Atomic Theory History in 40 Characters

History Of Atomic Theory Essay
History of Atomic Theory The development of the atomic model began in 400 B.C. when Greek
philosophers, Leucippus and his pupil Democritus theorized the existence of atoms. They came up
with the idea that matter of composed of tiny particles, but didn't think their theory was particularly
special. They knew that at a certain point it was impossible to divide matter so they coined the term
'atomos' with literally meant "uncuttable" or "indivisible". They also attributed the properties of the
atoms from the properties of the substance. The two philosophers achieved their theory without any
experiments but, by solely on insightful guesses. Aristotle believed that all matter consisted of 5
elements, four of which were earthly. He believed that the four elements, fire, air, water, and earth
had special properties. Earth was cold and dry, water was cold and wet, air was hot and wet, fire was
hot and dry. He also explained that there elements has a natural motion. Air and fire always tended
towards the lunar sphere and, water and earth always tended towards the center of the universe
(center of the earth). The next major achievement didn 't come until 1789 when Antoine Lavoisier
proposed the law of conservation of mass. The law of conservation of mass stated that the mass of
any one element was the same at the beginning and at the end of a reaction. In other words the
matter was neither created nor destroyed in the reaction. "The Father of Modern Science" repeated
the
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The Great Man Theory: An Examination Of George...
Charles de Gaulle, a former president of France, once said, "Nothing great will ever be achieved
without great men, and men are great only if they are determined to be so,". The idea that great
individuals or small groups of great individuals are the ones achieving and and advancing the world
can be summarized by a theory of history called the "Great Man" Theory. According to the "Great
Man" Theory, influential individuals are the ones to really shape the course of history, through the
power of their intellect and character. Although this theory is opposed by the "Everyman" Theory,
which states that the world is shaped by the effects of the ordinary man, the "Great Man" Theory is
supported through the examination of highly influential individuals ... Show more content on
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One of Washington's most prominent contributions to the modern world is his leading of the drafting
of the United States Constitution, which is still the supreme law of the land. Without his authority
over and significant contribution to this extremely important American document, the United States
of America would not be what it is today. If Washington had not been a leader in the group who
recognized that the government was flawed, no governmental progress would have been made in
America. In addition to his political influences, he socially influenced the American Revolution
through his position as a military leader. Washington's winning strategy and brilliant organization of
the Continental Army was a major reason why the army had the ability to split itself from a power
overseas. As shown through his leadership politically and socially throughout the 18th century,
George Washington's individual intellect and character is responsible for many advances in history,
making him a super example of the "Great Man"

Insight From Theory And History
Essay 1
Insights from Theory and History
When referring to the subject of International Political Economy the main focus of study in this field
looks at analyzing and finding reasons for the problems that arise or are affected from the interaction
of international political decision, international economics, international trade, as well as different
social systems and societal groups. Over the course and development of these systems prominent
figures of economic theory and government interaction have emerged throughout the years. Two of
the most influential theorist that have come to the fore front have been John Maynard Keyes, with
his theory of Keynesian economics and Milton Friedman with his idea of monetarism. While both
economists have had major influence on modern day economic policies, both theorist have
contradicting ideas, this paper will aim to take a look at both Keynes and Friedman's theories
respectively and look at the application of these theories in the real world.
John Maynard Keynes theory of economics rose to prominence following the Wall Street stock
market crash of 1929. This crash resulted in a major economic plummet, astonishing rise in
unemployment, business closures, and a decline in tax revenues. Due to the occurrence of these
events the American government turned to borrowing money from other countries. In addition to
borrowing money in an effort to slow the recession, the government used strategies of classical
economic theory proposed by Adam

