Rivers And Streams Receiving Urban Runoff Essay

Rivers And Streams Receiving Urban Runoff Essay
Introduction
Rivers and streams receiving urban runoff have been shown to be toxic to aquatic species (e.g. H.
azteca), due to the presence of pyrethroids (Budd et al., 2007; Weston and Lydy, 2010; Weston et al,
2014). These pyrethroids are greatly toxic, with acute species mortality possible at even small
concentrations of one part per trillion (Weston and Jackson, 2009), yet urban runoff regularly
contains concentrations greater than 20 parts per trillion (Weston and Lydy, 2012). A significant part
of the runoff from urban areas encompassing Sacramento, California flows to the American River.
Thus, the toxic level of the rivers and tributaries of the American River and its sensitivity to aquatic
species has been studied through modeling efforts (Jorgenson et al, 2013). Urban runoff, which
contains a considerable amount of bifenthrin, a subset of pyrethroids, makes up a large portion of
the river flow after a storm event. Due to increased use of bifenthrin in Sacramento County,
bifenthrin concentration can be as high as 0.018 ppb, which is more than 5 times the 96–h middle
effective concentration (EC50) for loss of motion to most aquatic species (Weston et al., 2009;
Holmes et al., 2008; Hintzen et al., 2009; Weston and Lydy, 2010). The aggregated sum of
pyrethroids active ingredient (A.I.) used by licensed professional pesticide applicators in
Sacramento County, California, was estimated as 4,025,246 lbs. in 2014, and among this, structural
pest control and landscape
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Ddt Pros And Cons
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) has had a huge impact on the fight against malaria, helping
to ensure the control or eradication of malaria in many countries around the world in the mid–
twentieth century. However, since its peak in the 1960s, succeeded by environmental and health
concerns about the usage of the insecticide, more and more countries have been banning the use of
DDT. Following the 2001 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic pollutants, by 2008, 160
nations signed the agreement to eliminate DDT, considered one of the twelve pollutants of "greatest
concern to the health of the global community" (Eskenazi et al., 2009). Despite unease about the
lasting effects of DDT, the insecticide should not be banned completely. ... Show more content on
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While there are studies that indicate that DDT can cause health problems such as reduced male
fertility, genital birth defects, breast cancer, diabetes, and endocrine disorders (World Wildlife Fund,
1999), many of these studies are weakened by factors such as their age or their biases, due to
funding from pro–ban organizations such as the Environmental Protection Agency or the World
Wildlife Fund, combined with the lack of conclusive support from more neutral research.
Furthermore, one particular paper mentions that methodological errors undermine many studies on
the health impacts of DDT (Beard, 2006), and asserts that "it is still too early" to assess DDT's role
in a number of diseases. Chris Curtis, a professor at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical
Medicine, also stated that there is "no convincing evidence that DDT ... has caused any harm to
humans" (Cone, 2009). Despite the lack of evidence in support of the detrimental affects of DDT on
human health, the potential adverse effects still merit study, especially given the established negative
effects of bioaccumulation in the environment. However, according to Brenda Eskenazi, a professor
from the Berkeley School of Public Health at the University of California, there have been no
conclusive health studies on the people in Africa actually being exposed to the high levels of the
insecticide, which is frightening, considering all the worry about the health problems DDT causes
(Cone,

Negative Effects Of Pesticide
Pesticide is a chemical widely used around the world for many different reasons. Being a highly
toxic chemical, pesticide has been found to be particularly harmful to children's health. Because
children's immune systems are not as developed as that of an adult, their susceptibility to developing
health issues from exposure to the toxic chemical is much greater. This is due to the fact that
children's bodies lack the enzyme that allows them to detoxify and deactivate the chemical from
their bodies (Ding and Bao, 2013). In turn, pesticide may have adverse effects on the physiological
development of young children. There are various ways in which children may be exposed to
different pesticides. The degree at which children are exposed to ... Show more content on
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Exposure to pesticide is one example of an improper condition for early child development. In some
cases, exposure to pesticide may impair lung functioning and respiratory health. Interested in this
phenomenon, Raan, Harley, Balmes, Bradman, Lipsett, and Eskenazi (2015) conducted a study to
analyze to effects of early life exposure to toxic chemical, specifically organophosphate pesticide,
on the respiratory system. In order to evaluate the repercussion of pesticide exposure, the
researchers had to conduct a longitudinal study on children from birth and reanalyzed them at age
five and seven through a questionnaire. From this, researchers were able to disclose that exposure to
pesticide is linked to higher risk of asthma and other breathing problems, for instance wheezing,
coughing, and shortness of breath (Raan, Harley, Balmes, Bradman, Lipsett, and Eskenazi, 2015).
Children are more susceptible to these toxic chemicals due to lung development during this age.
With exposure to pesticide, the lethal chemical makeup of pesticide may interfere with the lung's
development, thus leading to mutations or abnormalities. Furthermore, childhood is also a crucial
period for brain development and functioning. Any impairments to the brain at this age may cause
lasting effects that will extend into adolescence and adulthood. Therefore, excessive exposure to
pesticide may disturb the cognitive functioning of children

The Evolutionary Resistance Of Malaria
Hussam Mahmood
Evolution Term Paper Draft
Evolutionary Resistance in Malaria As you calmly inch forward with a finger on the spray head,
approaching steadily yet cautiously to avoid startling the organism who is miniscule compared to
ourselves, one fails to take into account the broad consequences that their actions may have. This
was a similar idea in the 1950s when cases of malaria arose and the most economical and effective
means of control was essentially spraying at the touch of a button. Insecticides are a rapid way of
killing mosquitoes that carried diseases. It was the clear solution to the problem; however
mosquitoes evolved resistance to the insecticides. Since then, researchers and organizations have
developed strategies to tackle the issue of insecticide resistance especially in the case of malaria.
There have been tactics that have developed to hinder or prevent evolutionary resistance with the
help of underlying evolutionary principles.
Evolutionary resistance was first seen after the initial malarial outbreak in the 20th century. At the
time, eradication was the goal and so the World Health Organization launched a global program that
treated patients with chloroquine and controlled mosquitoes with the insecticide DDT(Greenwood et
al. 2008). This prolonged use of each treatment led to evolutionary resistance in both the disease and
the vector to their respective antagonizing agents. More recently, a class of pyrethroid insecticides,
consisting of four

