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Original Article
http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran (MJIRI)
Iran University of Medical Sciences
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. (Corresponding author) Cognitive Neuroscientist, PhD. Department of Basic Sciences in Rehabilitation, School of Rehabilitation Sciences,
Rehabilitation Research Center (RRC), and Educational Development Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
jafari.z@iums.ac.ir
A comparison of conventional lecture and team-based learning
methods in terms of student learning and teaching satisfaction
Zahra Jafari1
Received: 26 Feb 2013 Accepted: 25 May Published: 16 Feb 2014
Abstract
Background: Team-based learning (TBL) is a structured type of cooperative learning that has growing appli-
cation in medical education. This study compares levels of student learning and teaching satisfaction for a neu-
rology course between conventional lecture and team-based learning.
Methods: The study incorporated 70 students aged 19 to 22 years at the school of rehabilitation. One half of
the 16 sessions of the neurology course was taught by lectures and the second half with team-based learning.
Teaching satisfaction for the teaching methods was determined on a scale with 5 options in response to 20 ques-
tions.
Results: Significant difference was found between lecture-based and team-based learning in final scores
(p<0.001). Content validity index of the scale of student satisfaction was 94%, and external and internal con-
sistencies of the scale were 0.954 and 0.921 orderly (p<0.001). The degree of satisfaction from TBL compared
to the lecture method was 81.3%.
Conclusion: Results revealed more success and student satisfaction from team-based learning compared to
conventional lectures in teaching neurology to undergraduate students. It seems that application of new teaching
methods such as team-based learning could be effectively introduced to improve levels of education and student
learning.
Keywords: Lecture, Learning, Satisfaction.
Cite this article as: Jafari Z. A comparison of conventional lecture and team-based learning methods in terms of student learning and
teaching satisfaction. MJIRI. 2014 (16 Feb). Vol. 28.5
Introduction
Cooperative learning is a form of active
learning (AL) in which small groups of
students work together on an issue. This
method provides opportunities to develop
social and communication skills and group
thinking (1,2). Team-based learning (TBL)
is a structured kind of cooperative learning
that has been experienced in different learn-
ing environments since the 1970s (1), and
its application in medical education is
growing (2-4). This method, first used in
business education, was later applied to un-
dergraduate (2-4) and postgraduate (6,7)
students in various areas relate to health
(8). The aim of TBL is to achieve higher
levels of cognitive learning using personal
knowledge within a collaborative team (1).
TBL consists of three stages. At the first
stage students need to study and make
preparations for class discussions. The sec-
ond stage is to measure students'
knowledge of the subjects to be studied in
the first phase with individual readiness
assessment test (IRAT). This step involves
a group readiness assessment test (GRAT)
by establishing small groups for discus-
sions between the teacher and classmates.
At the third stage higher-level concepts are
Comparison of Lecture and TBL Teaching Methods
2 MJIRI, Vol. 28.5. 16 Feb 2014http://mjiri.tums.ac.ir
discussed in the groups. In fact, effective
learning in TBL is conducted through inter-
active discussions based on key educational
principles and evaluations (1).
TBL has been used in many basic and
clinical courses in the field of medicine (3)
but only in a few studies has it been com-
pared with other educational methods.
However, in these studies, there are many
differences in aspects of research design,
educational methods and study samples, but
all of them have consensus on more active
participation and student engagement in the
process of education (6, 8-10).
In most fields of rehabilitation, different
courses ranging from basic topics to profes-
sional issues are often taught by conven-
tional lectures. In many instances, inade-
quate and limited information of teachers
from appropriate teaching techniques is a
major obstruction to achieving a good level
of education, and concequently increase of
students learning and satisfaction. Among
the basic courses, neurology is a difficult
lesson in medical and paramedical fields
(11-12) and usually students lack the moti-
vation to pursue topics in class and are pas-
sive in terms of participation in learning
during taught lectures, mostly because of
its wide, detailed and volatile nature. In
terms of this hypothesis at least a part of
low success rates and the lack of student
satisfaction from this lesson can be attribut-
ed to teaching method. In this study, stu-
dent learning and satisfaction from TBL
and lecture methods were compared among
undergraduate students in teaching a neu-
rology course.
Methods
Participants
The study population was all undergraduate
students at the School of Rehabilitation who
had chosen two units of a neurology course
in the academic year 2012. This non-
randomized study included 70 (32 boy and
38 girl) students ranging in age from 19 to 21
years (Mean= 20.71, SD= 0.87 years). This
study was approved by the Ethics Committee
of IRAN University of Medical Sciences.
The content of the teaching sessions
Based on principle topics of the neurolo-
gy course, from 16 academic sessions, the
first half (or 8 sessions) was taught with the
lecture method and the second half (8 ses-
sions) was taught with TBL. Topics taught
by lectures were: 1) pathophysiology of the
nervous system, 2) examination and as-
sessment of the motor system, 3) evaluation
of neural reflexes in diseases of the nervous
system, 4) examination of pairs of cranial
nerves in nervous system diseases, 5) nerv-
ous system infections, 6) cerebro-vascular
accidents (CVA), 7) degenerative diseases
of the nervous system and 8) disease of the
extra-pyramidal system. The following list
of topics was taught in the other block of 8
sessions by TBL: 1) muscle diseases (Myo-
pathies), 2) types of epilepsy and differen-
tial diagnosis, 3) increased pressure inside
the skull and brain tumors, 4) traumatic
brain injury, 5) headache and dizziness, 6)
low back pain, 7) neuropathies and 8) con-
genital anomalies of the nervous system.
