Electrolytes

Electrolytes
Chemistry Demo Lab
Prepared for: Prof. Jared Gilmore
By: James Loquellano
Date. . . . .
LIGHT BULB EXPERIMENT
Ion – an electrically charged atom or group of atoms formed by the loss or gain of one or more
electrons.
Ionization – The condition of being dissociated into ions by heat, electrical discharge, radiation, or
chemical reaction.
Electrolyte – A chemical compound that ionizes when dissolved or molten to produce an electrically
conductive medium.
Dissociation – When an ionic compound breaks up into its ions.
The experiment started by placing the rods of the light bulb device into the beaker in which
contained 200 ml of distilled water , whether to test if the light bulb will come on. The light bulb did
not light ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There were five solutions tested in Lab: * The relationship of hydrogen ions is greater than
hydroxide ions at a pH of 7 ( >).
A patient who complains of acid reflux should not drink coffee nor Orange juice because coffee in
itself is often highly acidic and can irritate the stomach to trigger indigestion, heartburn and acid
reflux. Orange Juice can also aggravate, it's best to limit or avoid completely drinks like coffee and
orange juice. Since, the pH Scale is a logarithmic scale, in other words, the difference between pH 1
& pH 2 is 10; and the difference between pH 1 & pH 3 is 100. Therefore pH of 6 and pH
of seven doesn't differ that largely than of pH of 1 and pH of 14. The human body maintains blood
pH within the very narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45. pH below this range is called acidosis and a pH
above this range is alkalosis. Acidosis is a pH imbalance in which the body has accumulated too
much acid and does not have enough bicarbonate to effectively neutralize the effects of the acid
while Alkalosis is an excessively alkaline condition of the body fluids or tissues that may cause
weakness or cramps.
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Essay on Comparing the Efficiency of Sports Drinks and...
The pertaining research involves the electrolytes in drinks. "Electrolyte" will be defined and its
description of what they do, what they are, and how they help people will be further explained. The
intention is to establish the efficiency of sports drinks and orange juice and then compare them. The
pros and cons of both the orange juice and sports drinks will be elucidated through the research.
Other drinks consumed after exercise will also be researched and their efficiency will be explained.
When someone goes to exercise, all of his/her sweat and energy leave the body. How does that
energy get back into the body? Is it through water, a sports drink, or juice? The truth is a person can
obtain that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If someone doesn't have enough electrolytes in their system then they can't function. Electrolytes are
important because they are what certain cells–such as nerve, heart, and muscle– use to sustain
voltages across their cell membranes. They are also what cells use to carry electrical impulses, as in
nerve impulses and muscle contractions, across themselves and to other cells. Kidneys work to keep
the electrolyte concentration in blood constant in spite of changes in the body. Again, when
exercising, the body loses most electrolytes in the sweat; sports drinks which contain sodium
chloride or potassium chloride are consumed after the workout to provide the body with the energy
it just lost. They also contain added sugar and flavorings to the drinks to give extra energy and to
make the drink taste better. People also drink other drinks after a workout because they feel that it
obtains the energy more effectively.
Sports drinks are used to receive energy while doing an active, or athletic, event. There are three
popular types of sports drinks: isotonic (average athlete), hypotonic (low–perspiration athletes;
jockeys and gymnasts), and hypertonic (long distance runners that need the extra carbohydrates and
electrolytes). Isotonic sports drinks quickly replace fluids lost by sweating and supply a boost of
carbohydrates. Hypotonic sports drinks quickly replace fluid lost. Hypertonic sports drinks
supplement daily carbohydrate

Describe The Importance Of Electrolytes
Electrolytes are very important to have in the human body. It is very unhealthy to have an imbalance
of electrolytes. Electrolyte imbalance may lead to disease or even death. ( Nate Morrow )
Salt is a very important electrolyte. Humans need salt to survive on the planet of Earth. Salt can also
be called sodium. Low sodium levels are very dangerous. People with diseases are at higher risk of
a low sodium level.Another important electrolyte is magnesium. Magnesium is important for 300
biochemical reactions! Also an important electrolyte is phosphate. Phosphate strengthens bones and
teeth. Bicarbonate is also one of the major electrolytes. Kidneys release bicarbonate when acids
build up through metabolic processes. Also, potassium is a key electrolyte. Potassium is important
for regulating your heartbeat and muscle function. ( U.S National Library of Medicine ) It is also
important to keep your electrolytes balanced. Electrolyte loss is very dangerous. Water does not
replenish the electrolytes lost in sweat. Most sports drinks claim to replenish electrolytes lost in
sweat. Although, not all beverages are made to hydrate, so be aware on which sports drink you
choose next. Hydration is also crucial to live a healthy life. Dehydration can cause electrolyte
imbalance. Electrolyte imbalance symptoms include twitching, weakness, and seizures. ( Healthline
)
It is also important to have a healthy amount of salt in your body. Salt imbalances can lead to heart
disease. Eat healthy to

Argumentative Essay About Sports Drinks
People don't know what is good or bad for them anymore. Sports drinks has shown everyone that
people are making bad decisions when not knowing it, especially when working out. Gatorade or
Powerade shouldn't be used as a drink unless there is any activity or exercise being done. Drinking
this just because can overfill the amount of sugar and electrolytes that the human body normally
holds. Based on a few articles that have been noticed recently, these drinks are just sugary, salty
water that really isn't good to be drank by people on a daily basis or because they are thirsty.
Although it is just sugary, salty water, it definitely improves your hard work for a longer time
because it helps people's muscles go on for longer periods of time. Water

Gatorade Comparison
Gatorade is owned by PepsiCo and Quaker Oats Company and has been a leading quality energy
drink that are consistently creating a higher market share by innovation and has impressive sales.
While both Powerade and Gatorade have slight differences, the differences they do have mainly
revolve around the nutritional facts. Gatorade is a sports drink that many athletes consider. It's used
by many different athletes. Some, athletes are even sponsored by either Gatorade or Powerade.
Gatorade was discovered in 1965 and is now manufactured through PepsiCo and Quaker Oats
Company.
Gatorade was named after the university's athletic team, The Gators. Gatorade was used to rehydrate
and give additional energy to the athlete's after an active day at practice. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Those are ions that make anything electrically conductive. Remember, both drinks can replenish
your body and keep you hydrated when needed. If an individual consumes too much of either drink,
they can gain weight due or other health issues due to no need of electrolytes or too much.
Gatorade and Powerade have social platforms on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube. Both
have their own websites that list all their products and additional information about the companies.
Powerade doesn't sell their products on their website. Instead, they have items on Amazon and other
third–party advertisers and sellers. Gatorade specifically promotes by offering bundle deals on their
energy drinks and has a special shipping offer for orders over a projected amount. Powerade does
not offer shipping deals.
Whether you like Powerade or Gatorade better is all about personal preferences. As stated before,
both are remarkably the same type of energy drink and offer a variety of flavors to your liking.
Personally, Powerade is a little watered down while Gatorade isn't. They're both replenishing after a
day's workout session or a competitive biking event. Both drinks will give you the energy and
electrolytes you're lacking! However, even though both drinks are very big brands in the Coca–Cola
and PepsiCo industries, H2O is still the absolute best drink for hydration and

