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WORLD CLASS
MANUFACTURING:
IT’S INFLUENCE ON SOFTWARE
INDUSTRY
1

10/24/2013

Sudipta Lahiri, Digité
History of Software Engineering
2





1970s: Waterfall
1980s: SSAD
 1985:



CMMI

1990s
 OOD/RAD



2000s
 Agile

(SCRUM/XP)

10/24/2013
Changing Focus
3

Building the
product RIGHT

Are we building
the RIGHT
product?

10/24/2013
Emergence of Agile
4



2001: Agile Manifesto
 Individuals

and interactions over processes and

tools
 Colocation/pair

programming

 Working

software over comprehensive
documentation
 Sprints:

deliverable software

 Customer

collaboration over contract negotiation
 Responding to change over following a plan
 Plan/Scope

committed to the current Sprint
10/24/2013
Changing the perspective
5

Cost
(resources)

Time

Scope

Agile software
development

Traditional
software
development

Time

Cost
(resources)

Scope
(Target business
goals & outcomes)
10/24/2013

Reference: Jeff Patton

5
SCRUM
6

10/24/2013

Img Src: Scrum Primer by Pete Deemer
7

Thinking progressed in 2
tracks...
Management
Methods
•
•
•
•
•
•

XP
SCRUM
Lean
Kanban
SCRUMBAN
Many others...

Engineering
Methods
• TDD + BDD
• Build Automation
=> Continuous
Integration
• Continuous
Delivery
• Continuous
Deployment
10/24/2013
8

Let us understand the Software
Management methods influenced by
TPS/Lean

10/24/2013
The source of all this...
9

10/24/2013
Agile and Lean
10

10/24/2013
Lean applied to Software
11



What is a “Lean” system? A system in which we:


Eliminate waste:












Focus on hand-offs, source of errors

Amplify learning; create knowledge
Defer commitment
Deliver as fast as possible
Respect people; Empower them
Build quality in; optimize whole

Improvements can happen when you can see what is
happening in the system => reduce waste
Focus on better economic outcome than better utilization
of resources
10/24/2013
Kanban
12


David Anderson formulated
the method


Kanban = kan ("visual") + ban
("card" or "board")





Coined by Toyota during the
late 1940s and early 1950s
and has spread to the
manufacturing industry all over
the world as a tool of Lean
Manufacturing

Kanban: signal

Used to support noncentralized "pull" production
control to gain visibility into
the process and execution
status, reduce waste (and
costs), and help

10/24/2013
13

The Kanban Method:
Core Practices


Visualize the Work
Focus is on
creating a

continuously
Limit Work in Process (WIP)
improving system;
NOT on creating
Manage Flow; Establish a Cadence
the most optimal
 Remove bottlenecks and improve the flow
system
 Increase throughput





Map your value stream
Making invisible work, visible!

Make Process Policies Explicit
------------------------------------------------------ Improve Collaboratively, Evolve Experimentally (using
models and scientific method)




Implement Feedback Loops

10/24/2013
14

The Kanban Method:
Visualize the work with a Board

10/24/2013
15

The Kanban Method:
Applying “Andon” in software


Visually signal an
abnormal situation...



10/24/2013
16

The Kanban Method:
Value Stream
Through metrics you can evaluate your efficiency.
How much time spent on value add vs non value
add

10/24/2013
17

The Kanban Method:
Make the connection...?

10/24/2013
18

The Kanban Method:
Establishing Pull (Just In Time)
We don’t want to:
 Build features that nobody needs right now
 Write

more specs than we can code
 Write more code than we can test
 Test more code than we can deploy


Work on Tickets/ Transactions that are not
priority

10/24/2013
19

The Kanban Method:
Limiting Work-In-Progress (WIP)


Reduce multi-tasking
 Prevent

context switching
 Performing tasks one-at-a-time yields results
sooner




Maximizes throughput
Enhances teamwork
 Working

together to make things done
 Increase cross-functionality

10/24/2013
20

The Kanban Method:
Making policies explicit


Policies are not evil
 Defining policies vs QMS
 A framework for common understanding across all team members



For example:


Process Flow



Input Cadence; Output Cadence



WIP Limits



Definition of “Done”



Entry and Exit Criteria (moving from one stage to another)



Handling rework




Should the card be send back on the work board OR stay in the same lane till it
is reworked?

Handling Class of Service


How to handle Expedite cards?

10/24/2013
21

The Kanban Method:
Continuous Feedback with
Retrospectives




Appreciations

Let everyone write their own
points on a post-it and stick it
on the white board
What do they mean:

Puzzles





Risks

Risks: Future pitfalls that can
endanger the project,
represented by a bomb.