Roll Back Malaria Essay
Malaria is an important public health disease endemic in over a hundred countries globally. About
90% of malaria deaths occur in Africa with a child dying every forty five seconds. Malaria accounts
for 16% of child deaths in the Africa (Remme, Binka & Nabarro 2001) and 7% of deaths in children
worldwide (WHO 2010). It is a disease of poverty, causing significant constraint to the economic
growth of susceptible nations (WHO 2010; Sachs, Malaney 2002). Globally, numerous malaria
control programmes have been initiated to eliminate and eradicate the disease. In this context,
eradication refers to a reduction in the global incidence of malaria to zero, such that its does not
require any further control interventions. Elimination refers to a ... Show more content on
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Its short term goals are to halve the global burden of malaria by 2010, and further halve it by 2015
through malaria elimination in at least 8–10 countries (UNICEF 2010). In the long term, it seeks to
maintain zero deaths worldwide, while moving towards eradication of malaria with new tools and
approaches (NIAID 2009).
RBM objectives are intricately linked with the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). Malaria is
mentioned directly in the 6th MDG; "Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases", and also in
MDG 1: "Eradicate extreme poverty", as malaria is more common in poverty stricken countries.
MDG 4: "Reduce Child Mortality" and MDG 5: "Improve maternal health", where pregnant women
and children are most susceptible to malaria, and MDG 8: "Develop a global partnership for
development", where RBM is an example of a global partnership between countries (RBM 2010).
The objectives of RBM also reflect the 1986 Ottawa Charter's theme of enabling individuals and
communities to take responsibility for and gain control over their health.(WHO 1986)
Tools of Roll Back Malaria:
The approach of RBM targets sustainable control through the prevention of infection with malaria
parasite and the prompt and effective management of recognize cases. This requires an
understanding of the factors related with transmission of the pathogen. Malaria is caused by
protozoa called

A pesticide is a substance used for preventing,...
A pesticide is a substance used for preventing, controlling, and destroying pests. Pesticides are a
class of biocides, which are poisonous substances. Plant protection products, which protect plants
from detrimental things such as weeds, insects, and plant diseases, are the most common use of
pesticides. Pesticides are also used in non–agricultural ways. Pesticides are, generally, chemical or
biological agents that disable or kill pests. Some common pests are weeds, insects, birds, molluscs,
mammals, fish, nematodes, and microbes. Pesticides are usually used when the pests destroy
property, spread diseases, or cause inconvenience. Pesticides do have advantages, but they can also
have downsides. Target organisms (insecticides, herbicides, ... Show more content on
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Phenoxy and benzoic acid herbicides grow cells without the use of normal cell division, eventually
squashing the plant's nutrient transport system; triazines prevent photosynthesis.Bbiological
mechanism function or application method is another way to classify pesticides. The majority of
pesticides operate by poisoning pests. Systemic pesticides function by moving inside of a plant and
being absorbed by the plant. Types of pesticides are often named after the kind of pest they target.
Some types of pesticides that are referred to by their targeted pests include herbicides, insecticides,
insect growth regulators, nematicides, termiticides, molluscicides, piscicides, avicides, rodenticides,
predacides, bactericides, insect repellents, animal repellents, antimicrobials, fungicides, disinfectants
(antimicrobial), and sanitizers. They can also be thought of as biodegradable pesticides or persistent
pesticides. Biodegradable pesticides are broken down by microbes and different living things into
benign compounds. Persistent pesticides work differently, taking months or even years to break
down. Pesticides are also noted by being either chemically related or obtained from a recurrent
source or method. The word pesticide includes these substances as well: defoliants, desiccants,
insect growth regulators, and plant growth regulators. Defoliants work by making leaves and other
foliage to fall from a plant, generally to ease harvest. Desiccants cause

Malari A Treatable And Preventable Disease Essay
Introduction
Malaria, a treatable and preventable disease, is still a major public health threat in spite of years of
numerous control and intervention strategies. In 2015, the World Health Organization reported 214
million new malaria cases and more than 430,000 malaria related deaths. Sub–Saharan Africa
accounted for 88% of the new cases and 90% of the deaths, with pregnant women and children
under five being at the highest risk of infection. Malaria is a devastating disease that accounts for
about 10% overall disease burden in Africa and more than 40% public health expenditure (Ntonifor
& Veyufambom, 2016). The high malaria incident rate in sub–Saharan Africa is attributed to high
transmission rates from highly efficient vectors. Hence the World Health Organization recommends
vector control and other prevention strategies like use of long lasting insecticide treated nets
(LLINs), indoor residual spraying (IRS), and intermittent preventative treatment. This literature
review will analyze past studies and World Health Organization reports to examine adverse
outcomes of malaria infection among different populations, common interventions that have been
used to control malaria infections, challenges faced in malaria prevention, and prioritizing strategies
to control and prevent Malaria in Africa.
Adverse outcomes of Malaria infection in Africa
Past studies have documented the adverse impacts of malaria in Africa on various populations and
these are reviewed below;
Adverse

A Brief Note On South Africa 's Malaria Elimination...
.RS: Reviewing south Africa's malaria elimination strategy (2012–2018): progress, challenges and
priorities.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27567642
This article is important as it assesses the progress made in the 3 years from 2010 –2014 in malaria
elimination in south Africa, while highlighting challenges and suggesting priorities for moving the
malaria program towards elimination. Although South Africa has made progress since adopting an
elimination agenda, there are number of challenges that have been identified in the efforts toward
malaria elimination. Over the review period annual spray coverage did not reach the 90 % coverage
of recommended target, with information gaps identified in parasite prevalence,
artemether‑lumefantrine therapeutic utilization, asymptomatic/sub‑patent carriage, drug efficacy,
vector distribution and insecticide resistance. The author recommends that the Cross‑border
initiatives with neighboring countries should be established since malaria importation poses a real
threat to the country's elimination. provincial programs are adequately funded and resourced to
effectively conduct the targeted elimination activities, informed by current vector/parasite
distribution and resistance data. More sensitive methods to detect sub‑patent infections, primaquine
as a transmission‑blocking drug, and alternative vector control methods need to be investigated.
Knowledge gaps among malaria health workers and affected communities should be

The Soybean Aphid, An Invasive Insect Of North America
The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines is an invasive insect in North America. Kingdom: Animalia,
Phylum: Arthropoda, Class: Insecta, Order: Hemiptera, Family: Aphididae, Genus: Aphis, Species:
A. glycines ("Soybean Aphid").
(Diers, et al. 2009)
The soybean aphid is native to Asia and a common pest in China ("Soybean Aphid"). Asian
countries that experience the soybean aphid as an occasional pest are Indonesia, Japan, Korea,
Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand ("Soybean Aphid"). The aphids were identified in Wisconsin
in the summer of 2000 (Venette et al. 2004). Many believe that the soybean aphid arrived a few
years prior to its identification because of the pest thrived in small numbers. Typically farmers and
agronomist are not going to know a foreign species until they are looking for cause of crop injury.
The invasion is believed to be accidental as the aphids were most likely introduced from, "China or
Japan carried by an international airline passenger or associated with a horticultural cargo" (Venette
et al. 2004). Only two years after being identified the aphids were found in 20 states including the
Midwest and along the East Coast which contain approximately 89 percent of the land in the United
States used to grow soybeans (Soybean Aphid). The soybean aphid was able to move quickly across
the continental United States. These small insects utilized wind currents to be carried great distances
and luckily for them the soybeans are one of