Anaerobic Respiration In Sports Drinks
Sports drinks are used to rehydrate athletes during and after exercise. However, the efficiency of
these electrolyte drinks has been questioned.
During respiration glucose from food is added to oxygen to form ATP,C02, and H20. During
exercise, glucose and oxygen are used at a much faster rate due to increased muscle contractions.
There are two types of respiration; aerobic and anaerobic. During aerobic respiration,glucose is
added to oxygen to produce CO2,H20, and 38 ATP molecules. However, during high–intensity
exercise,the oxygen supply is less than the demand. Because of this, anaerobic respiration takes
over. This type of respiration can occur without oxygen, however ,it only produces 2 ATP molecules
in comparison to 38. In addition ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before exercise, the cell and its surroundings are in an isotonic state.This means that there is the
same amount of water and molecules on both sides of the membrane. During exercise,water is lost
at a faster rate through perspiration. Therefore, the cell goes into a hypotonic state, which means that
the water rushes into the cell via osmosis; the movement of water from an area of high to low
concentration. The majority of sports drinks are isotonic. Some scientists argue that the isotonic
state of sports drinks renders them ineffective in regards to cellular hydration. It has been argued
that because water isn't entering the cell during an isotonic state,performance is impaired due to
improper cellular hydration. It should be noted that sports drink consumption after exercise is
detrimental. After exercise,glucose demand slows down. When the supply of glucose from sports
drinks is greater than the demand,it is eventually converted to fat via lipogenesis. In addition to the
negative effects of sports drinks, it is also important to take into consideration, the fact that
glucose/electrolyte requirements and sport drink ingredients will vary. Therefore,while one sports
drink could improve performance for one person, it could be ineffective for someone else.
Also,sport drinks are likely innefective for aerobic (cardio based) excercises that

A Decision For The Yearlong Beverage Contract
Introduction I am a registered dietician and have been invited to this Lunch and Learn Program for
the law firm to be able and help make a decision for the yearlong beverage contract for either a
water company, Gatorade or PowerAde. As fitness is an important factor of many attorneys that
work here this will be very beneficial for everyone. I will be giving this prevention to help give you
the knowledge in the best choice of product including daily amounts, nutrient content, types, cost,
advantages and disadvantages and healthiness. The roles of water and other fluids like Gatorade and
PowerAde because they can replenish the fluids in our body recharging our muscles and cells with
the vital electrolytes and other minerals needed for all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This will allow the body to not only absorb the additional minerals but added sugar as well. Since
the body after exercise could utilize that sugar as fuel either before or after serving of Gatorade or
PowerAde around 8–16 ounces will be more than enough for the normal person daily.
Nutrient Content When it comes to water out of the tap or the basic water bottle there isn't much to
it when it comes to nutrient content. It is made up of zero calories while having some sodium as a
natural electrolyte. This is why for the most part a person can drink as much water as they want.
Gatorade on the other hand at a serving size of 8 ounces is 63 calories. The calories are mostly made
up of added sugar at 13 grams. However, it does give more of a recharge of electrolytes with 95mg
of sodium which makes it a great beverage for hydrating directly after or during a workout.
Furthermore, PowerAde is similar to Gatorade as it has about 80 calories per 12 FL oz. Calories
come from mostly sugar at 21 grams. Additionally, PowerAde supplies more sodium as well as
potassium another great electrolyte to improve fluid balance in the body. There are other kinds of
PowerAde's and Gatorades that vary in calories and nutrient levels depending on the kind but you
can get a general idea of what is in the sports drink. Water may not have as much

Gatorade Persuasive Essay
It's a sports drink, but Gatorade is not only being consumed by athletes. An electrolyte replenisher,
energy restorer, and long lasting hydration source, known as Gatorade, was a sports miracle created
after researchers looked into the reason why athletes were falling ill following strenuous exercise
and excessive exposure to the heat. Gatorade contains carbohydrates and electrolytes for endurance.
This sports drink also provides energy for a tough day of physical activity. Personal preferences are
not a problem because Gatorade has eight unique flavors. The most popular flavor is Glacier Freeze,
which is a cool and refreshing berry flavor similar to a fresh breeze on a hot day. Gatorade is
targeted towards athletes, but can be drank by anyone ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although many people think that Gatorade is a replacement to water during sports, Gatorade
contains sugar, which delivers the quick energy that the muscles need during physical activity, but it
also adds calories. A 16 ounce bottle of Gatorade contains 28 grams of sugar. These added calories
may be a drawback if they are not burned. In the long run, over consumption of Gatorade many
cause tooth decay, because of the sugar and acidity in some of the flavors. There are simple
solutions to this problem, parents can control their child's intake of the beverage as well as mix it
with equal amounts of water. However, there are more pros than cons to Gatorade. Compared to it's
competitors, such as Powerade, Gatorade contains a lesser amount of sugar and does a better job at
replenishing fluid loss. While working out, vital electrolytes are lost during perspiration, Gatorade is
used to replenish the lost electrolytes. Gatorade is a better source of electrolytes than water, because
the absorption rate of electrolytes is faster than water, as a result the muscles and nerves benefit
from the quick absorption. I have played sports for two years, so I have tried many sports

Lab Report On Solid Oxide Fuel Cells ( Sofc )
Abstract
In order to decrease the number of cycles of infiltration and maintain a comparable cathode
performance, the viability of using a conductive LSF–YSZ composite scaffold with one infiltration
cycle of LSCF was investigated. XRD patterns of LSF–YSZ powder presented that at 1400oC and
1300oC calcination, an obvious shift in LSF peak occurred, indicating Zr doping into LSF and
forming a less conductive phase. Different ratios of LSF–YSZ scaffolds were tested by impedance
spectroscopy with the results showing that the ohmic resistance decreases as the amount of LSF
increases, and 1350oC scaffold has a much lower ohmic resistance than the 1400oC one. A pure
YSZ cell infiltrated with 35 wt% LSCF was used as reference and by comparing it with a cell
composed of 70:30 LSF–YSZ scaffold calcined at 1350oC with one cycle of LSCF infiltration, a
comparable cell performance both in ohmic and non–ohmic parts was achieved.
Introduction
In solid–oxide fuel cells (SOFC), the typical cathodes with the best performance are usually
composites of the electrolyte oxide and an electronically conductive and catalytically active oxide
which is usually a perovskite.1,2 For example, in cells made of yttria–stablized zirconia (YSZ)
electrolyte, the conventional cathode composite is a mixture of YSZ and Sr–doped LaMnO3 (LSM).
1,2 The commonly used YSZ electrolyte oxide in the electrode is to enhance the ionic conductivity,
thus increasing the electrochemically active region in the electrode. 1–4

Dehydration
Water makes up more than half of the human body and is required for our cell systems to properly
perform their necessary functions. Dehydration occurs when more water is lost than what is being
taken in. Making sure we have the proper amount of fluids in our cells is vital to ensuring our bodies
are able to properly perform their essentially necessary functions. Water acts like a cleanser, helping
with the removal of harmful waste and possible deadly toxins. Our blood, which is made primarily
of water, is responsible for carrying many nutrients to nearby waiting cells. Our immune system,
which contains a fluid called lymph, is also made of water. If our immune system is affected by
dehydration, it stops working properly and our body ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Our bodies can obtain water from most foods or liquids we consume, but pure water is best. Alcohol
is known to affect the levels of hydration within human cells through its diuretic effects. The more
alcohol an individual consumes, the more water is removed from the body through the individuals
frequent need to urinate. Caffeine is also a known diuretic, but its effects on hydration levels are
believed to be minimal.
The symptoms of dehydration vary from person to person, with factors such as age and weight
playing a role in how a person responds to the effects dehydration on their individual body. Adults
will respond differently to the symptoms of dehydration than children will. When children and
infants become sick they may suffer from vomiting, diarrhea, or increased urination, therefore their
bodies require their electrolyte levels be restored in an attempt to prevent the effects of dehydration.
Drinks such as Pedialyte are infused with sodium and potassium, much like many sports drinks are
higher in electrolytes than pure water. The major difference between electrolyte juices such as
Pedialyte and sports drinks are pediatric juices are generally not loaded with additional sugars.
Preventing the effects of dehydration during hot weather requires an individual to increase their
intake of fluids. Moderate to heavy exercise can

