,700 years. Once the organism dies, it stops taking on new carbon so the ratio of C12 to C14 is the same for every organism. Therefore, the age of
and artifact can be determined fairly accurately if scientists compare the ratio of C12 to C14 in an artifact and compare it to the ratio in a

The Theories Of The Theory Of Evolution
Eighty–seven percent of American scientists believe that a series of random chemical and biological events produced mankind. However, the
philosophical "theory" of evolution has no solid evidence, whereas creation can be proven. Science is supposed to be based on observation, right? The
best theories satisfy the test of experimentation. No one can test if evolution happened. Non one can prove that evolution actually happened. But what
evidence can we place against evolution? In 1859, Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species, introducing the theory of evolution. One
hundred and fifty–six years later, scientists still accept this senseless philosophy. House Majority Leader Tom DeLay states, "Our school systems
teach the children that they are nothing but glorified apes who are evolutionized out of some primordial soup" (Snyder). Schools worldwide have
presented exactly this to the young, impressionable minds of your future doctors, engineers, scientists, and presidents. They assure us that if we give a
small amount of mud enough time it can, by itself, bring about the art of da Vinci, the plays of Shakespeare, the music of Mozart, and the brilliant
mind of Einstein. I would like you to take just a moment and think about this: For the smallest free–living thing to duplicate itself would need 239
separate protein molecules, each of which require at least 410 amino acids. The probability that the first protein molecules would create all its amino
acids into left hand

Radiocarbon Dating
Organic archaeological specimens, matter that was once living, such as bone, shells, skins, fibers, wool, etc., are all dated by use of radiocarbon dating
(anything that once lived). The radiocarbon dating process measures the Carbon–14 isotopes within the organic material being examined. This method
measures the radioactive emissions from the once living matter, comparing its activity with the equilibrium level of living things, a measurement of the
time elapsed can be made. The radioactive isotope within the artifact will help determine the objects age.
2.Geological formations and rock samples– Potassium–argon (d)
The age of rock samples and geological formations can be determined by the method of potassium–argon dating (K–Ar dating). ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This dating method is a geochemical method, which determines the age of obsidian (volcanic glass) by measuring the layer of film present on the
rock that has been formed by diffusing water over time onto the surface of the artifact. The obsidian, over time, absorbs water when exposed to air.
Therefore differentiating conditions the rock is exposed to will determine the amount of water the sample absorbs. In order to use obsidian hydrations
for absolute dating, the conditions that the materials have been exposed to must be understood, (i.e. climate conditions, location of excavation will
determine hydration levels within the sample), or comparing the material to samples of a known

Lab Report: Radiocarbon Dating
Archaeological datasets undergo a procedure known as radiocarbon dating. Radio– carbon dating is a method that uses the properties of an unstable
carbon isotope (14C) to obtain approximate ages for organic objects, for example bone, found during an excavation. This method was discovered
by Willard Libby in the 1940s and he subsequently won the Nobel prize for Chemistry for his work in 1960. The method is based on the fact that
while alive any organic object exchanges carbon with the atmosphere and once they die 14C decays. Libby discovered the rate of decay and used it to
obtain approximate dates for objects. Any organic material found during an excavation is sent to a Radiocarbon lab. This lab performs radiocarbon
dating and returns an approximate... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The carbon production in the upper atmosphere is highly variable which means that the date reported by the lab will be a rather biased estimate of
the true calendar age. The process of converting a radiocarbon age to a calender age is known as calibration. It is done using a function developed
by the IntCal group known as the calibration curve (Reimer et al., 2013). 20 Chapter 3 Taphonomic Correction of Archaeological Data 3.2.1
Bayesian Approach to Radiocarbon dating The Bayesian paradigm can be used to obtain a more accurate estimate of the date of an object in years
BP. According to Buck et al. (1996) the Bayesian approach to Archaeological analysis rst gained popularity in the 1990s following the advances in
computation which facilitated the use of MCMC. The information contained in the radiocarbon ages, standard deviation and the calibration curve
can be used to specify the likelihood. The prior distribution for the calender age can then be obtained using prior elicitation. The specics follow. For
clarity the notation used is the following: Notation Denition i Calender age of sample i in years BP xi Radiocarbon age of sample i in years

Radiocarbon Dating
I chosed a volcano from South America because I think the beauty of South America is endlessly. I find it really interesting to learn something that
contributed to the beautiful ecosystems located on that part of the earth. Poas a stratovolcano which is located in Central America Costa Rica to be
more precise is a volcano that rises 2,708 meters above sea level. This volcano is constantly being monitored by scientists and geologist. The first
historical eruption was reported in 1828. The Poas volcano is best known for being an active volcano which eruptions are not explosive or effusive
but rather eruptions are like geysers simply releasing hot smoke or steam. Its most recent eruption has been dated on April the 12 of this year.
Radiocarbon dating has been used in the study of this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Radiocarbon is sometimes I called carbon–14 dating. Radiocarbon dating consists of Carbon–14 which is an isotope that provides an indispensable aid
to archeological research. With a relative short half life a mere 5730 years means that most organic substances older than about 50,000 years cannot be