Actions

Puzzles: Questions for which you
have no answer, represented by
a question mark.

Appreciations: What you liked
during the previous iteration,
represented by a smiley face.



Wishes: Not improvements, but
ideas of your ideal project,
represented by a star.

Wishes

10/24/2013
22

Proliferation of Kanban
Boards
Within IT…

10/24/2013
Product Development
23

Consider keeping
WIP high here so
that you have a
large number of
options to play
with

Deferred
Commitme
nt!
Reject/
Discard
from this
lane

Don’t discard
once in this
stream!
10/24/2013
System Administration
24

10/24/2013

Courtesy: Mattias Skarin
Operations
25

10/24/2013

Courtesy: Mattias Skarin
L1 Support
26

10/24/2013

Courtesy: Mattias Skarin
L2, L3 Support
27

10/24/2013

Courtesy: Mattias Skarin
Kanban leading to Lean
execution

28


Goal 1: Optimize Existing Processes




Introduction of visualization and the
limiting of work-in-progress (WIP)
catalyzes change with minimal disruption





Limiting WIP and defining policies for
work prioritization brings greater focus on
quality

Policies can also address quality criteria





Keeps defect rates low.

Goal 7: Provide Transparency on the System
Design and Operation
Improved visibility builds trust with
customers/managers



Shows the effects of actions or inactions =>
improves collaboration

Limiting WIP makes lead times dependable



Goal 4: Improve Employee Satisfaction

Enables fast reprioritization to accommodate
changes in the market



Direct correlation between the WIP size,
lead time and defect rates


Creating slack in the value chain improves
responsiveness to urgent requests and bandwidth to
enable process improvement and quality
improvement

Goal 6: Simplify Prioritization


Goal 3: Improve Lead Time
Predictability




Goal 5: Provide Slack to Enable Improvement

Goal 2: Deliver with Higher Quality








Goal 8: Enables Emergence of a “High-Maturity”
Organization



Kanban reduces context switching and
pulls work at the rate the team can
complete it.





Working at a more even, predictable



As improvements are implemented, organizational
maturity improves leading to better decision making
and improved risk management
10/24/2013
Risk, managed appropriately, brings predictable
29

Applying Lean to Software:
Reducing Muri and Muda


Muri (overburdening)







Overload
Overburden
Congestion
Perversity







Mura (variability in flow)







Unevenness
Imbalance
Fluctuation
Irregularity
Deviation

“Stop Starting Start
Finishing” reduces
inventory, overproduction
Focus on reducing WIP
reduces Context Switching
You don’t get the specialist
resource when you need it








People or infrastructure

Waiting for critical
information to come so that
you can start
Hidden or abrupt “new”
work
Too much variety of work
10/24/2013
(size and complexity)
30

Let us understand the Engineering methods
influenced by TPS/Lean

10/24/2013
Jidoka: Build Quality In
31

10/24/2013
32

Jidoka in Software
Engineering...

Behaviour
Driven
Development
 Test Driven
Development


10/24/2013
33

Jidoka in
S/W Engineering


Build
Automation

10/24/2013
34

Jidoka in
S/W Engineering


Continuous
Integration

10/24/2013
Thank you for your time today...
35



For any questions or
clarifications, you can
reach me at:
@sudiptal
 slahiri@digite.com




Join: Limited WIP Society




Bangalore/Pune Chapters

I share my experiences at:
http://www.swiftkanban.com/
blog/sudipta-lahiri
 http://sudithoughts.blogspot.in/


10/24/2013

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Applying WCM to Software Industry