Electroplating
ELECTROPLATING
Electroplating is the application of electrolytic cells in which a thin layer of metal is deposited onto
an electrically conductive surface.
Electroplating is a plating process that uses electrical current to reduce cat ions of a desired material
from a solution and coat a conductive object with a thin layer of the material, such as a metal.
Electroplating is primarily used for depositing a layer of material to bestow a desired property (e.g.,
abrasion and wear resistance, corrosion protection, lubricity, aesthetic qualities, etc.) to a surface
that otherwise lacks that property. Another application uses electroplating to build up thickness on
undersized parts.
The process used in electroplating is called ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The anode is connected to the positive terminal of the supply, and the cathode (article to be plated)
is connected to the negative terminal. When the external power supply is switched on, the metal at
the anode is oxidized from the zero valence state to form cations with a positive charge. These
cations associate with the anions in the solution. The cations are reduced at the cathode to deposit in
the metallic, zero valence state. For example, in an acid solution, copper is oxidized at the anode to
Cu2+ by losing two electrons. The Cu2+ associates with the anion SO42– in the solution to form
copper sulfate. At the cathode, the Cu2+ is reduced to metallic copper by gaining two electrons. The
result is the effective transfer of copper from the anode source to a plate covering the cathode.
The plating is most commonly a single metallic element, not an alloy. However, some alloys can be
electrodeposited, notably brass and solder.
Many plating baths include cyanides of other metals (e.g., potassium cyanide) in addition to
cyanides of the metal to be deposited. These free

Hypokalemia Research Paper
Electrolyte Disorder – Hypokalemia The human body contains blood and fluid compounds and
elements like chloride, phosphate, potassium, calcium, sodium, and magnesium known as
electrolytes that occur naturally to control important physiologic functions. When the body levels of
electrolytes are low (hypo) or high (hyper) it results in electrolyte disorder. Depending on the
affected electrolyte(s), when body electrolytes are hyper (high) or hypo(low) it leads to electrolyte
disorder, which in turn disrupts blood ionized salts balance ( Buttaro, et al., 2017). For instance,
disruption of chloride leads to either hyperchloremia or hypochloremia, calcium (hypercalcemia or
hypocalcemia ), Potassium (hyperkalemia or hypokalemia), Magnesium disruption ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thiazides diuretics reduce sodium reabsorption that leads to increased fluid loss, decrease plasma
volume and extracellular fluid. (Drugs.com 2012). Other means of depleting potassium from the
body are malignant hypertension (vascular), Type 1 and 2 renal tubular acidosis (Renal), trauma,
and diarrhea (Buttarro et. al., 2017). To be able to diagnose Hypokalemia it is important to be aware
of the signs and the

Gatorade Science Fair Proposal
Science fair proposal
Solomon williams
Everman joe c bean high school
Abstract
An electrolyte is a substance that produces an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in a
polar solvent, such as water. The dissolved electrolyte separates into cations and anions, which
disperse uniformly through the solvent.There are electrolytes in sports drinks which athletes drink
which helps their body because the body depends on the electrolytes to control the cell membrane
stability and carry electrical charges.
Background
Sport drink types and electrolytes
Sport drinks are made for athletes and sports such as basketball, football, soccer, track, hockey, etc.
Sport drinks come in different flavors and different brands such as gatorade, powerade, 100plus, all
sport, body armor. Some brands can contain more electrolytes in their drinks than others. Gatorade
is one of the most known brands for their sports drinks and other sport products like energy bars.
They have many commercials for their brand and they also sponsor a lot of athletes such as lebron
james and tom brady and they also sponsor leagues such as the NBA. Powerade is another brand
that is well known for their sport drinks.
Intent
I intend to see which sport drink brand holds the most electrolytes in its products. For this science
fair project the independent variable is the types of sports drinks tested– gatorade ,powerade ,All
sport, Herbalife. The dependent variable is the amount of

How Does Electrolyte Affects The Body
Electrolytes are a very important part in our lives, whether we know it or not. My topic that I chose
is on the effectiveness of electrolyte drinks and athletic performance. It is understandable that
hydration is key, and that electrolytes really help the body. But sometimes people just want to know
more about things. So, in this essay, we will divulge into the deeper understandings or electrolytes
and their affect on our body. Firstly, we need to understand exactly what an electrolyte is. The
scientific definition of an electrolyte is that it is a chemical compound that conducts electricity by
changing into ions when melted or dissolved into a solution. That might seem kind of complicated,
but just thinking of elemental compounds such as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An example again would be like an acid that can dissolve in water. If it creates some sort of an
electrical current in a substance, it is an electrolyte. In the body, however, electrolytes are minerals
in your blood and other body fluids that carry an electric charge ("Disabled World"). Common
electrolytes found in the body include Calcium, Phosphorous, Chloride and Magnesium.
Electrolytes are what allow a cell to do miscellaneous necessities, such as generating energy,
maintaining stability in cell walls, etc. They can do this by generating electricity, contracting
muscles, moving fluids from one place or another, etc. Electrolytes are very important in helping the
body function. They allow the body to work and function very well. So what happens when you
don't have enough electrolytes? Many things can happen, and they aren't that good. Sodium
imbalance is probably one of the biggest problems. A number of things can happen here, including
hyponatremia. If you break down the word, this word does not seem to complicated to define.
"Hypo–" means to have too little of something. "Natr–" is sodium, and "emia–" is in the blood. So,
this is when the body does not have enough sodium in the blood

Electrolyte Challenge
Electrolyte Challenge
"Just Do It!". This is a science experiment involving Electrolytes. Electrolytes are salt minerals lost
and found in sweat that is from some form or physical exertion. This will compare and contrast the
pro's and con's of drinking orange juice as to drinking sports drinks. This may answer questions
such as what do electrolytes do to a persons body,
The first thing that comes to mind when a person is exhausted is " I should get a drink". While some
people prefer water–which is known to be the "best" form of re hydration– others prefer sports
drinks. Water is not always the way to go as told by the research. Electrolytes are substances that
will dissociate into ions in a solution. The ions from the solution give it the capacity to ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They called their concoction 'Gatorade'."
"1967: PROVEN ON THE FIELD" "The Florida Gators varsity team, led by legendary coach Ray
Graves and fueled by Gatorade, win the coveted Orange Bowl for the first time in their history,
beating the favoured Georgia Tech. In the game Gators running back Larry Smith has a 94–yard
touchdown run setting an Orange Bowl record. After the game, Georgia's coach Bobby Dodd tells
Graves, "We didn't have Gatorade – that made the difference".
"1969: FROM THE ORANGE BOWL TO THE SUPER BOWL" "In the summer of 1969, Coach
Ray Groves of the Florida Gators suggested to the Kansas City Cheifs that they use Gatorade to
combat the staggering effects of a blistering Missouri sun during training camp. The Chiefs were so
impressed with the 'Gator coach's aid' that they kept it on their sidelines throughout the entire
season... which concluded with a stunning victory over the heavily favoured Minnesota Vikings in
Super Bowl

