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Cancer screening
Simenar-1

gehad abdullah
Introduction to Screening
 Estimates of the premature deaths that

could have been avoided through
screening vary from 3% to 35%, depending
on a variety of assumptions. There
are, however, several potential harms that
must be considered against any potential
benefit of screening for cancer.

gehad abdullah
Con” Introduction to Screening
 Another harm is the false-positive

test result, which may lead to anxiety
and unnecessary invasive diagnostic
procedures.

gehad abdullah
Cont” Introduction to Screening
 A less familiar harm is over

diagnosis, i.e., the diagnosis of a condition
that would not have become clinically
significant had it not been detected by
screening. This harm is becoming more
common as screening tests become more
sensitive at detecting tiny tumors.
 Finally, a false-negative screening test
may falsely reassure an individual with
subsequent clinical signs or symptoms of
cancer and thereby actually delay
diagnosis and effective treatment.
gehad abdullah
Cont” Introduction to Screening
 Finally, a false-negative screening test may

falsely reassure an individual with
subsequent clinical signs or symptoms of
cancer and thereby actually delay
diagnosis and effective treatment.

gehad abdullah
gehad abdullah
breast cancer statistics in saudi
arabia
 A woman has a one in eight chance of developing

breast cancer in her lifetime.
 Number one diagnosed cancer of women in the

KSA.
 6,922 female breast cancer cases were recorded in

the Saudi Cancer Registry from 2001 to 2008. The
highest overall percentages (38.6% and 31.2%) of
female breast cancer cases were documented in
women who were 30–44 and 45–59 years of
age, respectively. gehad abdullah
breast cancer statistics in saudi arabia
 The eastern region of Saudi Arabia had the

highest overall ASIR, at 26.6 per 100,000
women, followed by Riyadh at 20.5 and
Makkah at 19.4. Jazan, Baha, and Asir had
the lowest average ASIRs, at 4.8, 6.1, and
7.3 per 100,000 women, respectively.
 Men can develop breast cancer too, but it

occurs less frequently.

gehad abdullah
Signs and Symptoms
Change in the
appearance
A change in the appearance of nipple including a nipple that is turning inward that •
of the nipple normally has pointed outward or is scaly or cracked.

gehad abdullah
• A change in the appearance of nipple
including a nipple that is turning inward that
normally has pointed outward or is scaly or
cracked.

gehad abdullah
Signs and Symptoms
Nipple
discharge that
comes
• Nipple discharge that comes without any prompting.
without any
prompting.

gehad abdullah
Signs and Symptoms
•A lump or
thickening in or
near the breast
or in the
underarm area.

gehad abdullah
Clinical Breast Exam

A clinical breast exam
is when a health-care
provider looks for and
feels for any changes
in your breasts.
Clinical Breast Exam (CBE)
• A clinical breast-exam or CBE is when a health-

care provider looks for and feels for any changes
in your breasts. This includes checking the breasts
and under the arms for lumps or other unusual
changes.
• For women who are still menstruating, a CBE

should be scheduled during the time of the month
when the breasts are the least tender. This would
be 5 to 10 days after the start of their period.
gehad abdullah
Clinical Breast Exam (CBE)
• For women who are not longer menstruating, a

CBE can be scheduled at any time.
• A clinical breast exam can find a lump that may be

missed on a mammogram. A lump should never
be ignored just because it is not visible on a
mammogram. Talk to your health-care provider
about what additional tests may be needed

gehad abdullah
Mammogram
A mammogram is
important.
A mammogram is
an x-ray of the
breast. It can detect
breast cancer two to
three years before a
lump can be felt.

gehad abdullah
Mammogram
• A mammogram is an x-ray of the breast. The breast is

placed between two plastic plates which presses the
breast to make it flat.
• It usually involves two x-rays of each breast.

gehad abdullah
Mammogram
• Mammograms can detect breast cancer 2-3 years

before it is large enough to feel.
• For women 40 years of age and older, talk to your

health-care provider about when to begin having
mammograms and how often.

gehad abdullah
A change in your breast
you see or feel does not
mean it’s breast cancer.
However, any change should be
checked by a health care provider

gehad abdullah
Cervical Cancer Screening

gehad abdullah
What do you know about cervical
cancer screening ?

gehad abdullah
Where is the cervix?

gehad abdullah
What is a Pap test?
•Can find abnormal changes on the cervix.
•Treating early changes can prevent cancer of
the cervix.
•The Pap test is free.

gehad abdullah
What causes abnormal
changes on the cervix?
•HPV (Human Papillomavirus)
•HPV is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI)
•You can pass this virus without knowing it to men or
women

gehad abdullah
HPV
•HPV can cause abnormal changes on a
woman’s cervix
•Sometimes abnormal changes can become
cancerous.
•A Pap test can find these abnormal changes
before they turn into cancer.

gehad abdullah
Pap test…

gehad abdullah
Pap test…
-a speculum is inserted into the vagina in order to get a good view of
the cervix
-your health care provider will use a thin wooden stick called a spatula
and a soft cervical brush called a cytobrush to remove cells from the
cervix.

-the Pap test should not be painful, however, some
women do find this test uncomfortable. If you do
experience some discomfort let your health care provider
know.

gehad abdullah
Pap test ..

•All women who have ever been sexually
active (sexual intercourse and intimate
touching), regardless of sexual
orientation, should have regular Pap
tests.

gehad abdullah
When should I have a Pap test?

•Pap testing should begin 3 years after first
sexual activity
•Most women need a Pap test every two
years.

gehad abdullah
What should I do before a Pap test?