The History of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.
(Dobzhanski, 1973)
It was during his journey on board the Beagle that Darwin developed his theory of evolution. "On
the Origin of Species" (Darwin, 1859) proposed two main principles: evolution really occurs and
natural selection is its mechanism. This work published on 24th November 1859 traces a coherent
portrait of life bringing together in an orderly manner an astonishing variety of apparently
independent facts. It led biologists to concentrate on the diversity of organisms, their origins and
their relation, their similarities and their differences, their geographical distribution and their
adaptation to various environments.
Darwin (1859) arrived at two main ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The need for food fashions the animal model.
All which seem to have been gradually produced during many generations by the perpetual
endeavour of the creatures to supply the want of food and to have been delivered to their posterity
with constant improvement of them for the purposes required (Darwin, 1794–1796: section 39, "Of
generations").
Finally the need for safety intervenes specifically in the specific shaping of the legs which enables
animals to be more adapted to flee.
However, this large visionary misses the mechanism which would make it possible to explain these
adaptations.
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
Jean Baptiste Lamarck presented his theory on the transformation of species for the first time in
1800 in his "Discours d'Ouverture de l'an VIII". He proposed:
The animals most imperfect, simply organized, those suspected in a world hardly endowed with
animality, are perhaps those by which nature began when, with a lot of time and favourable
circumstances, it has wrought all the other (Lamarck, 1801: 12).
For Lamarck, it was habits and environmental factors which influenced the evolution of the
morphology of animals. With new shapes, new abilities are gained, and over time nature arrives to
where it is now.
Charles Darwin
In 1831, Charles Darwin participated in a five year expedition on board the Beagle. Despite very
little experience, he was offered the position of naturalist. During his travels, he studied a

The History of Cell Theory
The History of Cell Theory
As we all probably know today, every single living being is made up by cells – the building blocks
of life. As much as we would like to take this fact for granted, we cannot help but acknowledge and
remember the works and discoveries of earlier scientists which all contributed to our today's
understanding of the cell theory. The cell theory being; all living things are composed of one or
more cells, cells are organisms' basic units of structure and function, and cells only come from
existing cells. Their discoveries lead to the development of inventions necessary to induce further
research in the area which resulted in the creation of devices such as the microscope.
Robert Hooke
Robert Hooke was probably ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Theodor Schwann
Theodor Schwann was a German physiologist who defined the cell as the basic unit of animal
structure. He discovered what are today known as the "Schwann cells" and made important
discoveries from observing that an egg is a single cell that would develop into a complete organism.
He was therefore able to conclude that in addition to Schleiden's theory, animals were also made up
of cells and consequently all living things would be made of cells. He was one of the main
developers of the cell theory and also discovered that membranes, nuclei, and cell bodies were
common in cells and learned to compare them in between animal and plant tissues. This all aided the
development of the cell theory because this is one of the final steps to the main ideology that all
living things are made up of cells.
Rudolf Virchow
Rudolf Virchow was a Prussian scientist who contributed greatly to the cell theory, stating that cells
arose from each other and this was how many diseases were spread. This leads to the development
of the cell theory in the way that one of the main ideologies of the cell theory is the fact that cells
only come from existing cells.
Homo Faber
The development of the cell theory, and the people who helped to do so relates to the Area of
Interaction of Homo Faber because only with the demand and need of further research and studying,
would

World System Theory : Immanuel Wallerstein
Immanuel Wallerstein (1930–) is a famous American historian, sociologist, and political scientist.
His radicalism and his bold and pragmatic critique of capitalism have made him become the
representative in social sciences field. (Wang Zhengyi. 2000) Owing to the obvious origins of his
writing and Marxist theory, and the continuation of a large number of terms in Marxism, such as
capital, relations of production, and class, Wallerstein is also regarded as the representative of the
new Marxist school. Based on the data of various countries' production of commodities, this article
analyzes and discusses the production system of contemporary world with the analysis the World
System Theory of Wallerstein. The collection and organization of ... Show more content on
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The countries of brands and manufacturing of various items Through data analysis, we found that
most of the designing and brands countries of mobile phones, computers, earphones and smart
speakers are located in Europe and the United States, but most of the manufacturing places are
located in developing countries such as China. In the international division of labor system, barriers
to entry are high in the so–called capital–intensive industries such as automobiles, aircraft,
computers, semiconductors and heavy machinery. (Xu Jia. 2008) Oligarchic manufacturers are at the
high end of the value chain to coordinate production networks. They not only control the suppliers
of raw materials and parts, but also are in close contact with distribution and retail process, with a
control of the entire industry value chain. For example, in the automobile industry, large vehicle
companies have a global market share of 60%, the top 16 auto parts companies occupy 40% sales in
the global market share. A global automotive industry system is under the direct control of these
brand manufacturers, moving forward in accordance with their wishes. (Yue Chenyan，John C,
Beghin, Helen H. & Jensen Tarif. 2005) The data also show that most clothing, shoes, toys,
handicrafts are mostly produced from developing countries, mainly in Asian area, such as China,
Vietnam and Indonesia. These