Energy Drinks In Sports Drinks
Problem and Purpose
The problem is that many people use and rely on sports drinks, many of which contain high levels
of calories coming from sugar. This is a problem not only due to the many headlines on the "obesity
epidemic" in this country, especially in regards to children, and how too many people eat too much
sugar and this leads to major health problems like obesity and diabetes. I and many others use these
beverages to refuel from an activity and feel more hydrated or just to enjoy, so I wanted to test these
products and other beverages to determine which of the beverages contain the highest concentration
of electrolytes. The purpose of this project is to see if there is the ability to gain enough electrolytes
without the need to use a beverage with high sugar/calorie content.
Hypothesis My hypothesis is that the beverages with the most electrolytes would have the least
amount of calories and the beverages with the least electrolytes will have the most calories because
calories in beverages are usually from sugar while electrolytes are made up of salt, calcium,
potassium. I think this because usually when something is salty (what electrolytes are made of) it
would be less sugary (what calories are made of) and vice versa.
Background Research
A great many athletes will drink a sports/electrolyte drink after an activity or workout, while others
will just drink these to enjoy or to feel more hydrated. In most of these situations the person
drinking the

Are Sports Drinks Better for Athletes than Water?
It is important for anyone doing physical activity to keep well hydrated, for performance to be at its
best. Sports drinks are specially formulated to help people rehydrate during or after exercise. Drinks
such as Gatorade and Powerade contain the main electrolytes and carbohydrates, which are used by
the working muscles, to maintain optimal sports performance (Medindia.net, 2014). The acidity of
sports drinks and the sugars, is raising health concerns, and creates unnecessary calories.
(Nutritionwonderland.com, 2014) Sports drinks are proven to only be necessary when working
intensely for over 90 minutes, so an athlete running a marathon may need a Powerade, but water is
the best source of hydration for exercise of 90min or less. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Every athlete wants their body to perform smoothly, without compromise, and just as you shouldn't
wait until dehydrated to drink, you shouldn't wait until you finally have a cramp, before stocking up
on electrolytes. Cramping, therefore, is your body's way of telling you that you are low on
electrolytes. ((Www.Zaneray.Com), 2014) Sports drinks contain ingredients which have raised
health concerns. The main ingredients in sports drinks are glucose, sucrose, and fructose or high–
fructose corn syrup. (Insidetracker.com, 2012) Gatorade's Glacier Cherry Perform drink, contain
41g of sugar per serving, which is equivalent to 10 teaspoons of sugar. (Griffith–Greene, 2014)
Although sugar is necessary for the drink to taste good, sugar can have long term effects on your
health. Too much sugar can over time lead to diabetes, high blood pressure and weight gain. (Hagy,
2007) As well as sugar, the acidity in sports drinks can dissolve teeth. These drinks are often full of
sugar and sodium, which cling to the teeth, and eat away the protective enamel. People, who is
drinking sports drinks, are often dehydrated, meaning they are low on fluids. Being low on fluids,
affects the saliva production in the mouth, which protects the teeth by washing away products which
cling to them. Being low on fluids means that there is less saliva to wash away

Taking a Look at Sports Drinks
Sports drinks are drinks consumed by athletes and professional sports men and woman to rehydrate
and replace energy. Sports drinks contain varying levels of fluid, electrolytes and carbohydrate
which all play a role in rehydrating and replenishing the body after strenuous physical activity.
There are three types of sports drinks on the market; isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic. Isotonic
drinks provide the athlete with fast fluid replacement which was lost by sweat, these drinks provide
a boost of carbohydrate, this type of drink is the most preferred by athletes as these contain glucose
which is the body's preferred source of energy. Hypotonic drinks are the same as isotonic but don't
contain the carbohydrates this is ideal for athletes who want fast hydration but don't need the energy
boost. Hypertonic sports drinks are said after exercise to top up muscle glycogen stores using
carbohydrates. The thing that all these different types of sports drinks have In common is that they
are designed to improve or maintain athletic performance, and prolong dehydration. The isotonic
and hypotonic drinks both contain electrolytes potassium and sodium; electrolytes are very
important in the body with many functions.
An electrolyte is another word for charged solution which has become charged by loosing or gaining
electrons. An electrolyte solution is one that commonly contains acids, bases or salts as their ionic
solute, an electrolyte solution must contain ions. These types of

Sports Drinks, Or Carbohydrate Electrolyte Beverages
Sports drinks, or carbohydrate–electrolyte beverages, are intended to maintain hydration and restore
electrolytes, unlike energy drinks (which contain caffeine). There are two main goals for theses
drinks rehydration and fuel for exercising muscles. As an athlete taking of your body is vital in order
to have success in any sport. There are many different ways to help your body perform at the highest
level possible. Most sports drinks are made with the intent that you are using them before, while, or
after your workout. Tons of people believe that sports drinks are not that healthy for you. Many
people believe that it is a perfect alternative to water. Theses drinks are appealing to the eye, which
is mainly the reason people consume the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many of these also contain a high level of protein, which athletes need to perform well. Protein is
large molecules composed of one or more chains of amino acids (sugar) in a specific order
determined by the base sequence of nucleotides in the DNA coding. Some athletes like sports drinks
because the sports drink provides energy and prevents dehydration. Theses drinks are high in
Carbohydrates which, are vital in keeping the high energy of your body especially when you are
playing sports or exercising. During these circumstances, you need to keep your carbohydrate levels
high in your system to maximize your performance. Drinking these beverages can also help adults
rehydrate after an illness that causes vomiting, diarrhea, and fever.
Next, PowerAde/Gatorade and other sports drinks can be harmful to your body.
www.superhumancoach.com stated, "Critic acid contributes to dental erosion and in fact the effect
can occur instantaneously upon consumption of any critic acid–containing food/beverage. Dental
erosion is the loss of the tooth enamel caused by acid attack. Additionally, you can preserve your
dental health by drinking sports drinks through a straw or drinking them quickly and rinsing the
mouth with water to remove sugars from your teeth. Theses drinks can cause tremendous weight
gain if you are not active while consuming. Most sports drinks have no evidence to prove the claims
they

International Symposium On Intelligent Manufacturing And...
25th DAAAM International Symposium on Intelligent Manufacturing and Automation, DAAAM
2014
Electro Chemical Honing (ECH) of External Cylindrical Surfaces of Titanium Alloys
P.S. Rao , P.K. Jain, D.K. Dwivedi
Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee–
247667, India
Abstract
Surface roughness has become the most significant functional requirement and it is an index of the
product quality. In order to increase the efficiency of hard to machine alloys like titanium and nickel
alloys, an Electro Chemical Honing (ECH) process has been employed to achieve highest material
removal rate with the best surface qualities. This extended abstract describes the design and
fabrication of an indigenously developed tooling setup for ECH of external cylindrical surfaces of
Titanium alloys (TI 6AL 4V) and also highlights the key process parameters and their affect on
ECH process. The influence of the machining parameters on the surface finish has been investigated
and optimized the process parameters for improving the surface roughness is also evaluated.
Percentage improvements in surface roughness values Ra and other parameters like electrolyte
temperature, composition and concentration were studied while changing the processing time (PT).
And also the study of surface characteristics of micro and macro level and micro hardness too
examined.
© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer–review under responsibility of DAAAM

Discussion:. The Investigation Was To Determine How An
Discussion:
The investigation was to determine how an ingested substance can affect urine volume and colour.
The volume graph clearly indicates the average volume of urine was highest for participants who
consumed water, followed by the electrolyte drink, chips and control who did not consume
anything. Each colour graph shows the frequency of urine colour for each group. Colour charts were
used to measure the colour of urine, one being the lightest or most dilute and five the darkest or
most concentrated. The control group showed increases in frequency for colour one, occurring at 30
and 60 minutes, steady results for colour two, decreases in three at 60 minutes and slightly staggered
results for four and five. Partakers who ingested chips ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The stimulus produced a change that lead to decreases in blood volume and hydration. The change,
detected by the hypothalamus, the control centre, which maintains homeostasis, initiates the
pituitary gland to secrete ADH. This is used to prevent dehydration by retaining water and explains
the low volume of urine. Furthermore, the adrenal glands secrete aldosterone, signalling the kidney
to reabsorb more sodium, increasing blood volume. Since chips are high in sodium, more
concentrated urine was produced as the heart secretes ANP to enable the out flow of sodium. The
electrolyte drink and water had similar results. The frequency of colour one increased significantly
and colour five decreased, indicating more dilute urine due to drinking large amounts of liquids.
Secretion of ADH would have slowed down of ceased as reabsorption of water was not required,
therefore, large amounts of dilute urine was excreted. Water had a higher frequency of colour one
than the electrolyte drink as it does not contain sodium, whereas electrolyte drinks do and hence,
had more people with urine of colours three and four. This is an example of a negative feedback
system as the hypothalamus detects a change generated by a stimulus and initiates the appropriate
glands to secrete specific hormones to respond and correct the change.
It is extremely important for the body to react to stimuli to maintain homeostasis, a constant internal
environment, and is required for normal bodily functions.