Essay on Sustainability
As it is commonly stated, an environmentally active student from the University of Connecticut–
Stamford comments, "The first step toward solving a problem is admitting there is one" (Lanslots).
In the area of environmental awareness, the solution must be executed on both an individual and a
corporate level. Aldo Leopold states, "A conservationist is one who is humbly aware that with each
stroke he is writing his signature on the face of the land" (73). Similarly we must realize that every
action we take has an intended or unintended consequence upon our earth. Each step towards the
conservation effort adds a signature to the plea to save our earth. As an up and coming chemistry
scholar, it is important to raise awareness of the state of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Smog is one of the most basic of the components harming our air. Not only are these pollutants
harming plants and animals, but they are also affecting human health. Pollutants are not the only
aspect of these threats that affect our health. While some people might question the reality of global
warming, it is an issue that can be avoided altogether by simple programs to limit production of
chemicals known to cause this warming process. Global warming due to carbon emissions over the
past one hundred years has caused the melting of permafrost in the Arctic. If this material is released
into our atmosphere, this will tip the methane balance overboard and flood our cities with extensive
amounts of carbon dioxide and methane (Jubb). If this warming is not stopped, toxic gases will be
released and limit the lifespan of humanity. In addressing this issue of depleting resources,
diminishing climate, and polluted environment, we must first look at the micro level of the problem.
This involves researching individual practices that can be performed in our daily lives and in effect,
lowering our own carbon footprint. Many have heard that it is wise to recycle and that solar energy
is becoming one of the most efficient ways to heat a home but what are some other ways to fix our
deficiencies? India is one of the top nations producing carbon emissions from their households.
According to Sristav, it is

Chemical Control Of The Colorado Potato Beetle
INTRODUCTION
Pests are nuisances, vectors for disease, and hinder the production of food and other goods. Pests
contribute to roughly 14% of the destruction of the world's annual agricultural output. Additionally,
they are vectors that allow for the transmission of many pathogens (Windley, 2012). The exact date
that pesticides were implemented into the practice of agriculture is unknown; however, it is
estimated that it likely has been around since the inception of early farming techniques. For
instance, sulfur was recorded to have been used as a chemical control for mites and insects as early
as 12000BC (Jones 1973). One common insecticide used in the Middle Ages in Persia and ancient
China consisted of an ingredient from the Dalmatian pyrethrum flowers. Containing 1.5% of
pyrethrin, the Dalmatian pyrethrum was the origin of an active insecticidal substance (Davies et al,
2007). Paris green (copper(II) acetate triarsenite or copper(II) acetoarsenite) was a key component in
the chemical control of the Colorado potato beetle during its application in 1871 (Alyokhin 2009).
The historical evidence of regular utilization of these insect deterrents indicates an awareness by
early agriculturists of the interactions between pest and the unique properties of chemicals that
destroy them. Furthermore, it is becoming more of a necessity to support the sustainability of the
needs of an ever–growing population of humans. However, the world may be "cutting off the nose
to spite the face"

The Dangers Of Trans-Trans-Resmethrin
The RB Product I would improve is Mortein NaturGuard Fly & Mosquito Killer Aerosol. This
Household insecticide is a pyrethroid based, which is a synthetic insecticide that chiefly functions as
a neurotoxin. According to several online customer reviews this product had an overall poor average
rating mainly due to its inefficiency which may possibly be a consequence of permethrin or allethrin
resistance. I would further develop this product by using a different neurotoxin. In addition to
permethrin and allethrin that is currently included in the mixture, I would suggest using d–trans–
Resmethrin. Bioresmethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide with several uses, which includes controlling
the adult mosquito population and hence would be a suitable

Head Lice Research Paper
Head lice are small, pesky bugs that spend their days living on the human scalp and feeding on
human blood. These parasites are a common problem world–wide with more than 6 million cases
per year solely in the United States (Bartels, Peterson, & Taylor, 2001). A study recently conducted
in the United States shows that most head lice have become resistant to over– –the–counter
medications, making it harder than ever for people to get rid of the parasites. The study took lice
from 48 states and through genomic DNA extraction between lice of the same sex and life span
found that one to three genetic mutations that are giving lice the ability to endure the most popular
over–the–counter treatments, specifically insecticides called permethrins and ... Show more content
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DDT, one of the first insecticides, showed resistance to a species of insects starting as early as 1946,
and this resistance has continued to progress and become documented showing that insects can
become resistant to any insecticide. ("Insecticide Resistance," 1958). Insecticide resistance has been
shown in four major ways: behavioral resistance, penetration resistance, knock–down resistance
(kdr), and metabolic resistance (Bartels et al., 2001). All of these types of resistance are allowing
insects to avoid the effects of the insecticide either by physically avoiding through their behavior, or
in the case of knock–down resistance, a phenotype trait is inherited giving the insect nerve
insensitivity of the major insecticides – DDT, pyrethrins, and pyrethroids – through a point mutation
(Gellatly et al.,

DDT Case Study
Control of pyrethroid and DDT–resistant Anopheles gambiae by application of indoor residual
spraying or mosquito nets treated with a long–lasting organophosphate insecticide, chlorpyrifos–
methyl The Malaria Journal presented a study in which experimental huts were investigated by the
BioMed Central within the means of DDT and safer alternatives through indoor residual
spraying(IRS) and insecticide treated nets(ITNs) testing in order to effectively eliminate the most
mosquitoes, or in this case, Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus, the vector species
responsible for rapid spread of malaria in southern Benin. A main goal of this study includes finding
factual data on more environmentally safe alternatives to DDT in order to more ... Show more
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After collecting this data they transferred it into online programs like Excela and STATA for further
mathematical analysis. In the end the measurements of effectiveness were pretty shocking. For the
ITNs trials, it was shown that 45% of the An. gambiae were extinguished with chlorpyrifos methyl–
treated net and about 30% for the lambda–cyhalothrin–treated net. However, for the IRS trials they
found a brilliant 96% An. gambiae mortality rate with chlorpyrifos methyl, 50% rate for DDT, and
31% for lambda–cyhalothrin.For both ITNs and IRS the Cx. quinquefasciatus mortality rates were
significantly lower, despite CM's 66%, every other chemical killed about 15% or lower. The overall
research depicted that CM was far more effective at defeating these specific vectors of mosquito
than the other chemicals tested. They continued testing for eight weeks and their data proved that
CM continued providing strong results the whole time as DDT and LC significantly decreased in
ability to kill these mosquitos over time. These results provide striking evidence that DDT
alternatives not only work well but can surpass DDT's efficiency and longevity.The investigators
conclude that with modern technology cost effective chemically formulated alternatives to DDT can
be used to help eradicate the spreading of malaria. Personally, through this study I have