These topics were allocated to a teaching
method with consideration to creating a
good balance between them in terms of
volume of content and the degree of diffi-
culty of the subject.
Lecture method
The first eight sessions of the neurology
course were taught by conventional lec-
tures. In all of these sessions, tips to im-
prove the quality of teaching were taken as
the following: 1) Making preparations in
terms of educational facilities, convenience
and time management. 2) Use of a good
introduction speech. 3) Good presentation
style with consideration of comprehensive
content, logical organization of the issues
and an ability to keep students’ attention
during the speech. 4) Summary and conclu-
sion of the content. In the ninth session, the
entire content of the lecture method pre-
sented in 8 sessions were tested by multiple
questions, to cover all the material taught
and to include questions varying in degrees
of difficulty. Explanations were given
about the TBL technique during the ninth
Z. Jafari
3MJIRI, Vol. 28.5. 16 Feb 2014 http://mjiri.tums.ac.ir
session that was pertinent to the eight next
sessions. Furthermore, in accordance with
the provisions of the TBL technique, stu-
dents were divided into groups of 6 to 7
and for each group a name was chosen and
a manager appointed.
TBL method
In each of the 8 sessions taught by TBL,
the same steps were followed: 1) Designing
IRAT that consisted of clear questions with
simple to difficult arrangements. The same
methodology was used to design multiple
questions in both lecture and TBL methods.
2) Conducting IRAT and 3) GRAT in a
closed book situation. 5) Correct GRAT
and filling in an appeal form for every mis-
take as a separate response for each group.
6) Complete a peer evaluation form by each
student. Students had to determine the level
of cooperation of each member in his or her
team according to some criteria (prepara-
tion for the discussion in terms of self-
study, participation in-group discussions,
an ability to ask opinions from the peer
group and flexibility to accommodate the
team’s decisions). To do this work, each
student divided the total of 100 scores be-
tween his or her team members without
considering his or herself. 7) At the end of
each session, the topic of the next session
was introduced and some related resources
were determined for self-study.
Evaluation of student satisfaction
The degree of student satisfaction from
TBL compared to the lecture method was
determined by a questionnaire "student sat-
isfaction scale" (SSS) including a set of 20
questions with 5 options according to the
Likert scoring method (5= totally agree,
4=agree, 3 = somewhat agree, 2= disagree,
1= totally disagree). This scale was de-
signed during this research after a careful
review of the relevant sources. The SSS
form was completed in the last TBL session
by each student. Prior to using this scale, its
content validity was determined by making
an evaluation with a content validity index
(CVI). For this purpose, the SSS form was
given to 8 academic teachers to rate each
question on this scale according to the fol-
lowing four criteria; no necessity and ap-
propriateness of using in SSS, requires
overall modification, requires a minor mod-
ification, and the necessity and appropri-
ateness of using in SSS. Based on previous
studies, a CVI score greater than 80 percent
was considered as an acceptable value. To
calculate the CVI in each question, the
number of teachers who selected options 3
or 4 was divided by the total (13,14).
To determine an overall score for each
lesson in TBL, the formula A + C = D was
used. In this formula, A was the score in
the IRAT, C = P% × B was adjustment of a
peer evaluation score (B was the score in
the GRAT and P was the mean of the peer
evaluation scores) and D was the final
score. At the end of 8 sessions taught by
TBL, the mean of the scores of eight ses-
sions was calculated and considered as the
total TBL score. The final score for the en-
tire neurology course was the average of
the two scores for each teaching method.
Statistical analysis
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed
normal distribution of data in different var-
iables (p> 0.206). Differences in means
were tested using the two-sample t-test to
compare two means and the one-way
ANOVA test was used to compare more
than two means. The correlation between
two variables was assessed by the Pearson
correlation test. To determine reliability of
the SSS results, external consistency was
achieved by calculating intra-class correla-
tion coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach's alpha
coefficient and internal consistency was
achieved by calculating ICC and
Cronbach's alpha with Split - Half Model.
The effect of removing each question on
the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of SSS
was also studied. Statistical analysis was
done by SPSS.18 software, at the signifi-
cance level of p< 0.05.
Comparison of Lecture and TBL Teaching Methods
4 MJIRI, Vol. 28.5. 16 Feb 2014http://mjiri.tums.ac.ir
Results
The average of student scores after 8
teaching sessions by conventional lectures
was 11.99 (SD=1.44, Min=10.0,
Max=15.5) out of 20. Fig. 1 shows the pro-
gress of student scores during those 8
teaching sessions with TBL evaluated by
IRAT and GRAT. According to the chart,
student scores increased according to an
increased number of teaching sessions in
both tests, and there was significant differ-
ence between averages of student scores in
IRAT and GRAT evaluations (p<0.001).
The mean of final student scores for the
neurology course was established by calcu-
lating the averages of scores for conven-
tional lectures and TBL methods; it came
to14.06 (SD= 1.07, Min= 12.14, Max=
15.89) out of 20. In Fig. 2, the mean and
SD of student scores in teaching by the lec-
ture and TBL methods and also the final
score, shows significant difference between
them (p=0.015).