Electrolytes Case Study
Indicate which electrolytes you will be discussing.
The two electrolytes I have choose are Calcium and magnesium.
What role does each of the selected electrolytes play in cellular function and fluid balance?
Magnesium ( 1.8–2.4mEq/L) helps in maintaining a normal muscle and nerve function, it also helps
with regulation cardiac rhythm and it is involved in energy metabolism and protein synthesis.
Calcium (8–10 mg/dl). helps with nerve transmission, cardiac excitability and muscular contraction
and hormone regulation.
Story, L. (2018).
How do these electrolytes impact acid–base balance? calcium and magnesium have a synergistic
relationship so one enhances the other.
What would the nurse assess to determine if there are abnormal levels of these selected electrolytes?
Hypomagnesemia the patient becomes drowsy and lethargic and reflexes diminish. Respirations
may become so severely depressed that respiratory arrest occurs. Hypomagnesemia leads to increase
neuromuscular irritability such as muscle spasms arrhythmias and tremors. In Hypocalcemia, the
nurse will assess for tetany and muscle twitching and in hypercalcemia, the nurse will assess for
muscle weakness and deep tendon reflexes may be decreased or absent. ... Show more content on
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(2018).
What is the treatment for abnormal levels of these selected electrolytes? The treatment for
hypercalcemia would include avoiding food in high calcium levels and in severe cases, the patient
would be taking calcitonin to prevent bone

Comparision Between Sulfuric Acid And Detergents
(a) When dry pH paper was placed over household ammonia, the paper quickly turned a dark blue,
indicating that it was a base.
(b) When moist pH paper was placed over household ammonia, the paper turned dark blue faster
than when dry, still indicating that it was a base.
(c) When pH paper was placed over bleach, the paper turned blue, which indicated that it was a
base.
(d) When pH paper was over ammonium carbonate, the paper turned dark blue even faster than the
moist paper over household ammonia, indicating that it was a base.
Most cleaning agents and detergents are basic because the alkalinity of the substance attacks fatty
and oily substances, and then breaks them into components that are much easier to get out of a
surface or fabric.
When you mix baking soda with vinegar, the carbonate ion in the baking ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, this would result in a different salt being formed than before.
2NaHCO_3+H_2 〖SO〗_4 □(→┴yields ) 〖Na〗_2 〖SO〗_4+2H_2 O+2CO_2
Compounds that contained a metal with a higher change had a higher conductivity. As you move to
the right along the periodic table, the metals get more and more conductive, and then conductivity
drops off as soon as you get to metalloids and then nonmetals. For an element to conduct electricity,
it must contain electrons that are free to move [1], and as you move to the right through the metals,
the number of these electrons increases. The conductivity values for DI and tap water are much
lower than the conductivity of the compounds, and this is due to less concentration of ions in the
water.
A possible experiment could be that you take a compound, such as NaCl, and add it to deionized
water to create different concentration levels and record the conductivity in each in order to form a

Non Electrolytes Lab
Properties of Solutions: Electrolytes and Non–Electrolytes The objective of this lab the type of
compounds formed in many different solutions dissolved in water based on the conductivity of each.
Procedure: Refer to handout entitled "Properties of Solutions: Electrolytes and Non–Electrolytes"
Materials: Refer to handout entitled "Properties of Solutions: Electrolytes and Non–Electrolytes"
Data & Observations: Solution Conductivity (μS/cm) A – CaCl2 9100 μS/cm A – AlCl3 11920
μS/cm A – NaCl 6280 μS/cm B – HC2H3O2 485 μS/cm B – HCl 15400 μS/cm B – H3PO4 6000
μS/cm B – H3BO3 10 μS/cm C – H2Odistilled 1 μS/cm C – H2Otap 790 μS/cm C – CH3OH 1
μS/cm C – C2H6O2 2 μS/cm Conclusion: 1. The Group A compounds appear to be ionic because all
of their conductivities are rather high. Because of this, they would be expected to dissociate. 2. The
Group A compounds have such large differences in conductivity values even though they have the
same concentration (0.05 M) because conductivity is determined by ions, not concentration. Since ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If there were, this could cause other matter in the mixture to dissolve as well and conduct. This
would be measured by the probe but is not in fact part of the compound we were intending to
measure, being unaware of this, we most likely recorded it as solely the compound. A way to avoid
this to the best of our ability would be to make sure the water's conductivity is 0 μS/cm before
dissolving the compound in it. Secondly, the probe may not always be completely clean, therefore, a
different compound could accidentally be measured if it is not completely washed. This could be
avoided by simply washing the probe more thoroughly in water with a confirmed conductivity of 0
μS/cm, or even better, using a new probe for each compound although that is not extremely

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Isotonic Drinks?
In general, all people should be well hydrated, babies, children and adolescents, adults and
necessarily older adults should consider hydration as a way of life, as a rule to have good health and
a good quality of life.
A sports drink is that liquid substance essential for the organism, when a physical activity is carried
out or not, since by means of the perspiration originated by oneself, in addition to the body water,
proteins and nutrients are lost, and that is why we require moisturizing drinks to help rehydrate the
body.
Hydration is a determining factor in sports performance, water can be used for this purpose;
However, although it eliminates the sensation of thirst it does not hydrate completely since it does
not replace the lost minerals, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both are consumed in large quantities by exercise, and they need to be replaced almost immediately,
especially in the case of water. The question is, are isotonic drinks the best option to hydrate? And
once again, the answer is a resounding no. It is true that sports sodas provide in the same package
the three ingredients that an athlete needs – or two, if you consume them light – but also contain a
series of added ingredients that do not they are not at all. Given this, many experts recommend
finding separately all the necessary elements to maintain physical activity and recover later.
Translated into the common language, means that the best way to replenish fluids is to drink water,
either mineral or tap. For electrolytes, you can choose the food that you like the most and that
contains the most, although practically all of them have it. Bananas are a healthy and cheap source
to name a