Zka Virus Essay
Before a cure is created for the Zika Virus, it is imperative to realize that the methods used by vector
control officials affect the transmissibility of the virus. By utilizing the SEIR model to simulate the
spread of Zika over a given amount of days, vector officials can understand their effect on
decreasing the mosquito number. Since, in many cases, speed is a necessity to make a decision
regarding the treatment of a virus, the java simulation program can provide vital insight into an ideal
course of action. The simulation is highly flexible in that its user can adjust parameters as needed.
Although it is highly unlikely that cities would choose to reduce the mosquito to human ratio from
5:1 to 2:1 as that could translate into sweeping out millions of mosquitoes, it is important ... Show
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First, since scientists are discovering that insecticides are becoming less efficient in removing vast
amount of mosquitoes, new methods such as introducing genetically modified mosquitoes are being
implemented (13). Under the controversial RIDL program (Releasing of insects carrying dominant
lethal genes) genetically modified mosquito vectors are released into the environment without the
ability to replicate arboviruses (i.e. zika) (13). Research can be conducted to integrate this new
GMO technology into the mathematical model to find its effect on the transmissibility and the R0
value. Additional research can be conducted to find the effects of a vaccine being discovered and
mapping the optimal percentage of vaccinations required in a population for the Zika Virus to be
non lethal. Although this is purely hypothetical, scientists are actively working to find cures and can
soon become quite relevant. Finally, one can research an agent based Zika model in which the
movement of humans and vectors is stochastic (random) which can, in turn, add to the precision and
reliability of a model

The Effects Of Alcohol On The Human Body
According to Zhang Lening, John Welte, and William Wieczorek's article "The Role Of Aggression–
Related Alcohol Expectancies in Explaining the Link between Alcohol and Violent Behavior" They
state that, "As Lang (19) observes, expectations and tolerance of deviance in those under the
influence of alcohol should increase the likelihood of a positive correlation between drinking and
aggression" (Lening, Welte, and Wieczorek 466). They inform us that people who drink alcohol are
likely to increase their aggression which may be triggered while the consumption of alcohol.
Although people enjoy alcohol, it's harmful towards the human body. They support Maia Szalavitz
claim because alcohol is considered to be a recreational drug which she links medication to
aggression. At the same time, Ferris Jabr would agree with them because the active ingredients
found in alcohol shares similar affects in comparison to pyrethroid; affecting the human body and
triggering aggressive behavior. When trying to prove violent behavior is caused multiple
contributors other than one, Alcohol serves a prime example because the consumption, the
ingredients, and social use of the recreational drug are all contributors linked to violent behavior.
There are many different combinations of contributors that increase the violent tensions.
Aggravation is another form of violent behavior. Typically, aggravation happens when an individual
in the process of feeling or being annoyed. It's an emotion that builds up

Common Insecticides Behavior Problems
The article I choose was "Common Insecticides May Be Linked to Kids' Behavior Problems" by
Lindsey Konkel and Environmental Health News and the reason why I choose this article because I
find the human brain interesting and I like learning about different chemicals and the effects that
chemicals can have on the brain. One question that the article did not answer was that, after saying
that more research is still needed, they did not say how they were going to do further research. The
author's intent on writing this article to inform people that pesticides can still be harmful to children
even after organophosphate, a former chemical in pest killers, was removed and there are still other
chemicals that can cause threats to children developmental growth. ... Show more content on
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The article explain that this is one of the first studies that explore the possible human health risks
that pyrethroid, a chemical that has replaced organophosphate since it has been proven to cause
delayed brain growth in children , might have on children ages newborn to eleven years old. The
results of experiment are causing quires about whether or not pesticides using pyrethroid are safe.
Researcher's detected pyrethroid in the urine of 97% percent of kids tested and 91% of another type
of chemical found in pesticides. One of the products that pyrethroid can be broken down into cis–
DCCA which was related to kids having a greater chance of having their parents saying they
behavioral problems. Another break down byproduct is trans–DCCA which was linked to other
behavioral problems, but the results were not extremely notable and could have been a

Building A Risk Management Plan
In order to effectively development a risk management plan that will be effective, it is important to
start with discussing the framework for risk management as provided by the
Presidential/Congressional Commission. We will review each step as well as dis–cuss how each step
will be used in the current context of a recent health concern of current head lice species have
become resistant to the most widely used chemical used to treat this condition. There are opposing
views on whether the common treatment is not effective or if it is not administered correctly.
The framework six stages are: 1–defining the problem and put into context, the problem in this case
is the inability of current methods to treat infestation of head lice; 2–analyze risks associated with
problem in context, the risks are the potential for the condition to spread, longer infection periods,
requiring higher costs for more advanced treatments; 3–examine options for addressing risk, some
of the options are better edu–cating parents on effective over the counter treatment methods, when it
is necessary to consult the child's physician and when should the more costly options be considered,
particularly if they have not been found to be more effective, are they worth it?, devel–oping other
drugs the bugs are not immune to would also need to be considered; 4–decide which option or
options to implement, the quickest and easiest of the afore men–tioned options is better education of
parents in the proper methods of

Hazardous Product, Amdro Powerflex Home Pest Indoor Insect...
Amdro Powerflex Amdro Powerflex Home Pest Indoor Insect Killer is sold by AMBRANDs out of
Georgia. It is of the Pyrethroid Pesticide chemical family. Some of the ingredients are Zeta–
cypermethrin and a "proprietary surfectant blend". The product is composed of 0.35% zeta–
cypermethrin, <2% of the surfectant, with the rest assumed to be water. Although the company does
not disclose the proprietary surfectant, the zeta–cypermethrin is described in detail in the MSDS
available on the companies web–site.(Zeta–cypermethrin) Zeta–cypermethrin was first synthesized
in 1974. The IUPAC name for zeta–cypermethrin is [Cyano–(3–phenoxyphenyl)methyl]3–(2,2–
dichloroethenyl)–2,2–dimethylcyclopropane–1–carboxylate with the chemical formula of ... Show
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The MSDS provided by AMBRANDS specifically points out that this pesticide is extremely toxic to
fish, aquatic invertebrates, oysters, and shrimp. It is highly recommended that the product not be
allowed to come in contact with any water sources such as storm drains, drainage ditches, gutters, or
surface waters. It is also suggested that cypermethrin should be applied if possible when rain is not
predicted for the next 24 hours to help ensure that the pesticide is not inadvertently spread.
According to the npic (national pesticide information center) Men who voluntarily ingested low
doses of cypermethrin in corn oil excreted between 49–78 percent of cypermethrin within 24 hours.
(Cypermethrin) This leads to the conclusion that cypermethrin is unlikely to accumulate in the body.
As far as chemical properties zeta–cypermethrin has the following characteristics. A molar mass of
416.30 g/mol, a pH of 4.44 using a 1% solution. The boiling point is > 100 C, and practically
odorless. Zeta–cypermethrin is a white to off–white liquid, and highly soluble in water. The flash
point is recorded at > 200 F and the pesticide has proven to be only slightly combustible but may
support combustion at elevated temperatures. The chemical is thought to be stable with the
exceptions of exposure to excessive heat and fire. Hazardous products released by decomposition
include Carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, chlorine, and hydrogen chloride. Bibliography:
"Amdro® PowerFlex®."