Big History : The Big Bang Theory
Big History is an exciting new way to look at our history and understand humans' place in the world
that incorporates all of time from the Big Bang to present day. (Big History Book) Big History
demonstrates studying the past and learning from the past, including the origin and structure of
everything, how and why people lived as they did in the world and the changes. We study the past to
understand a broader and richer meaning of our world today and our place in it. The Big Bang
Theory is an attempt to understand not only human's evolution but all of the universe's evolution
from one single point to everything around us. There are eight thresholds that integrate with Big
History to clarify and mark remarkable increases of complexity of the entire universe. The topic I
chose to relate to Big History would be dolphins. Dolphins are highly intelligent marine animals that
range in shallow areas of tropical and temperate oceans throughout the world. This animal appeals
to me because as a young child, dolphins were my favorite, friendly animal. Dolphins were what I
was looking forward to when I went to amusement parks as a little girl – anxiously waiting for the
aquatic shows to start.
Threshold One is the basic understanding of the formation of the universe – energy, matter, space,
time (everything)! It's called the Big Bang Theory. The universe came into existence from a
collection of matter of high density and temperatures. After this cooling, 4 types of energy were
created:

A Unifying Concept: The History Of Cell Theory
The car. It all started long ago when Ferdinand Verbiest invented a self–propelled vehicle using a
steam engine. Then to Henry Ford, creating the first combustion engine to today with cars that can
park themselves, stop themselves, and even drive themselves. Over the years scientists have been
making scientific developments of what civilians thought were impossible. For many years
scientists have been discovering new and outrageous breakthroughs changing history, yet people
still believe that scientific knowledge is definite. The belief that scientific knowledge is absolute is
absolutely ridiculous given that biologists are still discovering new information and disproving
previous knowledge. According to Karl Mathiesen, of The Guardian, a new plastic ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This tells us that the microscope has been around forever, but even though it has been around for a
long time, it has evolved overtime allowing us to see particles better proving that scientific
knowledge has changed over time. With this change we are able to accomplish scientific
achievements because we can see more in depth. Even though people believe scientific knowledge
is absolute, we can obviously see the scientific changes. In 1665 the cell was discovered by Robert
Hooke when he was examining a very thin piece of cork when he discovered honeycomb–like
structure, but he did not know what was in these so–called cells at the time. "His cell observations
gave no indication of the nucleus and other organelles found in most living cells" (Cell Theory, 2).
Here we can see that what Hooke's observations said are not the case anymore, we have discovered
that there are many different organelles in a cell. Many people believe that scientific knowledge is
not absolute but obviously we can see that it

Karl Marx 's Theories Of History And The Theory Of Human...
Karl Marx was a nineteenth century philosopher, born in Trier, Prussia (Germany) in 1818 to a
middle class family and later died in 1883. Karl Marx's philosophies on society, politics and
economics is collectively understood as Marxism. He was a materialist and an atheist who had a
profound impact on the world of intellectual thought. This paper will aim to discuss and determine
with reference to Marx's deterministic theory of history and the theory of human nature, if human
beings are essentially the product of socioeconomic forces. In addition to one criticism of his theory
of human nature.
Firstly, this paper will explain Karl Marx's deterministic theory of history and the theory of human
nature. According to Karl Marx's deterministic theory of history, human society is determined by the
material conditions. Marx was heavily influenced by the writings of the idealist philosopher Hegel,
but in contrast, Marx was generally a materialist; in that everything could be explained in relation to
matter and all phenomena is a result of material interactions. Marx used Hegel's contradiction in
dialectic to define the class struggle; "oppositions that are necessary for and yet destructive of each
other" (Shimp, 2009, p. 37). At the core of Marx's theory of history is that materialism and the belief
that communism was inevitable. According to Marx social change occurred – not through ideas or
an omnipotent God, but through the economic condition of life; they both believed that the