Kidney Function Lab Report
Human Kidney Function
Renee King
TA: Oliver
Biology 3U03
November 24, 2016
Treatment with water, caffeine, alcohol, and gatorade and the effects on urine output, pH, Na+
excretion, and solid excretion were tested at 30 minute intervals for 2 hours. It was found that urine
production for each treatment group increased after 30 minutes, increased further after 60 minutes,
and then began to decrease. Mean increases in urine production were only significant for Gatorade
in the first 90 minutes (an increase of 40% at 30–60 minutes, and a decrease of 73% at 60–90
minutes) and for caffeine over 60–90min (a 48% decrease). The average pH for each treatment
group became more acidic by 90–120 minutes. Mean differences over each time ... Show more
Life sciences, 47(6), 557–564.
Epstein, M. (1997). Alcohol's impact on kidney function. Alcohol health and research world, 21,
84– Geethavani, G., Rameswarudu, M., & Reddy, R. R. Effect of Caffeine on Serum and Urine
Electrolytes. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 234.
91.
Guyton A.C., & J.E. Hall. 2011. Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition. Saunders,
Philidelphia.
Haller, C. A., Jacob, P., & Benowitz, N. L. (2002). Pharmacology of ephedra alkaloids and caffeine
after single‐dose dietary supplement use. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 71(6), 421–432.
Maughan, R. J., Owen, J. H., Shirreffs, S. M., & Leiper, J. B. (1994). Post–exercise rehydration in
man: effects of electrolyte addition to ingested fluids. European journal of applied physiology and
occupational physiology, 69(3), 209–215.
Surgenor, Stephen, and Ruth E. Uphold. "Acute hyponatremia in ultra–endurance athletes." The
American journal of emergency medicine 12.4 (1994): 441–444.
VanPutte, C., Regan, J. Russo, A., Seely, R., Stephens, T., & Tate, P. 2014. Seely's Anatomy and
Physiology: 10th Edition. The McGraw–Hill Companies, New

How Do Fuel Cells Work
How fuel cells work A fuel cell is a device that produces an electrical current through a chemical
reaction. All fuel cells contain a cathode and an anode, which are positive and negative electrodes,
respectively. The chemical reactions which produce electricity occur at the electrodes. Fuel cells
also contain an electrolyte, which carries electrically charged particles between the electrodes. A
catalyst also aids to speed up the chemical reaction at the electrodes. In fuel cells, an impurity must
serve as the electrolyte; if one uses distilled water for this experiment, it could serve only as the
control, because purified water does not contain any substances that react at the electrodes. Some
examples of impurities used as electrolytes in various types of fuel cells include ... Show more
It consists of using hydrogen and hydroxyl ions to create electricity and end up with potable water.
This method very useful aboard spacecrafts allowing them to stay in space for a longer amount of
time because they can create their own water. The next most common type is molten carbonate the
electrolyte in this is carbonate salts. However this type of fuel cell tends to be slightly less efficient
due to the fact that they have to be melted before they can be used. Having a liquid electrolyte can
be difficult to handle and time consuming. It is however useful seeing as it refreshes the electrolyte
through every cycle.
The last form of fuel cells available is PEM (or Proton Exchange Membrane). The electrolyte for
this is a very thin polymer sheet. Unfortunately, this type can be extremely expensive because it is
required to have a platinum catalyst. A temperature of eighty degrees celsius must also be reached.
This fuel cell still resembles the basic form. It requires hydrogen atoms which have been striped
from their electrons, and the electrons pass through the exterior circuit, which creates electricity. At
the end, it meets with air to create

Uses and Precautions when Administering Mannitol Essay
Mannitol
Mannitol can be truly useful in the clinical setting as a diagnostic agent, osmotic diuretic and
urinary irrigant. Mannitol's chemical class is hexahydroxy alcohol and it is a pregnancy category B
drug. Mannitol is a six–carbon sugar and is known by the generic name of mannitol or Osmitrol,
which is the most common brand name. Mannitol is usually available in 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and
25% injection form. Mannitol is considered a diuretic which promotes urine production. It is also
helpful in preventing the kidney from shutting down. It increases osmotic pressure of the glomerular
filtrate, inhibiting reabsorption of water and electrolytes and creates an osmotic gradient in the
glomerular filtrate and blood (Lippincott Williams & ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2008) describe the absorption to be administered though I.V. which
will result in a rapid distribution that remains in the cell; it is vaguely metabolized and effortlessly
filtered by the glomeruli. It is crucial to point that mannitol crosses the placenta and may enter into
the breast milk in female patients. Mannitol is usually excreted primarily in urine.
As stated by Ronco, C., Bellomo, R., & Kellum, J. A. (2009), osmotic diuretics like mannitol are
distributed rapidly withdrawing water from the intracellular space. As a result, headache, vomiting,
and nausea are the most common side effects in patients. If mannitol is used in excess without
appropriate water intake it can result in critical dehydration. As mannitol withdraws water from the
cells, hydrogen and potassium ions raise causing hypokalemic acidosis. Other possible adverse
effects of mannitol are as follow: confusion, disorientation, dizziness, lightheadedness, syncope,
vertigo, gastric disturbances, hypernatremia, dehydration, circulatory overload, thrombophlebitis,
hypotension, hypertension, edema, tachycardia, chest pain, diuresis and pulmonary congestion
Mannitol contraindicates patients with anuria as a result of acute renal disease, hepatic failure,
hypersensitivity to mannitol or its components, severe pulmonary congestion, active intracranial
bleeding (with an

Electrolytes: Ionic Bond and Sodium Chloride Essay
Week #2 Post Lab
1.) Define the following: electrolyte, nonelectrolyte
Electrolyte: A substance that dissolves in water to form solutions that conduct electricity.
Nonelectrolyte: A compound that doesn't dissociate into ions when dissolved in water.
2.) Using examples in the last link, draw beakers showing atomic scale representations of aqueous
solutions of the following compounds. Classify each as an electrolyte or nonelectrolyte. * Ba(OH)2
(aq)
* NH3 (aq)
* C3H7OH (aq)
* NaHCO3 (aq)
3.) Why would it be important to use de–ionized water when preparing the aqueous solutions in this
experiment?
It is important to use de–ionized water in this experiment because you don't want the electrolytes in
the water to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
7) Although water is a poor conductor of electricity, we are cautioned not to operate electrical
appliances around water. Why?
Water itself does not conduct electricity very efficiently, but contains trace elements (i.e. sodium)
that do contain electrolytes.
Week 2: Bright Ideas
1) Evidence: What is the evidence that leads to a claim?
This section focuses on the analysis of your data. Draw a copy of the flow chart you made in class
and attach it to your post laboratory assignments. 2) Claim: Based on the data, what is the answer to
the key question?
Write a sentence or two that answers the key question based on the evidence (it does not have to be
the "right answer" to get full credit but it does have to be supported by the data).
The reason the light bulb would light up was because of the strong electrolytes in the ionic bonds.
During the experiment, it was mostly the ionic compounds that were lighting up the light bulb while
the covalent compounds did not.

3) Reading: How do the ideas developed in the lab compare with other scientist' ideas? Start by
reading pgs 2–5 given to you in class as well one other source containing related information (like a
textbook or educational internet site). How does the flow chart you made during the experiment
compare and contrast to the flow chart on pg 5? The flow chart on page 5 was more in–depth than
mine. The chart

Investigate the Rate of Electroplating a Met
Sample D –TEACHER INSTRUCTIONS I.B. CHEMISTRY : PRACTICAL
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
INVESTIGATION : INVESTIGATE THE RATE OF ELECTROPLATING A METAL
D DCP CE
Goggles and Lab coats must be worn
Background Students had been taught 'Electrochemistry' as outlined in the IB Chemistry syllabus.
Investigation Design an experiment that allows you to investigate a variable affecting the rate of
electroplating. Your research question must be focussed and specific and must enable you to carry
out your experiment safely and within the allocated time. Safety Show your research question to
your teacher. Complete a safety hazard assessment before writing a full plan (a + b). Ensure your
teacher approves this. Experiment If your plan is safe you will be allowed ... Show more content on
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12. The crocodile clips are attached to the copper electrodes of the experimental apparatus and the
power supply is turned on. Simultaneously, the stopclock is started. The thermometer is checked
every 30s. 13. After 300s the stopclock is stopped and the power supply is turned off. The negative
cathode is carefully removed and is dried using a hair dryer. 14. When dry the negative cathode is
placed on the electronic milligram balance and its final mass is recorded. 15. The positive anode and
negative anode of the experimental apparatus are disposed and the electrolyte is poured out to
ensure that the anode slime (impurities) does not contaminate the solution. 16. The electrodes of the
experimental apparatus are replaced with new copper strips. 17. Steps 7 to 16 are repeated.
However, this time, the rheostat is adjusted using the calibration apparatus until the multimeter
shows approximate readings of 0.40 A, 0.60 A, 0.80 A and 1.00 A respectively. 18. Time permitting,
the entire experiment is repeated. Safety Copper sulphate may cause irritation and burns if it comes
into contact with the eyes. As standard lab procedure, safety goggles and lab coats must be worn at
all times. Control of Variables Volume of Electrolyte Used
Concentration and Purity of Electrolyte Used
In each experimental run, the volume of electrolyte used is always kept to be 150cm3. This is
measured using a 250cm3 measuring cylinder