Health Cases throughout the World
In case 4, eliminating polio in Latin America and the Caribbean, polio, one of the most infectious
diseases, paralyzed thousands of children every year worldwide before the oral polio vaccine was
introduce in 1977. As polio intestinal virus paralysis by invading the central nervous system, the
virus exponentially widespread with a series of polio outbreaks up to 15,000 cases and 1750 deaths
each year in Latin America and the Caribbean. In 1985, Pan American Health organization (PAHO)
began a polio eradication campaign in the region for routine immunization by Expanded Programme
on Immunization. The program had two crucial objectives: mobilizing financial and social
commitments in the region and organizing managerial surveillance to carry out immunization in
each country. In a vertical way to set immunization strategies, diverse international organizations
such as UNICEF and USAID coordinated Inter–Agency Committee (ICC) for a five–year National
Plan of Action. To increase immunization coverage in areas with weak routine health services, all
endemic countries in the region performed national vaccine days twice a year to immunize every
child under 5. The campaign tackled the disease with house–to–house vaccination in communities
reporting polio cases and with low coverage. An extensive surveillance system also helped to track
the polio outbreaks with investigating each suspected case within 48 hours. Today polio has been
eliminated with continuous monitoring and regional

Advantage And Disadvantages Of Pesticides
Pesticides are the only toxic and hazardous substances released intentionally into our environment to
kill living things.
A pesticide is any substance used to kill, prevent, or control certain types of plant or animal life
which is called pests. It includes pesticides, herbicides, insecticides , fungicides , disinfectants , and
compounds used to control mice and rats. Because of the widespread use of agricultural chemicals
in food production, people are exposed to low levels of pesticide residues through their
diets(Biomagnification). We cannot yet have a clear understanding of the health hazards of these
pesticide residues. Other evidence suggests that children are very vulnerable to harmfull effects
from exposure to pesticides, including neurological developmental effects.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Pesticides and the Environment
From the 1900, onwards people been using various types of pesticides in ... Show more content on
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There is evidence that some of these chemicals do pose a potential risk to humans and other life
forms and unwanted side effects to the environment .there is no segment of the population is
completely protected against affects of pesticides and the serious health effects.The world–wide
deaths and chronic diseases due to pesticide poisoning number about 1 million per year .
Ground water contamination
Groundwater pollution due to pesticides is a worldwide problem. During one survey in India, 58%
of drinking water samples drawn from various hand pumps and wells around Bhopal were
contaminated with Organo Chlorine pesticides above the EPA standards . Once ground water is
polluted with toxic chemicals, it will take many years for the contamination to be cleaned up.
Surface water

Super Lice Research Paper
Treatment–resistant 'Super Lice' found in Texas and 24 other states Finding a solution for treating
head lice may leave a lot of parents scratching their heads this school years. Just picking up a box of
over–the–counter head lice treatment may no longer be enough, that's because a new breed of "super
lice" have been identified in Texas and in 24 other states. Over–the–counter topical solutions such as
Rid and Nix, as well as their generic equivalents have been the go–to answer when children come
home scratching their heads a little more than usual. These medications contain the active
ingredients permethrin or pyrethrin, a class of chemicals called pyrethroids. What has happened, is
the general population has used products containing the pyrethroids with such frequency, over an
extended period of time, that lice have become resistant to them; and the ingredients ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some parents may wish to take a more natural approach to the problem, employing natural products
like essential oils. "I have noticed that more and more parents are using healthier options and more
natural deterrents for lice such as tea tree oil," said Susan C. Stevens, director of the Albany
Chidlren's Center in Calfifornia, in an interview with Healthline. "Parents use a shampoo or
conditioner with this ingredient to repel lice." Healthline also reports useage of ingredients such as
coconut oil, eucalyptus oil, lavender oil, menthol, or rosemary oil. But just like any drug, continued
use of the products could lead to treatment resistance. "People thing these chemicals are safe
because they're from nature. But they are very potent natural oils," said Kyong Yoon, Ph.D., lead
researcher in the study published in the Journal of Medical Entomology. "These products are easy to
access, but there's a potential problem. They'll become

South African Healthcare
Before visiting South Africa, you may need to get the following vaccinations and medications for
vaccine–preventable diseases and other diseases you might be at risk for at your destination: (Note:
Your doctor or health–care provider will determine what you will need, depending on factors such as
your health and immunization history, areas of the country you will be visiting, and planned
activities.)
To have the most benefit, see a health–care provider at least 4–6 weeks before your trip to allow
time for your vaccines to take effect and to start taking medicine to prevent malaria, if you need it.
Even if you have less than 4 weeks before you leave, you should still see a health–care provider for
needed vaccines, anti–malaria drugs and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
|
|Typhoid |Recommended for all unvaccinated people traveling to or working in Southern Africa,
especially if |
| |visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas and staying with friends or relatives where exposure |
| |might occur through food or water. |
|Rabies |Recommended for travelers spending a lot of time outdoors, especially in rural areas,
involved in |
| |activities such as bicycling, camping, or hiking. Also recommended for travelers with significant |
| |occupational risks (such as veterinarians), for long–term travelers and expatriates living in areas
with|
| |a significant risk of exposure, and for travelers involved in any activities that might bring them
into |
| |direct contact with bats, carnivores, and other mammals. Children are considered at higher risk
because |
| |they tend to play with animals, may receive more severe bites, or may not report bites. |
Malaria
Areas of South Africa with Malaria: Present in the Mpumalanga Province, Limpopo (Northern)
Province, and northeastern KwaZulu–Natal as far south as the Tugela River. Present

Louse Infest Horses
Two species of louse infest horses; Haematopinus asini (Suckling louse) which feed on blood
obtained by puncturing the skin and Bovicola equi (Damalina equi) feeds on skin debris and scales
(Sorrell et al., 2010). Lice are host specific and can survive only for few days away from the host.
Female lice lay eggs on the skin which are firmly cemented on the hair safts. Proper maintenance of
stable hygiene is compulsory to prevent the louse infestation. Initial clinical signs comprise
erythematous area of alopecia on the neck, cranial to the dorsocranial aspect of the scapula. Later on
the animal becomes very pruritic, and the lesion may expand to 15 to 20 cm in diameter, with
alopecia, thickening of the dermis, and epidermal scale (Silva et al., 2013). Closer examination of
the lesion and adjacent mane reveals yellow–brown insects ... Show more content on
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It is considered as a hypersensitivity reaction to the migrating larvae of stomach worms Habronema
microstoma, H. muscae and Dreschia megastoma. Both the stable and house fly deposit their larvae
on manure, which injest the stomach worm larvae and serves as intermediate host. The adult flies
deposit stomach worm larvae wherever they feed like mucocutaneus junction, wounds and other
moist regions of the animal's body. The larvae deposited near mouth or lips complete their life cycle
and become adult in the stomach. The larvae can penetrate wounds and moistened skin lesions and
may reach to dermal and subcutaneous tissues and eventually die (Rebhun, 1996; Yarmut et
al.,2008). The disease occurs more in the fly season with warm weather and regress during winters.
Calcification and deposition of sulfur granules are the characterstic for stomach worm lesion
(Pusturela et al.,2003). The larvae deposited on the mucous membranes or on injured tissue do not
complete their life cycle and induce a local inflammatory reaction causing cutaneous (summer
sores) or ophthalmic habronemiasis (Traversa et al.,