Table 1 shows the mean and SD of stu-
dent scores in the lecture method, IRAT
and GRAT; final results are shown as a
function of gender. The average scores for
girls were higher than boys and significant
difference was observed between them ex-
cept in the lecture score. There was also
significant difference in terms of gender
between the lecture score in IRAT and
GRAT evaluations (p<0.001). There was
significant difference in terms of gender for
overall satisfaction (p= 0.007); girls indi-
cated more satisfaction than boys.
The Student Satisfaction Scale (SSS) was
developed with 20 items to assess levels of
satisfaction from teaching. CVI was calcu-
lated to determine content validity and the
total amounted to 94.0% (rang= 92-97%).
ICC was calculated to check reliability of
the scale. The questionnaire was completed
twice within two weeks to determine exter-
nal consistency of the SSS, and Cronbach's
alpha coefficient was 0.954 (p<0.001).To
obtain internal consistency, Cronbach's al-
pha coefficient calculated using a Split-
Half model, or by half the number of ques-
Fig. 1. Progress of the student scores in IART and GART assessments of the TBL during 8 teaching sessions
Fig. 2. Mean and SD of the student scores in
lecture, TBL and final results
Z. Jafari
5MJIRI, Vol. 28.5. 16 Feb 2014 http://mjiri.tums.ac.ir
tions, and it was 0.921(p< 0.001). Table 2
illustrates the effect of removing any of the
questions from the SSS on the Cronbach's
alpha coefficient.
In the last session of the neurology
course, the degree of student satisfaction
from TBL compared to the lecture method
was measured by completing the SSS ques-
tionnaire with a 5 choices Likert scale. The
range of scores in this questionnaire was 20
(totally disagree) to 100 (totally agree). As
shown in Table 3, the average level of stu-
dent satisfaction was 81.30 (SD= 9.22),
which represents the percentage of satisfac-
tion from TBL compared to the lecture
method.
In this study, student averages for the last
academic semester were 15.85 (SD= 1.14,
Min= 13.78, Max= 17.83) out of 20. The
Pearson correlation test revealed no signifi-
cant correlation between this score and the
mean of the TBL score (r=-0.107, p=0.394)
or its degree of satisfaction (r=0.012,
p=0.926). But the correlation between stu-
dent averages for the last academic semes-
ter and the final lecture score was signifi-
cant (r= 0.431, p= 0.001).
Discussion
In the present study, considerable growth
was observed from the lecture score to
IRAT and GRAT scores in TBL. Various
factors can influence this result, such as the
effect of self-study, class preparation and
the effect of team cooperation in the learn-
ing process. Similar results have been re-
ported in other studies. For example, a
study by Zghieb et al., at the School of
Medicine, American University of Beirut
compared second year medical students'
evaluations of satisfaction and performance
in teaching of a pharmacology course with
a modified TBL technique with students’
scores in previous academic years. In this
study, students expressed a positive attitude
towards TBL and their scores in GRAT
were higher than in IRAT. The study fo-
cused on the ability of TBL to achieve bet-
ter results in teaching the pharmacology
course to medical students compared to the
traditional lecture method (15).
In addition to the comparison of levels of
student learning between two methods
(conventional lectures and TBL) this study
also employed an SSS dorm that deter-
mined content validity and reliability. Items
Table 1. Comparison of the student scores in lecture, TBL and final results according to gender.
p valueSDMeanNumberGenderScore
0.0681.4012.1938FemaleLecture
1.4411.5232Male
0.0011.7915.2438FemaleIRAT
0.8613.3632Male
0.0011.3216.7438FemaleGRAT
0.4714.9132Male
0.0010.9614.4638FemaleFinal
0.7213.1332Male
Table 2. Change of the overall Cronbach's alpha coefficient for elimination of each item on the Student
Satisfaction Scale.
Item α coefficient Item α coefficient Item α coefficient Item α coefficient
1 0.918 6 0.909 11 0.921 16 0.922
2 0.922 7 0.910 12 0.917 17 0.914
3 0.917 8 0.913 13 0.913 18 0.920
4 0.913 9 0.914 14 0.921 19 0.919
5 0.915 10 0.921 15 0.916 20 0.917
Table 3. Descriptive statistics for the SSS score twice within two weeks of completion (n=70)
RangeMaxMinSDMean
3194639.2281.30First assessment
2794678.7681.02Second assessment
Comparison of Lecture and TBL Teaching Methods
6 MJIRI, Vol. 28.5. 16 Feb 2014http://mjiri.tums.ac.ir
of this scale were selected among the bene-
fits that were discussed for active learning
in literature (Appendix 1). According to the
results of this scale, students showed more
than 80.0% satisfaction from teaching with
TBL compared to the lecture method. Alt-
hough, there is no report of a similar ques-
tionnaire in past studies, more satisfaction
was realized from TBL from various as-
pects was reported with different methods
(16,17).
In most previous studies, TBL was used
to teach preliminary and clinical courses of
medical fields, and comparisons of these
methods have been made less frequently
(6,9,10). On the other hand, the use of TBL
as a new active learning method in teaching
neurology was not reported until 2011. In a
study by Tan et al., on teaching two topics
of Neurology to medical students, the aver-
age scores for TBL were remarkably higher
than those in passive learning and this dif-
ference was more prominent in weaker stu-
dents. Present study is very close to Tan et
al study in terms of findings obtained. So,
the degree of improvement in TBL was
higher in weaker students than in stronger
students. No relation was found between a
student’s average in the previous term and
a student's TBL score and also the degree
of satisfaction from this educational meth-
od. In other words, a student’s previous ac-
ademic history had no effect on the course
score or the degree of satisfaction from
TBL. But this effect was remarkable in the
lecture method. It means that TBL can lead
students to better academic performance
regardless of their previous educational
record. However, evaluations for the lec-
ture method showed that a higher score
could usually be expected from students
with better academic performance.