  • 1. WORLD CLASS MANUFACTURING: IT’S INFLUENCE ON SOFTWARE INDUSTRY 1 10/24/2013 Sudipta Lahiri, Digité
  • 2. History of Software Engineering 2   1970s: Waterfall 1980s: SSAD  1985:  CMMI 1990s  OOD/RAD  2000s  Agile (SCRUM/XP) 10/24/2013
  • 3. Changing Focus 3 Building the product RIGHT Are we building the RIGHT product? 10/24/2013
  • 4. Emergence of Agile 4  2001: Agile Manifesto  Individuals and interactions over processes and tools  Colocation/pair programming  Working software over comprehensive documentation  Sprints: deliverable software  Customer collaboration over contract negotiation  Responding to change over following a plan  Plan/Scope committed to the current Sprint 10/24/2013
  • 5. Changing the perspective 5 Cost (resources) Time Scope Agile software development Traditional software development Time Cost (resources) Scope (Target business goals & outcomes) 10/24/2013 Reference: Jeff Patton 5
  • 6. SCRUM 6 10/24/2013 Img Src: Scrum Primer by Pete Deemer
  • 7. 7 Thinking progressed in 2 tracks... Management Methods • • • • • • XP SCRUM Lean Kanban SCRUMBAN Many others... Engineering Methods • TDD + BDD • Build Automation => Continuous Integration • Continuous Delivery • Continuous Deployment 10/24/2013
  • 8. 8 Let us understand the Software Management methods influenced by TPS/Lean 10/24/2013
  • 9. The source of all this... 9 10/24/2013
  • 11. Lean applied to Software 11  What is a “Lean” system? A system in which we:  Eliminate waste:         Focus on hand-offs, source of errors Amplify learning; create knowledge Defer commitment Deliver as fast as possible Respect people; Empower them Build quality in; optimize whole Improvements can happen when you can see what is happening in the system => reduce waste Focus on better economic outcome than better utilization of resources 10/24/2013
  • 12. Kanban 12  David Anderson formulated the method  Kanban = kan ("visual") + ban ("card" or "board")    Coined by Toyota during the late 1940s and early 1950s and has spread to the manufacturing industry all over the world as a tool of Lean Manufacturing Kanban: signal Used to support noncentralized "pull" production control to gain visibility into the process and execution status, reduce waste (and costs), and help 10/24/2013
  • 13. 13 The Kanban Method: Core Practices  Visualize the Work Focus is on creating a  continuously Limit Work in Process (WIP) improving system; NOT on creating Manage Flow; Establish a Cadence the most optimal  Remove bottlenecks and improve the flow system  Increase throughput    Map your value stream Making invisible work, visible! Make Process Policies Explicit ------------------------------------------------------ Improve Collaboratively, Evolve Experimentally (using models and scientific method)   Implement Feedback Loops 10/24/2013
  • 14. 14 The Kanban Method: Visualize the work with a Board 10/24/2013
  • 15. 15 The Kanban Method: Applying “Andon” in software  Visually signal an abnormal situation...  10/24/2013
  • 16. 16 The Kanban Method: Value Stream Through metrics you can evaluate your efficiency. How much time spent on value add vs non value add 10/24/2013
  • 17. 17 The Kanban Method: Make the connection...? 10/24/2013
  • 18. 18 The Kanban Method: Establishing Pull (Just In Time) We don’t want to:  Build features that nobody needs right now  Write more specs than we can code  Write more code than we can test  Test more code than we can deploy  Work on Tickets/ Transactions that are not priority 10/24/2013
  • 19. 19 The Kanban Method: Limiting Work-In-Progress (WIP)  Reduce multi-tasking  Prevent context switching  Performing tasks one-at-a-time yields results sooner   Maximizes throughput Enhances teamwork  Working together to make things done  Increase cross-functionality 10/24/2013
  • 20. 20 The Kanban Method: Making policies explicit  Policies are not evil  Defining policies vs QMS  A framework for common understanding across all team members  For example:  Process Flow  Input Cadence; Output Cadence  WIP Limits  Definition of “Done”  Entry and Exit Criteria (moving from one stage to another)  Handling rework   Should the card be send back on the work board OR stay in the same lane till it is reworked? Handling Class of Service  How to handle Expedite cards? 10/24/2013
  • 21. 21 The Kanban Method: Continuous Feedback with Retrospectives   Appreciations Let everyone write their own points on a post-it and stick it on the white board What do they mean: Puzzles   Risks Risks: Future pitfalls that can endanger the project, represented by a bomb.  Actions Puzzles: Questions for which you have no answer, represented by a question mark. Appreciations: What you liked during the previous iteration, represented by a smiley face.  Wishes: Not improvements, but ideas of your ideal project, represented by a star. Wishes 10/24/2013
  • 23. Product Development 23 Consider keeping WIP high here so that you have a large number of options to play with Deferred Commitme nt! Reject/ Discard from this lane Don’t discard once in this stream! 10/24/2013
  • 28. Kanban leading to Lean execution 28  Goal 1: Optimize Existing Processes   Introduction of visualization and the limiting of work-in-progress (WIP) catalyzes change with minimal disruption   Limiting WIP and defining policies for work prioritization brings greater focus on quality Policies can also address quality criteria   Keeps defect rates low. Goal 7: Provide Transparency on the System Design and Operation Improved visibility builds trust with customers/managers  Shows the effects of actions or inactions => improves collaboration Limiting WIP makes lead times dependable  Goal 4: Improve Employee Satisfaction Enables fast reprioritization to accommodate changes in the market  Direct correlation between the WIP size, lead time and defect rates  Creating slack in the value chain improves responsiveness to urgent requests and bandwidth to enable process improvement and quality improvement Goal 6: Simplify Prioritization  Goal 3: Improve Lead Time Predictability   Goal 5: Provide Slack to Enable Improvement Goal 2: Deliver with Higher Quality     Goal 8: Enables Emergence of a “High-Maturity” Organization  Kanban reduces context switching and pulls work at the rate the team can complete it.   Working at a more even, predictable  As improvements are implemented, organizational maturity improves leading to better decision making and improved risk management 10/24/2013 Risk, managed appropriately, brings predictable
  • 29. 29 Applying Lean to Software: Reducing Muri and Muda  Muri (overburdening)      Overload Overburden Congestion Perversity    Mura (variability in flow)      Unevenness Imbalance Fluctuation Irregularity Deviation “Stop Starting Start Finishing” reduces inventory, overproduction Focus on reducing WIP reduces Context Switching You don’t get the specialist resource when you need it     People or infrastructure Waiting for critical information to come so that you can start Hidden or abrupt “new” work Too much variety of work 10/24/2013 (size and complexity)
  • 30. 30 Let us understand the Engineering methods influenced by TPS/Lean 10/24/2013
  • 31. Jidoka: Build Quality In 31 10/24/2013
  • 35. Thank you for your time today... 35  For any questions or clarifications, you can reach me at: @sudiptal  slahiri@digite.com   Join: Limited WIP Society   Bangalore/Pune Chapters I share my experiences at: http://www.swiftkanban.com/ blog/sudipta-lahiri  http://sudithoughts.blogspot.in/  10/24/2013

