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Food as Medicine: Peanuts, Arachis Hypogaea
1. FOOD AS MEDICINE:
PEANUTS
ARACHIS HYPOGAEA
By
Kevin KF Ng, MD, PhD.
Former Associate Professor of Medicine
Division of Clinical Pharmacology
University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Email: kevinng68@gmail.com
A Slide Presentation for HealthCare Providers Mar 2022
2. Presentation outline
âȘ What is a peanut?
âȘ History of peanut.
âȘ Global production.
âȘ Scientific classification.
âȘ Nutrient composition.
âȘ Bioactive compounds.
âȘ Clinical studies.
âȘ Safety issues.
âȘ Summary.
3. What is a peanut?
âȘ Botanically, peanuts are classified as legumes;
âȘ For culinary, research and nutritional purposes,
peanuts are considered a nut.
4. âą ORIGIN OF PEANUTS
âą WORLD PRODUCTION
âą UNITED STATES PRODUCTION
5. Where Do Peanuts Come From?
âȘ According to most authorities, peanuts originally came from South America.
âȘ They are said to have started in the lower lying hills of Bolivia and then later in Peru
and Brazil.
https://wholesalenutsanddriedfruit.com/where-peanuts-come-from/
6. World production of peanut (2021)
https://www.reddit.com/r/Maps/comments/qt36v2/countries_with_the_highest_peanut_production/
7. Top Ten Peanut Production States in the United States (2016)
https://ubique.americangeo.org/category/map-of-the-week/
8. Total U.S. Peanut Consumption by Category (2019)
https://peanut-institute.com/peanut-facts/
11. Four main types of peanuts are produced in the United States
https://www.peanutsusa.com/about-peanuts/the-peanut-industry3/9-peanut-types-and -
production.html#:~:text=U.S.%20peanuts%20fall%20into%20four,to%20the%20types%20described%20below.
12. Number of articles on âpeanutsâ in PubMed from
1912 to 2020
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=peanuts
22. Bioactive compounds in peanuts
https://peanut-institute.com/nutrition-research/peanut-nutrients/bioactive-compounds/
23. Chromatograms of soaked (A) and germinated (B) peanut extracts.
Numbers indicate peaks of compounds found in extracts (2019)
âȘ 36 compounds were identified:
âȘ three flavanols,
âȘ four flavanones,
âȘ three flavones,
âȘ eleven flavonols,
âȘ one isoflavonoid,
âȘ one anthocyanin,
âȘ four coumarins, and
âȘ nine others.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6406428/
25. Main functions of bioactive compounds in peanuts (2019)
âą Arginine, an amino acid with high levels in peanuts, is a precursor to nitric
oxide, which helps expand blood vessels and decrease blood pressure.
âą Resveratrol, also found in grapes and wine, improves longevity and
performance and reduces inflammation.
âą Phytosterols are well known for their ability to reduce cholesterol levels
and research shows they have cancer-preventing qualities.
âą Phenolic acids are found in plants and act as a defense mechanism for
environmental stress and pest attacks. Evidence suggests that they may also
defend our bodies to keep us healthy.
âą Flavonoids are a class of compounds found in peanuts that
reduce inflamation and inhibit platelets from sticking to arteries.
https://peanut-institute.com/nutrition-research/peanut-nutrients/bioactive-compounds/
27. Meta-analysis of nut consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes (2014)
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Meta-analysis-of-nut-consumption-
with-risk-of-type-2-diabetes-for-1-serving-d_fig5_262149754
28. Meta-analysis of nut consumption and risk of hypertension (2014)
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Meta-analysis-of-nut-consumption-
with-risk-of-coronary-heart-disease-for-1-serving-d_fig4_262149754
29. Meta-analysis of nut consumption and risk of stroke (2014)
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Meta-analysis-of-nut-consumption-
with-risk-of-stroke-for-1-serving-d-increment-Size-of_fig3_262149754
30. Meta-analysis of nut consumption and risk of
coronary heart disease (for 1-serving/d increment). 2014
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · May 2014
31. Nut consumption and risk of metabolic syndrome and overweight/obesity:
a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized trials (2018)
https://nutritionandmetabolism.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12986-018-0282-y
32. Nut consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, all-
cause and cause-specific mortality:
a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies (2016)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27916000/
33. Changes in Nut Consumption and Subsequent Cardiovascular Disease
Risk Among US Men and Women:
3 Large Prospective Cohort Studies (2020)
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.119.013877
35. Possible mechanisms for beneficial effects of nut consumption (2014)
âȘ The possible mechanisms include:
âȘ improving the blood lipid proïŹle
âȘ decreasing insulin resistance
âȘ modulating inïŹammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial function.
âȘ In a cohort of participants at high risk of CAD, nut consumption was inversely
associated with:
âȘ vascular cell adhesionmolecule-1
âȘ intracellular adhesion molecule-1
âȘ C-reactive protein
âȘ IL-6 serum concentrations
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262149754_Nut_consumption_in_relation_to_cardiovascular
_disease_risk_and_type_2_diabetes_A_systematic_review_and_meta-analysis_of_prospective_studies
38. Peanut allergy (2019)
âȘ Peanut allergies affect an estimated 1.2% of the overall US population and about
2.5% of the pediatric population.
âȘ They are the most common food allergy in children, affecting about 25% of those
with a food allergy, and are a leading cause of allergy-related death in children
https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/10/03/the-prevalence-of-peanut-allergy-has-trebled-in-15-years
39. Aflatoxins
âȘ Aflatoxins are various poisonous carcinogens and mutagens that are produced by
certain molds, particularly Aspergillus species
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/aflatoxin
https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts/aflatoxins/3008223.article
40. Aflatoxin Toxicity (2021)
âȘ Aflatoxins are metabolites produced by toxigenic strains
of molds, mainly Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus
which grow in soil, hay, decaying vegetation, and grains.
âȘ Aflatoxin is produced by fungal action during
production, harvest, storage, and processing of food.
âȘ Aflatoxin toxicity may result in nausea, vomiting,
abdominal pain, convulsions, and other signs of acute
liver injury.
âȘ Long-term exposure also leads to various complications
like growth retardation, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular
carcinoma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557781/
44. Thank you for your Donation
âȘ There are about 100 presentations on Food as Medicine available in SlideShare.net.
https://www.slideshare.net/ssusera9ba27/presentations
âȘ This presentation attempts to continue the online series on Food as Medicine.
âȘ If you like to donate, please pay to:
at kevinng68@gmail.com
45. Summary
âȘ Originating in South America, peanut has spread to many parts of
the world.
âȘ It is low in calories, but high in protein and unsaturated fatty acids.
âȘ Its bioactive compounds such as phenolic acids, flavonoids,
resveratrol and sterols have been shown to be beneficial for health.
âȘ Clinical studies have shown that peanut consumption reduced the
risks for hypertension, coronary heart disease and cancer.
âȘ However, studies on the peanut consumption and the risks of
diabetes and stroke are mixed.. More research is needed.
46. ANY QUESTION?
Other slide presentations available at:
https://www.slideshare.net/ssusera9ba27/presentations