Oxidative stress promotion: Disturbance of the...
Oxidative stress promotion: Disturbance of the prooxidant–antioxidant balance in favour of the
former is termed as oxidative stress (Aly et al. 2010; Uchendu et al. 2012). The outcome of this
multistep process is tissue damage which builds a path from the onset of tissue damage through
diseases to finally apoptosis (Agrawal and Sharma 2010). Damage induced by oxidative stress
occurs through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which includes oxygen derived free
radicals such as superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and non radical derivatives as hydrogen
peroxide (Tebourbi et al. 2011; Verma et al. 2007). ROS induces alterations and damage to
macromolecules like lipids and proteins, most common phenomena being lipid peroxidation ...
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Pyrethroids also interfere with Ca balance. They inhibit both Ca–ATPase and Ca–MgATPase. This
results in impact on neurotransmitter release and inhibition of Ca uptake (Coats 1990).
Xenobiotics may enhance the sensitization to allergens because of their modulating effect on T–
cells. Neoantigen formation, metabolism of xenobiotics into reactive–haptenic metabolites,
induction of costimulatory enzymes and sensitization of T–cells can give rise to autoimmunity and
allergies (Reichrtova et al. 1999).
Health Impacts of pesticide exposure:
Human exposure whether directly or through diet may result in acute and delayed health effects.
Food contaminated with toxic pesticides is associated with severe effects on human health (Kaushik
et al. 2009, Forget 1991; Amoguis et al. 2010; Androutsopoulos et al. 2012). WHO estimates show
that over 500,000 people died from self poisoning in South East Asia and Western Pacific during
2000 alone (WHO 2001; Litchfield 2005). In developing countries, the estimated annual incidence
rate in agricultural workers was found to be 18.2 per 100 000 full–time workers and 7.4 per million
school children (Bolognesi and Merlo 2011). In India, poisoning due to pesticides was first reported
in 1958 in Kerela where over more than 100 people died after consuming parathion contaminated
wheat flour (Karunakaran 1958) and the proportion has been quite

The Association Of Pyrethroid Pesticides And Attention...
The association of pyrethroid pesticides and attention–deficit/hyperactivity disorder has implications
that could affect the way we think about pesticides and health. The fact that there is evidence
suggesting a link between these two things may be very important to public health. As a result,
precautions and/or changes could definitely be present in the near future. This is not a small finding,
and it could be the first of many to suggest a need for further investigation into the use of pesticides.
With this evidence, precautions and/or changes need to be made, especially, in children and
expecting/nursing mothers Pyrethroids are a toxin, and they affect every living thing they come in
contact with. They are thought to be safer because they are derived from plants, but many plants are
also toxic (1). The thought that these will not affect humans in any way is senseless, and already
repercussions are being seen. If it is linked to ADHD, it could also be linked to other mental and
even physical impairments. These health implications are real and could possibly get worse with the
growing use of this pesticide.
Monitoring mice in different controlled activity settings for one to two hour periods assessed
locomotor activity. Some mice were injected with methylphenidate and SKF82958 following a
thirty minute habituation period, then monitored for an additional sixty minutes of activity. Other
mice had their dopamine levels depleted to less than 5% of the control

The Effect Of Original Function Of Hbhnl
Although the original function of HbHNL is to produce HCN from acetone cyanohydrins for plant
defense purpose, its reversible reaction to produce enantiopure cyanohydrins makes it an industrial
relevant enzyme (Fig. 1.6a). Besides acetone, it is also able to take a bigger substrate such as
benzaldehyde and turn it into mandelonitrile with optical purity up to 99%.15 HbHNL is known to
turn different aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes and methyl ketones into different cyanohydrins.15
Cyanohydrins are useful precursors to agrochemicals and pharmaceutical products. For example,
(R)–2–chlorobenzaldehyde cyanohydrin is the precursor of Clopidogel (Plavix), which is a blood
clot inhibitor.16 Pyrethroids, made from (S)–phenoxybenzaldehyde cyanohydrins, are an important
synthesis route to insecticides.16 HbHNL catalyzes an unnatural reaction, nitro aldol reaction (Fig.
1.6b).17,18 The nitro–aldol reaction is an important industrial reaction as the enantiopure products
could potentially be the precursors to useful intermediate such as 1,2–aminoalcohols and α–
hydroxycarboxylic acids17. My overarching goals of this project is to: 1) improve the nitro–aldol
activity of HbHNL and HNL1, a reconstructed ancestral enzyme of HbHNL by using directed
evolution; 2) determine which enzyme is more capable of producing better nitro–aldolase by using
suitable statistical analysis.
HbHNL and MeHNL share 77% sequence identity. HNL1 was reconstructed from these two
enzymes along with other modern

How Do Pesticides Cause Biochemical Changes In Fish
Pesticides cause biochemical changes in fish and influence their activities changes enzyme activity
in the exposure phase and recovery phase. This change is due to the induced biotransformation to
meet the increased energy demands under sustained and prolonged toxic stress as an adaptive
response. Changes in the levels of oxidative enzymes in the gill and muscle tissues of the pesticide
exposed fish suggested that it is due to the toxic effect of the combination pesticide (Chlorpyrifos
50% + Cypermethrin 5% EC). Pyrethroid are metabolized and eliminated significantly more slowly
by fish than by mammals or birds (Bradbury & Coats 1989). Oxidative stress occurs when critical
balance between oxidants and antioxidants is disrupted due to excessive ... Show more content on
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Glutathione helps to protect cells from reactive oxygen species. GSH checks free radical damage
and helps detoxification by conjugating with chemicals. Increase in reactive oxygen species
protection causes GSH depletion. GSH acts as cofactor for Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) and
Glutathione–S–transferase (GST). Glutathione–S–transferase is thought to play a physiological role
in initiating the detoxification and these enzymes catalyse the reaction of such compounds with the
–SH group of glutathione, thereby neutralizing their electrophilic sites and rendering the products
more water–soluble. GPx is present throughout the tissues as four different isoenzymes, cellular,
extracellular glutathione peroxidase, as phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase and
gastrointestinal glutathione peroxidase (Alam et al 2013). GPx low activity is one of the early
consequences of a disturbance of the prooxidant or antioxidant balance due to toxic exposure.
Glutathione reductase plays an important role in maintaining a basic GSH pool, via catalysing the
reduction of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) to GSH in NADPH–dependent reaction (Yao Chen et al