Editor's Notes

  1. 1945 to 1965: The Origins – late 1950/early 1960s - the use of “engineering” to software1965 to 1985: The Software Crisis – Cost and Budget overruns (The Mythical Man Month; OS/360 project of over 1000 people)/Fatal incidents in medical science(Therac25)/property theft1985 to 1989: Tools, discipline, formal methods, process, and professionalism were touted as silver bullets; No (single) Silver Bullet. SSAD/OOAD/Documentation/Standards1990 to 1999: Prominence of the Internet (spread of networks/web/virus/SEOs/natural lanuage translators) – growth of the user base2000 to Present: Lightweight MethodologiesTools, discipline, formal methods, process, and professionalism were touted as silver bullets
  2. In the olden days, our focus was to write detailed specs with the hope that this was the “perfect” requirement and then put a whole bunch of process rigor to make sure that we build it right! Then, this model faltered... So, we then started focussed on a process of continuous validation with the end user to see if we are building the right product? This automatically meant that some of the best practices of software engineering to make the product right is already built in! You cannot build a huge technical debt and hope that this will come be refactored later.
  3. Think of it as a pipeline... Anything, that slows things flowing out of the pipeline is a waste.
  4. Map the Value Stream. A Kanban approach looks at the whole stream of work, from where it enters the scope of the team, to where it leaves. Thus typically, a Kanban system will explicitly include the transformation of work from the problem or idea, through to its release. i.e. Concept to Cash (or Consumption), or Incubate to Liquidate.Visualise the Work. A Kanban approach will make all the work as visible as possible, across the whole Value Stream. In particular, this includes the visualisation of expanding/contracting, or zooming in and out, of work items to make their value/solution, or other hierarchical relationships visible.SUDI>>> The points mentioned are particular to an electronic board. However, the visualization aspect remains important even for the manual board (as per Slide 10)Limit Work in Progress. A Kanban approach will explicitly limit work in progress. This is distinct from managing work in progress through the use if time-boxes as described by David Anderson. This absolute limiting of work in progress is what makes Kanban a pull system, rather than a very small batch push system.SUDI>>> Not clear I get it… why should limiting WIP make it a pull system?Establish a Cadence. A Kanban approach will create a natural rhythm by setting up a cadence which will help the team deliver. This will typically de-couple the input (planning and prioritization) from the output (release), allowing more freedom than the time-box, but still providing a framework to release regularly, measure performance and continuously improve. Simply put, establishing a Cadence means, establishing a regular frequency for doing things that need to be done repetitively. These could be Customer Reviews, Production Releases, Daily Team Meetings, etc.SUDI>>> I think this aspect has been significantly simplified. The whole premise that you can release regularly just because you a cadence/rhythm is not right. One needs to grouping line items in a logical way that will make a release (SCRUM like planning). a significant assumption that not just testing but test automation is happening at the same pace. Not just TDD but actual functional test case automation to make a final release.
  5. Value Stream analysis and mapping provides a visual of where waste may be occurring. Waste is any step where no value is being added to the production or the service delivery process.
  6. SUDI>>> Also, work on items that risk being obsolete by the time we actually take it for development…