In this study, great efforts were made to
provide good conditions to compare lecture
and TBL methods, taking a full semester to
administer and compare methods and re-
quest a balance between them in terms of
teaching time and content, according to cer-
tain educational principals. As can be seen
in previous studies, the duration of inter-
vention or teaching time, was limited,
sometimes it only addressed TBL; there
may not have been a good balance between
TBL and lectures in terms of teaching time,
or some differences may have existed in
implementation of TBL. Therefore, the re-
sults of those studies cannot be compared
directly. However, results of other studies
generally indicate higher learning achieve-
ment and satisfaction with TBL than pas-
sive learning methods, and this is con-
firmed in the results of this study.
On the other hand, there was no signifi-
cant difference between genders in conven-
tional lectures however, in both IRAT and
GRAT assessments of TBL, girls scored
remarkably higher than boys. Also, girls
reported more satisfaction with TBL than
boys. Therefore, in terms of degrees of
learning and satisfaction from TBL, girls
performed better and expressed greater sat-
isfaction compared to boys. There are lim-
ited available sources that have considered
gender in assessments of TBL. In a study
by Wiener et al., on applications of TBL for
first year students of Vienna University
School of Medicine, in the majority of
items, women were more satisfied than
men, and in the item "Overall I am very
satisfied with the TBL method", a remarka-
ble difference was found between genders.
But in test results, men in both initial and
final exams achieved higher scores from
TBL than women (16). In terms of satisfac-
tion from TBL, results of the present study
are near to those from the Wiener et al
study but in terms of scores obtained with
TBL, the results of the two studies are con-
tradictory. Although there were differences
between the studies in terms of time dura-
tions and subjects that could have affected
results, it seems that gender difference in
learning needs further investigation for
more precise interpretation.
In the present study, a scale was devel-
oped with 20 questions to evaluate and
measure satisfaction from TBL compared
to the lecture method. The CVI of this scale
based on expert opinions achieved 94%.
According to sources, a CVI evaluation
Z. Jafari
7MJIRI, Vol. 28.5. 16 Feb 2014 http://mjiri.tums.ac.ir
above 80 percent is appropriate and accept
able and confirms the content validity of
the self-assessment scale (14,15). Another
important characteristic of the each ques-
tionnaire is its reliability. Reliability en-
sures that results are safe use for in the re-
search and clinical applications. The pre-
sent SSS scale had high internal consisten-
cy indicating a high correlation between its
items. Also, the external consistency or
test-retest reliability of the scale was good.
It seems that after 8 continuous teaching
sessions with TBL, students attained a level
of confidence and mastery of the subject
about the strengths and weaknesses of this
technique that its effect was found as high-
ly reproducible results as questionnaires
were repeated twice within two weeks.
Although the researcher tried to request a
good balance between volume of content
and the degree of difficulty of the training
courses of the neurology unit, that from 16
academic sessions, the first half was taught
with the lecture method and the second half
was taught with TBL, but the difference
between the topics of the two methods may
be a limitation for this study.
Conclusion
This study revealed the successful use of
TBL in teaching the neurology course
compared to the lecture method. According
to initial perceptions of the difficulty of this
lesson and reports of low learning and sat-
isfaction in teaching with the conventional
lecture method, there is no doubt that using
new training methods such as TBL can in-
crease the level of education achieved by
students. In terms of the effect of gender,
girls had higher scores and expressed great-
er satisfaction than boys. According to
limitations of previous studies, further re-
search is needed to determine the effects of
gender more precisely. A Student Satisfac-
tion Scale was applied and it's content va-
lidity and reliability determined that the
questionnaire was practical and useful mak-
ing it suitable for use in subsequent similar
studies. These results are pertinent to edu-
cational administrators, teachers and stu-
dents because they highlight the importance
of the use of an appropriate training method
to transfer of knowledge and achieve prede-
termined goals.
Acknowledgements
This article is part of a research project
that has been approved by IRAN University
of Medical Sciences; contract number 91-
03-133-19467. Good cooperation of all stu-
dents participating in this study is greatly
appreciated.