Types Of Integrated Pest Management Programs Against Cotton
The spiny bollworm, E. insulana and the pink bollworm, P. gossypiella are the most serious pest's
infested cotton in Egypt. The reduction in cotton yield was mostly related to the
Review of literature
39
late season infestation with both species and the economic yields are almost impossible to achieve
without their chemical control. In Egypt, Khidr et al. (1996) tested the efficacy of the pyrethroids,
cypermethrin, cis–cyfluthrin, S–fenvalerate, fenpropathrin and cyhalothrin against
P. gossypiella and E. insulana. They stated that, all insecticides gave a high degree of control against
cotton bollworms and the treatment increased the yield of cotton significantly over the control, with
s–fenvalerate being the best treatment. Aref (1997) evaluated the efficiency of integrated pest
management programs against cotton bollworms under field conditions. The author stated that,
dursban was more effective against bollworms than kindo or larvainand no clear correlations were
found between moth catches and flower infestation. Sharaf (2003) at
El–Mansoura, evaluated the field efficiency of insecticides against P. gossypiella and E. insulana
infesting cotton plants. The author tested three chemical insecticides groups, four pyrethroids, two
organophosphates and one carbamate. Tested pyrethroids were the most effective which induced the
highest percentage of reduction in bollworms larvae population, followed by carbamate and
organophosphorous insecticides. The sequence of dursban, kendo

Violent Behavior : The Contributors
Triggering Violent Behavior: the Contributors
Violence can be everywhere but what may actually trigger violent behaviors is difficult to figure out.
Many believe violent behavior is triggered by a certain outcome. Although this may be true, violent
behavior can be triggered by a combination of factors. Media, Chemicals, and even society are all
known as factors that can influence one to become violent. Forms of violent behavior include
aggression, aggravation, and/or frustration.
Aggression is a form of violent behavior. Aggressiveness is triggered by number of causes, but to
pin point the actual cause is challenging. With many different causes to violent behavior, anything
can be linked to it. According to Mc Miller's article "Does ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Although media violence may be neither a necessary nor a sufficient cause of any individual 's
violent actions that does not mean it should be ignored (Miller 6). He informs us about possible
factors associated with violent behavior rather than linking a single factor to violence such as media.
Excluding a possible factor can be vital when trying to figure out what triggers violent behavior
since pin pointing the actually cause is hard enough. Since there are many different possibilities that
trigger violent behavior, it's hard to exclude any contributor.
Another contributor to violent behavior is media. For many years, video games have been highly
criticized to have harmful effects. Vincent Cicchirillo and Rebecca Chory–Assad's article "Effects of
Affective Orientation and Video Game Play on Aggressive Thoughts and Behaviors" states,
"Regarding media violence, Sparks and Sparks (2002) suggested that the role played by individual
differences in the media violence–aggressive behavior link and effects of video games on aggressive
behavior will be the foci of future research" (Cicchirillo & Chory–Assad 436). They believe video
games are the significant cause of violent behavior and focus on exploiting the effects. In another
article called "Popular Video Games: Quantifying the Presentation of Violence and Its Context",
Ken Lachlan, Stacy L. Smith, and Ron Tamborini claim, "Theory and research reveals playing video
games can have a negative impact on

The Problem Of African Trypanosomiasis
African Trypanosomiasis is also known as sleeping sickness. It is important to understand that
African Trypanosomiasis is a vector–borne parasitic disease with a geographical distribution limited
to the African continent where the disease is predominant. The parasites concerned are protozoa
belonging to the genus Trypanosoma (WHO, 2008). The disease is transmitted by the bite of a tsetse
fly, which has acquired their infection from human beings or from "animals harboring the human
pathogenic parasites" (WHO, 2008).
Human African trypanosomiasis(HAT) occurs only in sub–Saharan Africa in regions where tsetse
flies are localised, without tsetse flies, the disease cannot be transmitted. For the disease to be
transmitted it is necessary to have the presence of someone infected or infected animals in the
community and tsetse fly (WHO, 2008).
HAT is among the most serious Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD). If untreated it is invariably
fatal, with gambiensese form generally causing a chronic disease leading to fatal squeal after some
years(Checchi et al, 2008).
Over 60 million people are living in 250 locations are at risk of contracting the disease, and under
10,000 new cases were reported in 2009. Occasionally, a pregnant woman can pass the infection to
her unborn baby. In theory, the infection can also be transmitted by blood transfusion or sexual
contact, but such cases have rarely been documented (CDC, 2012).
The closely related African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT)

A Brief Note On Concentration And Surface Water
Estimating Bifenthrin Concentration in Surface water in Urban Sacramento.
Introduction
Pyrethroid insecticides have replaced organophosphates (OP) insecticides, such as, diazinon and
chlorpyrifos for structural pest control and landscape maintenance in most urban environments in
the United States in recent times. Pyrethroids are manufactured derivatives of pyrethrins, which are
natural insecticides that are produced by certain species of chrysanthemum. These insecticides are
neurotoxins and focus on the central nervous system of insects', thereby, making it exceptionally
viable in pest control. These chemicals are broadly utilized by professional applicators to keep pests
out of structures either as landscape application, or as perimeter treatments. Other than professional
applications which are documented, pyrethroids are also incorporated in many pest control products
that are designed for homeowners and available at retail stores, however the utilization of these
items are not all around reported documented (Moran, 2006). The combination of these uses
(professionals and homeowners) aids in the increase presence of pyrethroids on urban landscape and
structures which are later washed–off to urban creeks. The most commonly suspected modes of
transport of pesticide residues from urban application sites to downstream pesticide contamination is
by means of irrigation (dry) or runoff (rain).
In spite of the fact that pyrethroid insecticides are present in a wide variety of

The Present Study Of Four Cymothoid Isopods
In the present study, four cymothoid isopods (Anilocra physodes, Renocila thresherorum, lironeca
ovalis and Nerocila orbignyi ) isolated from three fish species (Solea Solea, Mugil capito and Tilapia
zilli). These results come in accordance with this finding of Williams &Williams (1999) who
reported that cymothoid Isospoda showed a great tendency to infect more than one fish species
where they can infest 10 orders and 20 families of fish. Concerning to Clinical signs, with regardless
the different in fish species, the clinical signs were nearly similar. the infested fish suffered from
sluggish movement and emaciation. Large parasites measured from (14–32 mm length) were seen
on gills or skin, with one to three parasite per fish, unilateral or bilateral occupying branchial cavity
of the fish. parasite was highly attached leaving hemorrhagic necrotic ulcer or petechial hemorrhage.
Gills showed sever hemorrhagic filament, multifocal petechial hemorrhage in the inner side of gill
cover. These results also similar to that reported by Maather et al., 2015, Abd El Aal and El Ashrum
2011 and Youssef et al., 2014. The exerted pressure induced by the parasites on host tissues, besides,
their feeding habit on host blood explain the observed inflammatory reaction and ulceration induced
by cymothoid sp. at the site of attachment on fish ( Moles, 1983). The prevalence was counted
according to availability of the fish in the Qaroun lake in different