The Discovery Of A Forensic Anthropologist And Mystery...
Introduction
In many years, scientific and technological principles have been portrayed and been popular in many television shows and movies. In year 2005, a
television show that is based on real life story of a forensic anthropologist and mystery novels writer Keith Reich was made to a television show. Hart
Hanson created the shows entitled Bones on which the story is based on a forensic anthropologist who is teamed up with FBI agent that focus on
scientific process to solved the mystery of human remains, specifically human bones. In many episodes of Bones, the scientific process that always
present is on how the team can manage to identify the human remains with the process of carbon dating that became a topic of interest of many critics
and viewers of the shows. Like many science oriented shows, bones was made from Hollywood that viewers questioned or argued about how the
science process or carbon dating can really identify the age of human remains and how accurate the show bones in real life.
Carbon dating
According to Brad Peroney (2014), Carbon dating compares the amount of radioactive carbon to ordinary carbon in old objects to figure out how long
ago something, or someone lived (Peroney, 2014). Carbon dating also called as radioactive carbon or carbon–14 dating is a method of age determination
that depends upon the decay to nitrogen of radiocarbon (carbon–dating, 2015).Carbon–14 is continually formed in nature by the interaction of neutrons
with nitrogen–14 in the

The Turin Shroud Speech
(–– removed HTML ––) Perhaps one of the most famous religious relics in the world is the Turin Shroud. Measuring at thirteen–and–a–half feet long
by four–and–a–half feet wide, the shroud depicts the image of a bearded man, said to be Jesus Christ. According to the legends, it was used to wrap
the body of Christ after crucifixion by Joseph of Arimathea. The first appearance of the shroud in documented history came in 1357, in the little
village of Lirey, France. It was then taken to ChambГ©ry in 1457, where it was there in 1532 that the shroud was almost destroyed in a ferocious
fire. The event left charred marks on the corner of the folds in the fabric, and in 1578 it was taken to Turin where it has since remained. The Catholic
Church is thoroughly convinced that the shroud possesses a genuine physical record of Christ's body, and the cloth is rarely shown to the public. (––
removed HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) Although, organized religion has not always been so accepting. Documents written by the Bishop of
Troyes and Pope Clement VII from 1389 have been uncovered which note that the Bishop asked the Pontiff to publicly declare that the shroud was
merely a painting. He stated that the image had actually been painted by an artists, but the priests in Lirey had started tricking the public into believed
it was Christ's authentic death shroud. The Pop bowed to the Bishop's wishes, and declared that the shroud could keep being shown to the public, but
each time it was, the local priest was forced to announce to the public that the relic only depicted a painted copy of Christ's real shroud. (–– removed
HTML ––) (–– removed HTML ––) Over the course of time such practices dwindled away, and the authenticity of the shroud was assumed. The
earliest days of the age of science seemed to confirm this belief. During 1898, photographic experts revealed the image was a negative picture, and
when seen in reverse tones, the outline showed a much more detailed view of the body. In subsequent years, Dr. Paul Vignon constructed a theory that
such a phenomenon was caused by ammonia emanating from Christ's dead body after his death. Vignon strongly believed the resulting image was
beyond the ability of any forger, and must

Essay about The 59th Unnamed Cave in Florida
The last article talks about the 59th Unnamed Cave, in Florida. This cave is located in the eastern part of the Florida Panhandle. From the dates of
the artifacts and the dates of the glyph, the site was occupied in the Late Woodland period. The cave was discover in 2007 when a group of cave
explorer saw fine engravings on the wall. This site was the first cave art site that was found in Florida and it is the second rock art site that was
found in the states. Rock art is very rare in Florida, but now with the site found there is a wider perspective on the importance of rock art. The site did
not only include the petroglyph drawing of the past, but it included some artifacts that was use to help date the time that the cave was occupied.... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the way that we can tell is by looking at the weathering of the image. If the edge of the image is nice and sharp then the engraving is new. If
the edges of the engraving is nice and rounded we can safely say that the engraving have been there for a while. The main point of this article is to
talk about the findings of the 59th Unnamed Cave in Florida. This cave is interesting because there are very few sites in Florida. This was only one
out of the two sites that had rock art in them that is in the state of Florida. I really like this article because instead of just talking about what they see
in the petroglyph, the authors actually highlighted the engravings so that it is easier for the readers to see what they are talking about. The other
articles I have read only talked about the engraving but they did not really highlighted the engraving which makes it very hard for the reader to see
what they were talking about. Another good point of this article is that they showed a comparison between the older cave engraving versus the new
engraving. By adding this information it help the reader understand the difference between the two time frame that the engraving was marked. One of
the things that I wished this article would have is the radio carbon dating section. The other articles I read about all have some type of radio carbon
dating to try to date when the site were occupied. This article only talked about the ceramic sherds that they

Extensive Field Documentation And Radiocarbon Dating

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Extensive Field Documentation And Radiocarbon Dating

Similar to Extensive Field Documentation And Radiocarbon Dating (10)

More from Tammy Davis

More from Tammy Davis (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Extensive Field Documentation And Radiocarbon Dating