History and Theory Essays
History and Theory
The world is full of magical realism. Magical Realism may just become a word that people thought
of in the 1930's; however, magical realism has been here for as long as the people have been able to
tell and write stories. Whether the stories are true or made up, they are all magical realism.
The first author who started associating the words of magical realism to out was a German art critic,
by the name of Franz Roh. Roh considered magical realism an art category. It represented and
responded to reality and depicted the enigmas of reality. In Latin America in the 1940's, magical
realism was a way to express the realistic American mentality and create an autonomous style of
literature.
One feature of magical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many authors state that in the material state that some are deceived by the strategies and the failure
as to the way the authors portray the words of magical realism.
Wendy B. Faris wrote in her essay about children and their imagination. Children act upon their
imaginations. The books that she talks about are for entertainment for readers. The fiction that
Wendy B. Faris spoke is are modern and contemporary and is all basically magical realism.
Irene Guenther is an author who has spoken of expressionism describing magical realism. Irene
spoke of Roger Fry and the post–impressionism. He believed that the children had their own
expression. The essay that she wrote states the date of 1920 as the time of magical realism.
Basically, the words magical realism has been with us for a long time. Each and every author has a
different date as to when the words magical realism came into focus.
Amaryll Chanady speaks of control in her essay. Imagination and fiction are aspects of daily life.
She speaks of imagination and what people are lacking in the world today. Amaryll Chanady spoke
of the articles that artist and writers put in their books, and she states that they would not be able to
do their thing without the imagination of magical realism.
Franz Roh spoke of magical realism compared to painting and music as well as literature. Most
people may or can understand magical realism upon reading a book; however, when art and music
are involved

American History X Incarceration Theory
Introduction American History X is a film that describes the story of a white supremacist, Derek
Vineyard, who learns through his prison experience that his beliefs are erroneous. During his time in
prison, Derek was forced to cohabitate amongst non–white individuals, coercing him to reconsider
his prior Neo–Nazi principles. After serving his sentence, Derek realizes that he must save his
younger brother from emulating his example. By analyzing the substantial aspects of prison life
(preliminary adjustment to prison life, prison experience, prison subculture and rehabilitation), as
demonstrated in the film, it can be determined that the film American History X can be used as a
realistic tool for creating awareness of the consequences of being incarcerated and the effects that
prison can have on an individual after they have been released. Furthermore, numerous theories such
as argot roles, the importation theory, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, there are many inmates who are unable to cope well with the pains of imprisonment.
Maladaptive responses such as emotional disorders, self–harm and suicide attempts are the most
common during the initial phases of incarceration (Adams, 1992*pg. 275*). Being barred from the
outside world, prisoners develop coping mechanisms that allow them to deal with the pains of
incarceration. According to Thomas and Foster, two theoretical models have emerged in response to
the coping mechanisms demonstrated by inmates. These two models signify the rudimentary
perceptions pertaining to the patterns found in response to incarceration. The first is the importation
model, which uses individual–level inmate characteristics that were established prior to
imprisonment to explain prison experience (Power, et al., 1997). On the other hand, the deprivation
model suggests that the environment of prison itself explains the experience prisoners have (Cooley,

History And Theory : Freud And Rogers
HISTORY AND THEORY – Freud and Rogers
Sigmund Freud and Carl Rogers are two extremely renowned individuals who have greatly
contributed to the history of psychology. Their contributions are the foundation for the tools,
techniques, and methodologies used by psychologist today. Although, each psychologist is from
different times and developed different methods, they shared a passion for the workings of the
human mind. As a result, their drive and foundation has motivated and prompted new theories and
research for the future. This paper will provide a summary of two articles highlighting the processes
contemporary psychologists use to develop the theories of Freud and Rogers. It also explains their
views of human nature and worldviews as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second article was entitled Depression As A Maladaptive Process: Discussion Of The Condition
According To The Humanistic And Existential Approach (Varvatsoulias, 2015). This article
reviewed the humanistic approach to depression and also compared the existential approach to
depression. It explained when using the humanistic approach with individuals who are depressed,
the person is on a quest for self–identity and this can cause the release of some anxieties
(Varvatsoulias, 2015). According to Varvatsoulias (2015), the author explained humanistic
psychology as "becoming depressive is one's condition of worth". Although humanistic psychology
admits in conditions of worth, there are inhibitions sustained by the imposition of others upon the
individual which does not make any difference in the acquisition of the condition itself".
Freud and Rogers' Nature and Worldwide Views
Freud's view of human nature from a psychoanalytical stand point was he believed that the contents
of an individual's matters consciousness were determined by psychological, individual and
biological motivations Freud, S. (2001).. His worldviews presented interpretations of who the
individual was, where they came from, and what their destiny was. On the other hand, Rogers
believed the psychoanalytical view humans as never free from primitive passions, childhood
fixations, and only the product of powerful biological drives was not flexible enough. Rogers's
foundation of