Challenges Faced By Prevention Of Malaria Essay
Challenges faced in prevention of malaria
The use of the various interventions in preventing malaria infections and deaths has faced a number
of challenges including;
Knowledge gap
Knowledge gaps exists in the community and health workers when it comes to controlling and
eliminating malaria. According to Raman et al. (2016), knowledge gaps exist on how the disease is
transmitted, implementation of surveillance systems, and low perception of malaria risk. Likewise,
Singh, Brown and Rogerson (2013) found out that there were knowledge gaps in antenatal care, use
of bed nets and mosquito density when employing vector control as a malaria prevention
intervention. Similar knowledge gaps have also been identified by the World Health Organization
report that argues that most people in the sub–Saharan Africa cannot access diagnostic malaria
testing and treatment because of lack of awareness in the community and among caregivers (2015).
Economic Burden of Malaria on Health System
In sub–Saharan Africa, malaria costs makes up to 40% of public health expenditure with nearly
$300 million being used to manage cases (Ntonifor & Veyufambom, 2016; World Health
Organization, 2015). In a comparable study, Singh, Brown and Rogerson (2013) cited high costs as
the key barrier to achieving optimal coverage of ITNs. However, while the World Health
Organization reported fewer malaria cases since 2001, additional testing and treatment has driven up
case management costs to $330

The Future Of Natural Beekeeping Essay
The Future of Natural Beekeeping
By Philip Chandler | Submitted On September 17, 2012
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Expert Author Philip Chandler
What is 'natural beekeeping '?
The question should rather be, 'is any beekeeping natural? ' and the answer must be that, in nature,
only bees keep bees.
As humans, our interest in them has been primarily selfish: we saw them as the source of a uniquely
delicious, sweet substance and paid little heed to their pervasive presence in the natural world,
where, largely unnoticed, they went about their business of farming flowers.
Farming? In the same way that horticulturists select plant varieties for breeding, so have the bees
and other pollinators selected, over millions of years, the plants that provide them with food in the
forms of pollen and nectar and so have greatly influenced the colours and patterns of our landscapes
and the scents and flavours of the herbs and the hedgerow fruits that we have taken and further
developed into the food we eat.
In this sense, bees may indeed be thought of as farmers. They have been carefully and skillfully
selecting plants from among the available mutations and crosses for more

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Trypanosomiasis
African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness) Introduction: African Trypanosomiasis also known as
African sleeping sickness is a devastating zoonotic disease caused by a protozoan subspecies of
Trypanosoma through the bite of insect vectors of the genus Glossina (tsetse flies). Other than the
biting of flies, mechanical transmission through abraded wound also evident from the research. It
appears in different forms, is affected by varied epidemiological and ecological processes, and so is
difficult to pin down. One major consequence of this is that there has been, and remains, great
controversy about how to control the disease, and what to focus on through what methods. As per
epidemiological triad approach, Trypanosomiasis is ideal public health ... Show more content on
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To control a wide range of ectoparasites in cattle, synthetic pyrethroid have been used since long.
Synthetic pyrethroid like Deltamethrin is found to be most potent and persistent, with safety and
efficacy against ectoparasites even at very low dosages. It is evident from various research studies
that Deltamethrin is effective on large group of ectoparasites like tse tse flies, ticks and mosquitoes.
Also, cattle dipping with Deltamethrin have been established as an acceptable form of vector

The Negative Effects Of Pesticides And Its Effects On The...
For centuries, pesticides have been used in agriculture to increase the production of high–quality
crops by controlling diseases' vectors. Recently, they are increasingly used worldwide but its
severity is much pronounced in the third world countries. Among commonly used pesticides,
organochlorine and pyrethroids are used in agriculture, medicine, and industrial fields. The
extensive application of pesticides has a negative effect on the environment particularly water.
Owning to overspray and drain of pesticides from fields into water bodies, it can be easily
contaminated. Moreover, it is generally known that aquatic animals and fish may uptake these
compounds present in drainage water and in phytoplankton then bioaccumulation (Arnot and Gobas,
2004). Fish is a biomarker to environmental contamination thereby, pesticides may cause many
physiological and biochemical changes influencing the activities of several enzymes and metabolites
(Mukesh, 2013) even exposure to low levels of pesticides have adverse biological effects
(Hernandez et al., 2006). Mullet is very important marine fish and represents both freshwater and
brackish water fish. Mullet (Mugil capito) constitute the majority of the aquaculture Mugil sp.
harvest in Egypt due to availability and abundance of wild fry (Sadek and Mires, 2000). Moreover,
it is extremely opportunistic feeders and feeds on accessible food (El–Dahhar et al., 2013).
Therefore, natural food could represent a definite micronutrient to

Timber Devastator: Structural Sacrifice
Many schools in the State of New York used a low–cost mulch around their buildings. This mulch
was infested with the Timber Devastator, an invasive subterranean termite. Normally this termite
wouldn't be able to survive the winter, but they have been able to overwinter within the schools
causing serious structural damage. The goal of this paper is to identify am environmentally friendly,
time conscious, and economically feasible plan for controlling this pest.
The biology of the Timber Devastator is largely unknown, however it resembles native subterranean
termites. One of the most troubling characteristics of this termite is its resistance to food based baits.
These baits usually reduce the amount of pesticide used to treat subterranean ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
University of Tennessee Extension. Web. Accessed 10 Decmeber, 2014.
http://eppserver.ag.utk.edu/redbook/professionalinsects.pdf
Klotz, J. H., Rust, M. K., Hansen, L. D. Carpenter Ants. University of California State Wide
Integrated Pest Management Program. August, 2009. Page 1. Accessed 10 December 2014.
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7416.html
Su, Nan– Yao., and Scheffrahn, Rudolf .H. (1990). Economically important termites in the United
States and their control. Socialbiology 17, 1, 77–94.
Su, N., & Scheffrahn, R. (1998). A review of subterranean termite control practices and prospects
for integrated pest management programmes. Integrated Pest Management Reviews, 3(1), 1–13.
Retrieved December 8, 2014, from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1009684821954
Tamashiro, M., Fujii, J., & Lai, P. (1973). A Simple Method to Observe, Trap, and Prepare Large
Numbers of Subterranean Termites for Laboratory and Field Experiments. Environmental
Entomology, 2(4), 721–722. Retrieved December 10, 2014, from

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Pesticides
Pesticides are the only toxic substances released intentionally into our environment to kill living
things.
A pesticide is any substance used to kill, repel, or control certain forms of plant or animal life that is
pests. Pesticides include herbicides for destroying weeds and other unwanted vegetation,
insecticides for controlling a wide variety of insects, fungicides used to prevent the growth of molds
and mildew, disinfectants for preventing the spread of bacteria, and compounds used to control mice
and rats. Because of the widespread use of agricultural chemicals in food production, people are
exposed to low levels of pesticide residues through their diets. We cannot syet have a clear
understanding of the health effects of these pesticide residues. Other evidence suggests that children
are very susceptible to adverse effects from exposure to pesticides, including neurological
developmental effects.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Pesticides and the Environment ... Show more content on
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These include organochlorine, organophosphate, carbamates, and pyrethroids, which all became
successful in controlling pests. However we should understand its prons and cons also.
Benefits
There are many positive effects of using pesticides and the environment is getting the direct or
indirect results of pesticide application.
One of the important benefit of pesticide use is the eradication of certain species which cause threats
to forest trees. Example, budworms or loopers can kill thousands of trees due to defoliation. To
overcome this, scientists have studied the Bacillus thuringiensis var. a bacterium that naturally
occurs in the environment. It will kill insects, hemlock looper, larvae, and budworms.
Improving

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