Effect of a Sport Drink on Reaction Time Essay
Effect Of A Sport Drink On Reaction Time
Abstract Doing heavy sport such as run marathon or exercise in the gym can produce much sweat.
Produce too much sweat could have a significant loss of fluid and electrolytes in the body such as
potassium and calcium. This can cause symptoms from fatigue and reduction in exercise
performance to more serious conditions such as heat exhaustion or heat stroke (Leong, 2007).
Drinking water after exercise helps to restore water balance in the body. Drinking sport drink, which
contain sugar and electrolytes, can replace the electrolytes that loss in the body. Nerve and muscle
contraction can be measured by monitoring changes in reaction time to find the effect of sport drink.
The reaction time ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, compare the all data that was recorded. When measuring the reaction time, first, ask the
subject to place his or her finger and thumb approximately 2 cm apart. Next, hold a 30 cm ruler
vertically between the thumb and forefinger of the subject. The lower end should be even with the
top of the thumb and forefinger. After that, drop the ruler. Finally, measure the distance the ruler
falls before being caught between the subject's thumb and forefinger. Repeat the procedure for the
left hand (handout homeostasis).
Result
When two people run up and down the basketball court for 10 minutes, they were sweating. The
body also loss much fluid, sugar and electrolytes. After running, their reaction time are similar,
around 21,7 – 35,7. Next, one person drink 200 ml of Gatorade and another person drink 200 ml of
water. After running, they measure the reaction time again. Person who was drinking water, has
higher reaction time (left hand : 18,3 ; right hand : 28,3). Person who was drinking Gatorade, has
lower reaction time (left hand : 9,0 ; right hand : 16,3 ). After running, the body lose much
electrolytes. It decreases nerve and muscle contraction. It cause you catch the ruler slower during
measuring reaction time. Sport drink contains electrolytes such as calcium and potassium.
Electrolytes are essential for nerve and muscle action. If the person drinks Gatorade after running,
Gatorade will replace

Powerade Vs Gatorade Research Paper
In addition to their respective traditional beverages, both Powerade and Gatorade have a wide range
of specialty flavors and mixtures. For instance, Gatorade features low–calorie beverages with only 7
grams of sugar per serving, as well as special drinks for endurance athletes with 300 milligrams of
sodium and 140 milligrams of potassium. Powerade features beverages that have zero calories and
that offer electrolytes and vitamins but zero grams of sugar.
The Best All–Around Choice
Gatorade and Powerade have equal carbohydrate content and nearly equal electrolyte content,
although Powerade has a slightly higher vitamin content. If you are running marathon distances or if
you require fewer grams of sugar during exercise, Gatorade's specialty ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Also several studies have provided evidence that people will drink more of a flavored drink than an
unflavored one. Hence, a refreshing, palatable drink such as POWERADE Isotonic will generally be
consumed more readily, thereby further enhancing total fluid intake and reducing the risk of
dehydration. POWERADE Isotonic comes in a great range of flavors, all of which make it easier for
you to keep drinking the amount you need to stay hydrated." PowerAde has come out with a product
that can help you recover from workouts and taste great.
Just as Gatorade there are disadvantages of drinking PowerAde according to
http://www.gainbuildmuscle.com/2013/11/23/sports–drinks–the–pros–and–cons/ explains the
disadvantages of drinking PowerAde. "Disadvantages of Sports Drinks
Sports Drinks Can Damage Teeth – The acid in sports drinks can destroy tooth enamel. Sports
drinks are full of sugars and sodium that stick to teeth and eat away at tooth enamel. These types of
drinks are usually 30 times more damaging to teeth than water.
Sports Drinks Replace Water – So many people replace water with sports drinks during exercise.
The truth is, most people who drink sports drinks would be much

Why Do Sports Drinks: Good Or Bad?
Cohen first writes about hydration and how it has become the focal point of athletics. For example,
Over the past few decades, the fear of dehydration has been indoctrinated into athletics, and
professional athletes often blame dehydration as the cause of poor performance. Cohen then details
the war between bottled water companies and sports drink companies. The sports drink companies
advertise the concept that dehydration is dangerous, but drinking water is not enough. She proceeds
to break down the contents of sports drinks to see the real benefits. She concludes sports drinks may
benefit serious athletes. However, for the typical athlete, the sports drinks may do more harm than
good. The drinks are heavy in sodium, which can lead to obesity. While this source is helpful, I may
need multiple credible sources making these claims to help strengthen my conclusions on sports ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, I can confirm the credibility of this source for several reasons. Deborah Cohen, the author
of this journal, is an award–winning medically qualified health science reporter. This journal was
published in the British Medical Journal. The British Medical Journal is one of the oldest medical
journals going back to 1840, and to get published; a journal has to pass the scrutiny of a sea of
editors, who are quick to cut invalid information. Comparing this source to the sources titled
"Feature Sports Drinks Forty years of sports performance research and little insight gained" and
"The Evidence Underpinning Sports Performance Products: A systematic assessment", are all from
the British Medical Journal. All of these sources conclude the majority of the data promoting sports
drinks is invalid. However, unlike the other two, this source examines how dehydration along with
sports drinks have become

Extracellular Compartments Essay
1. Extracellular compartment(ECF) is affecting the early fluid loss.
2. The loss of sodium ions contributes to dehydration because it's causing the fluid to shift out of the
bloodstream and into cells.
3. Some of the early signs of dehydration Mr. K.B. is showing are dizziness, sunken eyes, dry
mouth, low blood pressure, and his pulse and respirations are rapid.
4. The expected pH level would be greater than 7.45 after the early vomiting.
5. Due to the loss of fluid and electrolytes the body will be compensate by "increasing thirst,
increasing heart rate, constricting the cutaneous blood vessels leading to pale and cool skin,
producing less urine and concentration the urine" (Gould, VanMeter, & Hubert 2014)
6. Mr. K.B. and as well a younger ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The serum sodium levels appear to be higher than normal because the water is shifting from the
ECF into the intracellular compartments (ICF).
8. High serum sodium levels affect ICF because it's causing the ICF levels to increase, which is
affecting how the cells are operating. This cause hypovolemia and the decrease of blood pressure.
Because of the shift in the ICD, the cells will swell causing it to decrease its ability to function
followed by a ruptured cell.
9.
a. If fluid loss is continuing to happen, the blood volume will decrease as well, causing dehydration,
meaning ECF will shift to ICF.
b. If fluid loss is continuing to happen the, cell function will decrease as well or it'll stop working
properly as the fluid increases inside the cell and it may cause the cell to rupture.
c. If fluid loss is continuing to happen, the kidney may over work itself. Because of the dehydration,
the kidney is trying to compensate by making concentrated urine.
10. Because of Mr.K.B history, potassium imbalance may have more serious effects on him because
he has a history of heart problems, and an abnormal level of potassium may causes cardiac
arrhythmias and may progress to a cardiac arrest. (Gould, VanMeter, & Hubert