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A comparison between convensional lecture

  • 1. Original Article http://mjiri.iums.ac.ir Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran (MJIRI) Iran University of Medical Sciences _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. (Corresponding author) Cognitive Neuroscientist, PhD. Department of Basic Sciences in Rehabilitation, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Rehabilitation Research Center (RRC), and Educational Development Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. jafari.z@iums.ac.ir A comparison of conventional lecture and team-based learning methods in terms of student learning and teaching satisfaction Zahra Jafari1 Received: 26 Feb 2013 Accepted: 25 May Published: 16 Feb 2014 Abstract Background: Team-based learning (TBL) is a structured type of cooperative learning that has growing appli- cation in medical education. This study compares levels of student learning and teaching satisfaction for a neu- rology course between conventional lecture and team-based learning. Methods: The study incorporated 70 students aged 19 to 22 years at the school of rehabilitation. One half of the 16 sessions of the neurology course was taught by lectures and the second half with team-based learning. Teaching satisfaction for the teaching methods was determined on a scale with 5 options in response to 20 ques- tions. Results: Significant difference was found between lecture-based and team-based learning in final scores (p<0.001). Content validity index of the scale of student satisfaction was 94%, and external and internal con- sistencies of the scale were 0.954 and 0.921 orderly (p<0.001). The degree of satisfaction from TBL compared to the lecture method was 81.3%. Conclusion: Results revealed more success and student satisfaction from team-based learning compared to conventional lectures in teaching neurology to undergraduate students. It seems that application of new teaching methods such as team-based learning could be effectively introduced to improve levels of education and student learning. Keywords: Lecture, Learning, Satisfaction. Cite this article as: Jafari Z. A comparison of conventional lecture and team-based learning methods in terms of student learning and teaching satisfaction. MJIRI. 2014 (16 Feb). Vol. 28.5 Introduction Cooperative learning is a form of active learning (AL) in which small groups of students work together on an issue. This method provides opportunities to develop social and communication skills and group thinking (1,2). Team-based learning (TBL) is a structured kind of cooperative learning that has been experienced in different learn- ing environments since the 1970s (1), and its application in medical education is growing (2-4). This method, first used in business education, was later applied to un- dergraduate (2-4) and postgraduate (6,7) students in various areas relate to health (8). The aim of TBL is to achieve higher levels of cognitive learning using personal knowledge within a collaborative team (1). TBL consists of three stages. At the first stage students need to study and make preparations for class discussions. The sec- ond stage is to measure students' knowledge of the subjects to be studied in the first phase with individual readiness assessment test (IRAT). This step involves a group readiness assessment test (GRAT) by establishing small groups for discus- sions between the teacher and classmates. At the third stage higher-level concepts are
  • 2. Comparison of Lecture and TBL Teaching Methods 2 MJIRI, Vol. 28.5. 16 Feb 2014http://mjiri.tums.ac.ir discussed in the groups. In fact, effective learning in TBL is conducted through inter- active discussions based on key educational principles and evaluations (1). TBL has been used in many basic and clinical courses in the field of medicine (3) but only in a few studies has it been com- pared with other educational methods. However, in these studies, there are many differences in aspects of research design, educational methods and study samples, but all of them have consensus on more active participation and student engagement in the process of education (6, 8-10). In most fields of rehabilitation, different courses ranging from basic topics to profes- sional issues are often taught by conven- tional lectures. In many instances, inade- quate and limited information of teachers from appropriate teaching techniques is a major obstruction to achieving a good level of education, and concequently increase of students learning and satisfaction. Among the basic courses, neurology is a difficult lesson in medical and paramedical fields (11-12) and usually students lack the moti- vation to pursue topics in class and are pas- sive in terms of participation in learning during taught lectures, mostly because of its wide, detailed and volatile nature. In terms of this hypothesis at least a part of low success rates and the lack of student satisfaction from this lesson can be attribut- ed to teaching method. In this study, stu- dent learning and satisfaction from TBL and lecture methods were compared among undergraduate students in teaching a neu- rology course. Methods Participants The study population was all undergraduate students at the School of Rehabilitation who had chosen two units of a neurology course in the academic year 2012. This non- randomized study included 70 (32 boy and 38 girl) students ranging in age from 19 to 21 years (Mean= 20.71, SD= 0.87 years). This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of IRAN University of Medical Sciences. The content of the teaching sessions Based on principle topics of the neurolo- gy course, from 16 academic sessions, the first half (or 8 sessions) was taught with the lecture method and the second half (8 ses- sions) was taught with TBL. Topics taught by lectures were: 1) pathophysiology of the nervous system, 2) examination and as- sessment of the motor system, 3) evaluation of neural reflexes in diseases of the nervous system, 4) examination of pairs of cranial nerves in nervous system diseases, 5) nerv- ous system infections, 6) cerebro-vascular accidents (CVA), 7) degenerative diseases of the nervous system and 8) disease of the extra-pyramidal system. The following list of topics was taught in the other block of 8 sessions by TBL: 1) muscle diseases (Myo- pathies), 2) types of epilepsy and differen- tial diagnosis, 3) increased pressure inside the skull and brain tumors, 4) traumatic brain injury, 5) headache and dizziness, 6) low back pain, 7) neuropathies and 8) con- genital anomalies of the nervous system. These topics were allocated to a teaching method with consideration to creating a good balance between them in terms of volume of content and the degree of diffi- culty of the subject. Lecture method The first eight sessions of the neurology course were taught by conventional lec- tures. In all of these sessions, tips to im- prove the quality of teaching were taken as the following: 1) Making preparations in terms of educational facilities, convenience and time management. 2) Use of a good introduction speech. 3) Good presentation style with consideration of comprehensive content, logical organization of the issues and an ability to keep students’ attention during the speech. 4) Summary and conclu- sion of the content. In the ninth session, the entire content of the lecture method pre- sented in 8 sessions were tested by multiple questions, to cover all the material taught and to include questions varying in degrees of difficulty. Explanations were given about the TBL technique during the ninth