•Must not do sexual intercourse for 24 hours before the
test.
•To repeat Pap test, must wait at least 3 months in
order to allow cells on the cervix to grow back.

gehad abdullah
Remember…

•Most cervical cancers can be prevented if women have
regular Pap tests with follow-up for abnormal changes.

gehad abdullah
Any questions ?

gehad abdullah

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Cancer screening

  • 2. Introduction to Screening  Estimates of the premature deaths that could have been avoided through screening vary from 3% to 35%, depending on a variety of assumptions. There are, however, several potential harms that must be considered against any potential benefit of screening for cancer. gehad abdullah
  • 3. Con” Introduction to Screening  Another harm is the false-positive test result, which may lead to anxiety and unnecessary invasive diagnostic procedures. gehad abdullah
  • 4. Cont” Introduction to Screening  A less familiar harm is over diagnosis, i.e., the diagnosis of a condition that would not have become clinically significant had it not been detected by screening. This harm is becoming more common as screening tests become more sensitive at detecting tiny tumors.  Finally, a false-negative screening test may falsely reassure an individual with subsequent clinical signs or symptoms of cancer and thereby actually delay diagnosis and effective treatment. gehad abdullah
  • 5. Cont” Introduction to Screening  Finally, a false-negative screening test may falsely reassure an individual with subsequent clinical signs or symptoms of cancer and thereby actually delay diagnosis and effective treatment. gehad abdullah
  • 7. breast cancer statistics in saudi arabia  A woman has a one in eight chance of developing breast cancer in her lifetime.  Number one diagnosed cancer of women in the KSA.  6,922 female breast cancer cases were recorded in the Saudi Cancer Registry from 2001 to 2008. The highest overall percentages (38.6% and 31.2%) of female breast cancer cases were documented in women who were 30–44 and 45–59 years of age, respectively. gehad abdullah
  • 8. breast cancer statistics in saudi arabia  The eastern region of Saudi Arabia had the highest overall ASIR, at 26.6 per 100,000 women, followed by Riyadh at 20.5 and Makkah at 19.4. Jazan, Baha, and Asir had the lowest average ASIRs, at 4.8, 6.1, and 7.3 per 100,000 women, respectively.  Men can develop breast cancer too, but it occurs less frequently. gehad abdullah
  • 9. Signs and Symptoms Change in the appearance A change in the appearance of nipple including a nipple that is turning inward that • of the nipple normally has pointed outward or is scaly or cracked. gehad abdullah
  • 10. • A change in the appearance of nipple including a nipple that is turning inward that normally has pointed outward or is scaly or cracked. gehad abdullah
  • 11. Signs and Symptoms Nipple discharge that comes • Nipple discharge that comes without any prompting. without any prompting. gehad abdullah
  • 12. Signs and Symptoms •A lump or thickening in or near the breast or in the underarm area. gehad abdullah
  • 13. Clinical Breast Exam A clinical breast exam is when a health-care provider looks for and feels for any changes in your breasts.
  • 14. Clinical Breast Exam (CBE) • A clinical breast-exam or CBE is when a health- care provider looks for and feels for any changes in your breasts. This includes checking the breasts and under the arms for lumps or other unusual changes. • For women who are still menstruating, a CBE should be scheduled during the time of the month when the breasts are the least tender. This would be 5 to 10 days after the start of their period. gehad abdullah
  • 15. Clinical Breast Exam (CBE) • For women who are not longer menstruating, a CBE can be scheduled at any time. • A clinical breast exam can find a lump that may be missed on a mammogram. A lump should never be ignored just because it is not visible on a mammogram. Talk to your health-care provider about what additional tests may be needed gehad abdullah
  • 16. Mammogram A mammogram is important. A mammogram is an x-ray of the breast. It can detect breast cancer two to three years before a lump can be felt. gehad abdullah
  • 17. Mammogram • A mammogram is an x-ray of the breast. The breast is placed between two plastic plates which presses the breast to make it flat. • It usually involves two x-rays of each breast. gehad abdullah
  • 18. Mammogram • Mammograms can detect breast cancer 2-3 years before it is large enough to feel. • For women 40 years of age and older, talk to your health-care provider about when to begin having mammograms and how often. gehad abdullah
  • 19. A change in your breast you see or feel does not mean it’s breast cancer. However, any change should be checked by a health care provider gehad abdullah
  • 21. What do you know about cervical cancer screening ? gehad abdullah
  • 22. Where is the cervix? gehad abdullah
  • 23. What is a Pap test? •Can find abnormal changes on the cervix. •Treating early changes can prevent cancer of the cervix. •The Pap test is free. gehad abdullah
  • 24. What causes abnormal changes on the cervix? •HPV (Human Papillomavirus) •HPV is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) •You can pass this virus without knowing it to men or women gehad abdullah
  • 25. HPV •HPV can cause abnormal changes on a woman’s cervix •Sometimes abnormal changes can become cancerous. •A Pap test can find these abnormal changes before they turn into cancer. gehad abdullah
  • 27. Pap test… -a speculum is inserted into the vagina in order to get a good view of the cervix -your health care provider will use a thin wooden stick called a spatula and a soft cervical brush called a cytobrush to remove cells from the cervix. -the Pap test should not be painful, however, some women do find this test uncomfortable. If you do experience some discomfort let your health care provider know. gehad abdullah
  • 28. Pap test .. •All women who have ever been sexually active (sexual intercourse and intimate touching), regardless of sexual orientation, should have regular Pap tests. gehad abdullah
  • 29. When should I have a Pap test? •Pap testing should begin 3 years after first sexual activity •Most women need a Pap test every two years. gehad abdullah
  • 30. What should I do before a Pap test? •Must not do sexual intercourse for 24 hours before the test. •To repeat Pap test, must wait at least 3 months in order to allow cells on the cervix to grow back. gehad abdullah
  • 31. Remember… •Most cervical cancers can be prevented if women have regular Pap tests with follow-up for abnormal changes. gehad abdullah