Gatorade Commercial Essay
The commercial highlights a lot of important things about the drink that Gatorade is selling to
consumers. It educates the consumers that the drink contains some elements or chemical that might
harm some individuals if it is highly consume. Furthermore, I think the Gatorade commercial is
targeting athletics because they show Cam Newton slapping two bottle of Gatorade drinks out the
hands of non–athletic customer in the store. The main focus of the commercial was "sweat it to get
or if you do not sweat it, you do not get it (Gatorade Company.)." Just for that slogan it shows that
Gatorade only supply drinks for athletics who work hard every day to be the best they can be on any
platform. The main point of the commercial is telling non athletics ... Show more content on
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As human we need to educate ourselves about our body and what we put in our body and stop
making life decision because of trend, that is the message that Gatorade is using in the video or the
advertisement. A human body is made of 60 percent water and the body need electrolytes to keep to
stay hydrate on daily basis. Human being need to balance these two because if there is no balance
between water and electrolyte, their can have an effect on the body and it can cause health issues.
Moreover, I think the purpose of the video is to bring awareness to the public about the danger of
drinking too much Gatorade. The drink is full of electrolytes and too much of it can be bad for your
health. Gatorade knows what are the key elements in their sport drink, and these elements helps
individuals with hydration and recovery. By watching the commercial highlighting the function of
the drink. I conclude that Gatorade is targeting athletics as their consumers because athletics need
electrolytes to stay hydrate during workout and recover after workout. In the video the cashier asks
the customer or the man if he know what are electrolytes because the man did not look like the
customers that Gatorade is reaching for to buy their drinks. More to it the cashier ends up not selling
the Gatorade drinks to the normal person

The Problem of Dehydration Essay
In many ways, any living being is the product of water. The figures are relevant for this assumption:
the human body contains 60% water. A newborn has at birth 64% water in his organism while the
fetus in the third month of pregnancy has in his tissues, 91% water. As a man ages he starts to dry:
around the age of 70, the body contains 46% water. The body is composed of 25% solids and 75%
liquid material in which the solvent is water. Furthermore, even the brain tissue is composed of 85%
water (Wedro, Conrad Stöppler, 2011). The role of water in ensuring the health of the human body is
essential. Without water, humans cannot live. Water metabolism disorders produce signals that
indicate a significant de–harmonization of the biological ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
These ions can serve as a catalyst, accelerating reactions that normally would take much more than
a few seconds. (OH). Another important property of water is represented by its capacity to dissipate
heat through evaporation. This characteristic has an important role in the physiology of thermo–
regulation. At high atmospheric temperatures, the body receives much more heat than it needs. If
this heat is not dissipated, the body will suffer. Fortunately, the human body has several mechanisms
to remove heat. One of them is based on the presence of water and it involves changing water from
its liquid to gaseous state with a heat loss (sweating). Thus, each gram of water evaporated from the
surface of the skin at room temperature, facilitates the loss of 580 calories. For these reasons,
dehydration has become a major problem for many people and it can lead to more serious diseases
and even cause death if not be given the proper consideration. The first signs of dehydration include
feeling dizzy, rapid heartbeat, dry mouth, fatigue, and irritability. Low water intake increases
histamine, and when it crosses the nerves, pain occurs. Thus, pain appears, costing one of the first
signs of dehydration (Wedro, Conrad Stöppler, 2011). If no action is taken, in time, various
disorders can appear such as constipation, nausea, menstrual problems, joint problems, high
cholesterol, asthma, allergies, or dyspeptic syndromes. Dehydration can take years or

Fluid And Electrolyte Shifts During Health Adult Marathon...
Fluid & Electrolyte Shifts in Health Adult Marathon Runner
It is evident that healthy adults running a marathon that replaces with only free water will run into
pathophysiology challenges that will affect performance. Adequate fluid intake is crucial for
prolonged, strenuous exercises to maintain adequate hydration, thermoregulation, maintain plasma
volume and avoid dehydration (Duvillard et al, 2004). Although athletes are prone to hydrate as
much as they can during extensive marathons, research shows that fluid replacement with only free
water or even hypotonic beverages can be detrimental.
Marathon runners put their body through great physical challenges, but in order to prevent
physiologic harm, the normal fluid and electrolyte status of an adult marathon runner is important to
know. For a normal adult male, the total body water (TBW) in relation to body weight is about 60%,
and in females, the percentage is 50 (McCance, 2010). About two thirds of the TBW resides in the
intracellular fluid (ICF), in other words blood, and the rest of the TBW remains in the extracellular
fluid (ECF), interstitial and intravascular (McCance, 2010). Depending on the age, sex, percent of
body fat and exercise status, the TBW will vary among individuals, which is very important in
considering the manifestations of fluid replacement in marathon running (Duvillard et al, 2004).
Electrolyte balance is also a crucial aspect in maintaining homeostasis in the body. According to
McCance, the

Chromium Plating Research Paper
Due to the industrial restrictions in place across some the main areas of the world under health and
safety regulations, finding an alternative plating process to the current hexavalent chromium process
has become a real necessity. Trivalent chromium has proved to be a suitable replacement due to
being less toxic, both health–wise and environmentally, whilst also demonstrating almost identical
metal finishes to those of the hexavalent chromium deposits. However, the trivalent chromium
chemical process is not without its difficulties, such as the inertness of the Cr3+ ions to be reduced
to their metallic state, or the initial inferiority of the metal deposits physical properties in
comparison to the deposits attained from conventional techniques. In order to overcome these issues
multiple approaches have been investigated.
It has been found that the use of complexing agents in the trivalent chromium electrolyte solution
work to generate stable complexes with Cr3+ through ligand exchange which are then easily
reducible to metallic chromium. Not only does this now allow chromium deposition to take place,
but it also improves the current efficiency of the electrodeposit. The process of co–depositing
chromium as an alloy with other metals has shown to enhance the physical and chemical properties
of the metal as opposed to individual electrodepositions; an ability that is unattainable for
hexavalent chromium, giving an immediate advantage. In addition, the outcome of

History And History Of Fuel Cells
History of fuel cells according to Vladimir S. Bagotsky (2012)
Luigi Galvani (1737–1798)
In 1791, the Italian physiologist Luigi Galvani discovered that the muscle contractions, similar to
the discharged of a Leyden charge, will occur when two metals touch the nerve of a frog.
Alexandro Volta (1745–1827)
In 1800, Alexandro Volta designed a device called Volta pile that originated from the phenomenon
discovered by Galvani. The Volta pile is the prototype of electrochemical power sources such as
battery and was of significance of development is the science of both electricity and
electrochemistry.
Sir William Robert Grove (1811–1896)
In 1830s, A British chemist Sir William Robert Grove conducted a series of experiment on water
electrolysis. His device consisted of two platinum electrodes dipping into water acidified with
sulfuric acid. Grove assumed that by channeling current, water can be decomposed to hydrogen and
oxygen and the possibility of opposite reaction. But after disconnecting the current, the electrodes at
which the hydrogen and oxygen had been evolve as gasses were polarized. A certain potential
difference was preserve between the electrodes. Sir Grove named his invention as gas voltaic
battery. His invention becomes the first prototype of fuel cells.
Ludwig Mond (1839– 1909) and Carl Langer (1889)
Fifty years after the first prototype was invented, Mond and Langer accomplished successful
experiments regarding the generation of electric current with

Electrolytes

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