  • 3. Z. Jafari 3MJIRI, Vol. 28.5. 16 Feb 2014 http://mjiri.tums.ac.ir session that was pertinent to the eight next sessions. Furthermore, in accordance with the provisions of the TBL technique, stu- dents were divided into groups of 6 to 7 and for each group a name was chosen and a manager appointed. TBL method In each of the 8 sessions taught by TBL, the same steps were followed: 1) Designing IRAT that consisted of clear questions with simple to difficult arrangements. The same methodology was used to design multiple questions in both lecture and TBL methods. 2) Conducting IRAT and 3) GRAT in a closed book situation. 5) Correct GRAT and filling in an appeal form for every mis- take as a separate response for each group. 6) Complete a peer evaluation form by each student. Students had to determine the level of cooperation of each member in his or her team according to some criteria (prepara- tion for the discussion in terms of self- study, participation in-group discussions, an ability to ask opinions from the peer group and flexibility to accommodate the team’s decisions). To do this work, each student divided the total of 100 scores be- tween his or her team members without considering his or herself. 7) At the end of each session, the topic of the next session was introduced and some related resources were determined for self-study. Evaluation of student satisfaction The degree of student satisfaction from TBL compared to the lecture method was determined by a questionnaire "student sat- isfaction scale" (SSS) including a set of 20 questions with 5 options according to the Likert scoring method (5= totally agree, 4=agree, 3 = somewhat agree, 2= disagree, 1= totally disagree). This scale was de- signed during this research after a careful review of the relevant sources. The SSS form was completed in the last TBL session by each student. Prior to using this scale, its content validity was determined by making an evaluation with a content validity index (CVI). For this purpose, the SSS form was given to 8 academic teachers to rate each question on this scale according to the fol- lowing four criteria; no necessity and ap- propriateness of using in SSS, requires overall modification, requires a minor mod- ification, and the necessity and appropri- ateness of using in SSS. Based on previous studies, a CVI score greater than 80 percent was considered as an acceptable value. To calculate the CVI in each question, the number of teachers who selected options 3 or 4 was divided by the total (13,14). To determine an overall score for each lesson in TBL, the formula A + C = D was used. In this formula, A was the score in the IRAT, C = P% × B was adjustment of a peer evaluation score (B was the score in the GRAT and P was the mean of the peer evaluation scores) and D was the final score. At the end of 8 sessions taught by TBL, the mean of the scores of eight ses- sions was calculated and considered as the total TBL score. The final score for the en- tire neurology course was the average of the two scores for each teaching method. Statistical analysis The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed normal distribution of data in different var- iables (p> 0.206). Differences in means were tested using the two-sample t-test to compare two means and the one-way ANOVA test was used to compare more than two means. The correlation between two variables was assessed by the Pearson correlation test. To determine reliability of the SSS results, external consistency was achieved by calculating intra-class correla- tion coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach's alpha coefficient and internal consistency was achieved by calculating ICC and Cronbach's alpha with Split - Half Model. The effect of removing each question on the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of SSS was also studied. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS.18 software, at the signifi- cance level of p< 0.05.
  • 4. Comparison of Lecture and TBL Teaching Methods 4 MJIRI, Vol. 28.5. 16 Feb 2014http://mjiri.tums.ac.ir Results The average of student scores after 8 teaching sessions by conventional lectures was 11.99 (SD=1.44, Min=10.0, Max=15.5) out of 20. Fig. 1 shows the pro- gress of student scores during those 8 teaching sessions with TBL evaluated by IRAT and GRAT. According to the chart, student scores increased according to an increased number of teaching sessions in both tests, and there was significant differ- ence between averages of student scores in IRAT and GRAT evaluations (p<0.001). The mean of final student scores for the neurology course was established by calcu- lating the averages of scores for conven- tional lectures and TBL methods; it came to14.06 (SD= 1.07, Min= 12.14, Max= 15.89) out of 20. In Fig. 2, the mean and SD of student scores in teaching by the lec- ture and TBL methods and also the final score, shows significant difference between them (p=0.015). Table 1 shows the mean and SD of stu- dent scores in the lecture method, IRAT and GRAT; final results are shown as a function of gender. The average scores for girls were higher than boys and significant difference was observed between them ex- cept in the lecture score. There was also significant difference in terms of gender between the lecture score in IRAT and GRAT evaluations (p<0.001). There was significant difference in terms of gender for overall satisfaction (p= 0.007); girls indi- cated more satisfaction than boys. The Student Satisfaction Scale (SSS) was developed with 20 items to assess levels of satisfaction from teaching. CVI was calcu- lated to determine content validity and the total amounted to 94.0% (rang= 92-97%). ICC was calculated to check reliability of the scale. The questionnaire was completed twice within two weeks to determine exter- nal consistency of the SSS, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.954 (p<0.001).To obtain internal consistency, Cronbach's al- pha coefficient calculated using a Split- Half model, or by half the number of ques- Fig. 1. Progress of the student scores in IART and GART assessments of the TBL during 8 teaching sessions Fig. 2. Mean and SD of the student scores in lecture, TBL and final results