Game Theory : Basic Concepts, History And Models
Shuwen Shen Mr. Li ITS 102 April, 23, 2016 Game Theory: Basic Concepts, history and Models In
ancient China, during an era known as "Warring States Period", China was divided and conquered
by independent seven warring states. King Wei of Qi, who was the emperor of Qi State, and the
general Tian Ji, were both horse racing fans. They always bet heavily on winning and losing. This is
just the background of Tian Ji's horse racing strategy. Now here comes the dilemma. The horses can
be divided into three different speed classes: fast, medium and slow. Since the king's horses are
always better than Tian Ji's, Tian Ji always lose the game. However, Tian Ji can choose the order of
the horses to compete. There are three rounds of a race and anyone who wins two rounds can be the
final winner. This is one of the most well–known and popular stories in China today, which was
originally recorded in the Records of History, biography of Sun Bin (Si–Ma 65). Many people may
have heard this story when they were still in elementary school. In order to get rid of this dilemma,
Sun Bin, who is Tian Ji's friend, came up with a clever and perfect method, that is, pitting the slow
horse against the king's fast horse, fast horse against the king's medium horse, and medium horse
against the king's slow house. After finishing all three rounds, although Tian Ji lost the first race, he
would win the following two rounds so that he would be the winner of the whole race. Fig. 1. Tian
Ji's horse racing

History: Theory of Evolution by Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin's theory and evolution
Introduction:
Charles Darwin was an English scientist who developed the theory of evolution which had been
around for long period of time which gave him fame during his life and after his death. In 1859, he
published a book called Origin of Species which contains all the theory of evolution. Darwin's
theory caused a lot of argument and they are still continuing until these days. In religion view it
caused clash because at that time people in Europe believed that God had created the whole world in
7 days according to the Bible.
Charles Darwin was born in England in 1809, in a wealthy family that consists of six siblings,
financier and doctors. In 1818, he was sent to Anglican Shrewsbury School as ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
At the same time unused organs can shirk in the coming generation. Of course we know what he
said is not right and the reason for that is there were a lot of mistakes in his theory. Though one of
the important thought that he acknowledged organisms could add to the environment and can cause
long term change.
Darwin was the youngest scientist among the scientists who joined the ship; he was only 22 years
old when he joined the H.M.S Beagle. The ship sailed worldwide; in his voyage he started to collect
many types of plant and animal species, recorded and analyzed them. During his journey Darwin
came across the Island of Galapagos where he got to know a selection of species. The species he
founded in that Island could not be found anyplace in the world (tortoises, finches, the finches have
different beaks adapted to their type food), they were similar to the animals and plants that he
founds in South America. Particularly, he was interested in the 13 species of finch that belonged to 4
groups, they were similar to each other but at the same time he found difference in adaptations, size
and shape of their beak. So each finch had to adapt to their new habitation in the Island, their beak
reflects their specialization by their size and shape. Example some finches have large beaks and they
use it to crush hard seeds while other type of finches