  • 5. Z. Jafari 5MJIRI, Vol. 28.5. 16 Feb 2014 http://mjiri.tums.ac.ir tions, and it was 0.921(p< 0.001). Table 2 illustrates the effect of removing any of the questions from the SSS on the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In the last session of the neurology course, the degree of student satisfaction from TBL compared to the lecture method was measured by completing the SSS ques- tionnaire with a 5 choices Likert scale. The range of scores in this questionnaire was 20 (totally disagree) to 100 (totally agree). As shown in Table 3, the average level of stu- dent satisfaction was 81.30 (SD= 9.22), which represents the percentage of satisfac- tion from TBL compared to the lecture method. In this study, student averages for the last academic semester were 15.85 (SD= 1.14, Min= 13.78, Max= 17.83) out of 20. The Pearson correlation test revealed no signifi- cant correlation between this score and the mean of the TBL score (r=-0.107, p=0.394) or its degree of satisfaction (r=0.012, p=0.926). But the correlation between stu- dent averages for the last academic semes- ter and the final lecture score was signifi- cant (r= 0.431, p= 0.001). Discussion In the present study, considerable growth was observed from the lecture score to IRAT and GRAT scores in TBL. Various factors can influence this result, such as the effect of self-study, class preparation and the effect of team cooperation in the learn- ing process. Similar results have been re- ported in other studies. For example, a study by Zghieb et al., at the School of Medicine, American University of Beirut compared second year medical students' evaluations of satisfaction and performance in teaching of a pharmacology course with a modified TBL technique with students’ scores in previous academic years. In this study, students expressed a positive attitude towards TBL and their scores in GRAT were higher than in IRAT. The study fo- cused on the ability of TBL to achieve bet- ter results in teaching the pharmacology course to medical students compared to the traditional lecture method (15). In addition to the comparison of levels of student learning between two methods (conventional lectures and TBL) this study also employed an SSS dorm that deter- mined content validity and reliability. Items Table 1. Comparison of the student scores in lecture, TBL and final results according to gender. p valueSDMeanNumberGenderScore 0.0681.4012.1938FemaleLecture 1.4411.5232Male 0.0011.7915.2438FemaleIRAT 0.8613.3632Male 0.0011.3216.7438FemaleGRAT 0.4714.9132Male 0.0010.9614.4638FemaleFinal 0.7213.1332Male Table 2. Change of the overall Cronbach's alpha coefficient for elimination of each item on the Student Satisfaction Scale. Item α coefficient Item α coefficient Item α coefficient Item α coefficient 1 0.918 6 0.909 11 0.921 16 0.922 2 0.922 7 0.910 12 0.917 17 0.914 3 0.917 8 0.913 13 0.913 18 0.920 4 0.913 9 0.914 14 0.921 19 0.919 5 0.915 10 0.921 15 0.916 20 0.917 Table 3. Descriptive statistics for the SSS score twice within two weeks of completion (n=70) RangeMaxMinSDMean 3194639.2281.30First assessment 2794678.7681.02Second assessment
  • 6. Comparison of Lecture and TBL Teaching Methods 6 MJIRI, Vol. 28.5. 16 Feb 2014http://mjiri.tums.ac.ir of this scale were selected among the bene- fits that were discussed for active learning in literature (Appendix 1). According to the results of this scale, students showed more than 80.0% satisfaction from teaching with TBL compared to the lecture method. Alt- hough, there is no report of a similar ques- tionnaire in past studies, more satisfaction was realized from TBL from various as- pects was reported with different methods (16,17). In most previous studies, TBL was used to teach preliminary and clinical courses of medical fields, and comparisons of these methods have been made less frequently (6,9,10). On the other hand, the use of TBL as a new active learning method in teaching neurology was not reported until 2011. In a study by Tan et al., on teaching two topics of Neurology to medical students, the aver- age scores for TBL were remarkably higher than those in passive learning and this dif- ference was more prominent in weaker stu- dents. Present study is very close to Tan et al study in terms of findings obtained. So, the degree of improvement in TBL was higher in weaker students than in stronger students. No relation was found between a student’s average in the previous term and a student's TBL score and also the degree of satisfaction from this educational meth- od. In other words, a student’s previous ac- ademic history had no effect on the course score or the degree of satisfaction from TBL. But this effect was remarkable in the lecture method. It means that TBL can lead students to better academic performance regardless of their previous educational record. However, evaluations for the lec- ture method showed that a higher score could usually be expected from students with better academic performance. In this study, great efforts were made to provide good conditions to compare lecture and TBL methods, taking a full semester to administer and compare methods and re- quest a balance between them in terms of teaching time and content, according to cer- tain educational principals. As can be seen in previous studies, the duration of inter- vention or teaching time, was limited, sometimes it only addressed TBL; there may not have been a good balance between TBL and lectures in terms of teaching time, or some differences may have existed in implementation of TBL. Therefore, the re- sults of those studies cannot be compared directly. However, results of other studies generally indicate higher learning achieve- ment and satisfaction with TBL than pas- sive learning methods, and this is con- firmed in the results of this study. On the other hand, there was no signifi- cant difference between genders in conven- tional lectures however, in both IRAT and GRAT assessments of TBL, girls scored remarkably higher than boys. Also, girls reported more satisfaction with TBL than boys. Therefore, in terms of degrees of learning and satisfaction from TBL, girls performed better and expressed greater sat- isfaction compared to boys. There are lim- ited available sources that have considered gender in assessments of TBL. In a study by Wiener et al., on applications of TBL for first year students of Vienna University School of Medicine, in the majority of items, women were more satisfied than men, and in the item "Overall I am very satisfied with the TBL method", a remarka- ble difference was found between genders. But in test results, men in both initial and final exams achieved higher scores from TBL than women (16). In terms of satisfac- tion from TBL, results of the present study are near to those from the Wiener et al study but in terms of scores obtained with TBL, the results of the two studies are con- tradictory. Although there were differences between the studies in terms of time dura- tions and subjects that could have affected results, it seems that gender difference in learning needs further investigation for more precise interpretation. In the present study, a scale was devel- oped with 20 questions to evaluate and measure satisfaction from TBL compared to the lecture method. The CVI of this scale based on expert opinions achieved 94%. According to sources, a CVI evaluation
  • 7. Z. Jafari 7MJIRI, Vol. 28.5. 16 Feb 2014 http://mjiri.tums.ac.ir above 80 percent is appropriate and accept able and confirms the content validity of the self-assessment scale (14,15). Another important characteristic of the each ques- tionnaire is its reliability. Reliability en- sures that results are safe use for in the re- search and clinical applications. The pre- sent SSS scale had high internal consisten- cy indicating a high correlation between its items. Also, the external consistency or test-retest reliability of the scale was good. It seems that after 8 continuous teaching sessions with TBL, students attained a level of confidence and mastery of the subject about the strengths and weaknesses of this technique that its effect was found as high- ly reproducible results as questionnaires were repeated twice within two weeks. Although the researcher tried to request a good balance between volume of content and the degree of difficulty of the training courses of the neurology unit, that from 16 academic sessions, the first half was taught with the lecture method and the second half was taught with TBL, but the difference between the topics of the two methods may be a limitation for this study. Conclusion This study revealed the successful use of TBL in teaching the neurology course compared to the lecture method. According to initial perceptions of the difficulty of this lesson and reports of low learning and sat- isfaction in teaching with the conventional lecture method, there is no doubt that using new training methods such as TBL can in- crease the level of education achieved by students. In terms of the effect of gender, girls had higher scores and expressed great- er satisfaction than boys. According to limitations of previous studies, further re- search is needed to determine the effects of gender more precisely. A Student Satisfac- tion Scale was applied and it's content va- lidity and reliability determined that the questionnaire was practical and useful mak- ing it suitable for use in subsequent similar studies. These results are pertinent to edu- cational administrators, teachers and stu- dents because they highlight the importance of the use of an appropriate training method to transfer of knowledge and achieve prede- termined goals. Acknowledgements This article is part of a research project that has been approved by IRAN University of Medical Sciences; contract number 91- 03-133-19467. Good cooperation of all stu- dents participating in this study is greatly appreciated. References 1. Michaelsen LK, Parmelee DX, McMahon KK, Levine RE. Team-Based Learning for Health Pro- fessions Education. Sterling, VA: Stylus Publish- ing. 2008. 2. Haidet P, Fecile ML. Team-based learning: a promising strategy to foster active learning in can- cer education. J Cancer Edu 2006, 21 (3): 125-8. 3. Vasan NS, DeFouw D. The use of reading as- signments and learning issues as an alternative to anatomy lectures in Team-Based Learning curricu- lum. In: Michaelsen LK, Parmelee DX, McMahon KK, Levine RE. Team-Based Learning for Health Professions Education: Stylus Publishing. 2007. 4. Tai BC, Koh WP. Does team learning motivate students’ engagement in an evidence-based medi- cine course? Ann Acad Med Singapore 2008, 37 (12): 1019-23. 5. Vasan NS, DeFouw D. Team learning in a medical gross anatomy course. Med Edu 2005, 39 (5): 524. 6. Levine RE, O’Boyle M, Haidet P, Lynn DJ, Stone MM, Wolf DV, Paniagua FA. Transforming a clinical clerkship with team learning. Teach Learn Med 2004, 16 (3): 270-5. 7. Thomas PA, Bowen CW. A controlled trial of team-based learning in an ambulatory medicine clerkship for medical students. Teach Learn Med 2011, 23 (1): 31-6. 8. Tan NCK, Kandiah N, Chan YH, Umapathi T, Lee SH, Tan K. A controlled study of team-based learning for undergraduate clinical neurology edu- cation. BMC Med Edu 2011, 30 (11): 2-8. 9. Haidet P, Morgan RO, O’Malley K, Moran BJ, Richards BF. A controlled trial of active versus passive learning strategies in a large group setting. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract 2004; 9 (1): 15- 27. 10. Kuhne-Eversmann L, Eversmann T, Fischer MR. Team- and case-based learning to activate par- ticipants and enhance knowledge: an evaluation of seminars in Germany. J Contin Educ Health Prof
  • 8. Comparison of Lecture and TBL Teaching Methods 8 MJIRI, Vol. 28.5. 16 Feb 2014http://mjiri.tums.ac.ir 2008, 28 (3): 165-71. 11. Flanagan E, Walsh C, Tubridy N. ’Neuro- phobia’–attitudes of medical students and doctors in Ireland to neurological teaching. Eur J Neurol 2007, 14 (10): 1109-12. 12. Ridsdale L, Massey R, Clark L. Preventing neurophobia in medical students, and so future doc- tors. Pract Neurol 2007, 7 (2):116-123. 13. Polit DF, Beck CT, Owen SV. Is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity? Appraisal and recommendations. Res Nurs Health 2007; 30 (4): 459-67. 14. Kim Y, Park J, Lee H, Bang H, Park HJ. Con- tent validity of an acupuncture sensation question- naire. J Alternat Complement Med 2008; 14 (8): 957-63. 15. Zeheib NK, Simaan JA, Sabra R. Using team-based learning to teach pharmacology to sec- ond year medical students improves student per- formance. Med Teach 2010; 32 (2): 130–5. 16. Wiener H, Plass RM. Herbert HW, Richard Marz P. Team-based Learning in Intensive Course Format for First-year Medical Students. Croat Med J 2009; 50 (1): 69-76. 17. Zgheib NK, Simaan JA, Sabra R. Using team-based learning to teach clinical pharmacolo- gy in medical school: student satisfaction and im- proved performance. J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 51(7):1101-11.
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