Montessori : History And Developmental Theory
Running head: Maria Montessori
Maria Montessori – History and Developmental Theory
Kelsie Nesbitt
Georgian College Abstract
This paper will explore Maria Montessori and her theories on early childhood education. Using
information that I find online and through the Introduction to ECE textbook, I will create an
organized research report describing how and why Maria Montessori has had such a huge impact on
early childhood education today. After furthering my knowledge with research on Maria Montessori,
I will apply her theory and philosophy to my future career or life values.
Theorist 's Full Name: Maria Tecla Artemesia Montessori
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Montessori)
Date and Place of Birth On August 31, 1870, Maria ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(http://learningtogive.org/papers/paper273.html) Maria adapted to her parents religious views and
was catholic herself. Even though it was against Maria 's fathers belief to have a professional career,
she thrived from the support of her mother and being the "confident and strong–minded" person she
was. (http://www.nndb.com/people/189/000108862/)
Profession Maria Montessori was the first woman to have a medical degree in Italy in the year of
1894. (http://www.notablebiographies.com/Mo–Ni/Montessori–Maria.html) Her first career was
working as an assistant doctor in a psychiatric clinic; this later "led to her interest in working with
children with cognitive disabilities." (Introduction to ECE, 2007, pg. 49) Later on, Montessori
became the director of the State Orthophrenic School in Rome in the year 1898, where she
continued her work with children with special needs. Finally, Montessori was put in charge of a
state–supported school, the children all of which were from less fortunate families. Maria
Montessori is also the founder of Montessori Method of "education which emphasized hands–on,
individualized learning within

Solon's Theory In The History Of Herodotus
Steve Jobs was a genius that revolutionized the face of technology multiple times. Recently I have
been looking at his life to answer this question, was his life a happy one? In order to answer that, I
read two of his obituaries and Solon's theory from The History of Herodotus. In "The History of
Herodotus: Book I", Herodotus shares a wise man named Solon's theory of a happy life. Solon used
two stories about three of the people he deemed had happiest lives to explain the characteristics of
one. The first tale he told was about a man of Athens named Tellus. Solon revealed five of these
traits with Tellus' life. The first is the luxury of watching your family grow. Tellus was able to see
his family expand past his own kids to his grandkids without ... Show more content on
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The second is health as he was able to live in what others call comfort. The last three are an
admirable death, receiving praise, and sacrifice. Tellus exemplified all of those when he died in
combat after defeating his foes for the sake of his comrades. His allies had a funeral where he died
and gave him the highest praise for his actions. In Solon's second story about the brothers with the
second happiest lives, Cleobis and Bito, he reiterates four of the five elements. The two brothers
earned that title the day of a great festival honoring the goddess Juno when their oxen were late
coming back from the field. Instead of waiting they put the yokes around their necks then pulled
their mother by car, five and forty furlongs, stopping when they arrived at the temple. The
worshippers saw this and along with their mother praised them for it. After the banquet, the two
passed away in their sleep inside the temple. In closing, Solon stated that few people have those
advantages, but the ones that do deserve to be titled

History And Theory : Leicester School Of Architecture
DE MONTFORT UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ART & DESIGN
LEICESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
ARCH1031
HISTORY & THEORY 1
ESSAY
In 1956, various people broke away from the Congres Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne
(CIAM), founded in 1928, in order to set up an international splinter group of modern architects,
Team 10. This led to the demise of CIAM. What were the goals of Team 10? How did they articulate
their disagreements with the objectives of CIAM? Choose a specific building or project to show
how one (or a pair) of the members of Team 10 attempted to put those goals into practice.
Alison and Peter Smithson 's: investigative duties.
Experiment and Utopia in the ' 'House of the future ' '
Marco Fiorino
P13214090
Session 2014/15
Architecture can be seen a tool for exploring the future; an instrument for questioning ourselves
about the infinite possibilities that humankind has when

The History of Dream Theory
The History of Dream Theory 1
DREAM THEORY
Your Name
Your School
Your Class
Your Teacher's Name
Abstract
Dreams are the language of a person's subconscious mind. Therefore, taking the opportunity to
understand them can lead to great enrichment. This paper demonstrates the similarities and
differences between Freud and Jung's idea on dream theory. It illustrates Freud's belief that
analyzing dreams could give the interpreter substantial information on that person's psyche. His
concept of free association and wish–fulfillment are also explored. Jung's theories are also
discussed. Although Jung began as a follower of Freud, he did end up disagreeing on some of
Freud's theories. Jung's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Jung disagreed with Freud's thought that sexual urges drove the unconscious. Jung did believe,
however, that understanding the unconscious was necessary to uncover psychic problems. In
addition, Jung thought that Freud's free association was not narrowed down or specific enough. He
thought that it might assist individuals in straying from the actual meaning of the dream and making
it into something that it wasn't meant to be. With this, Jung invented a more rigid and focused
approach which he called amplification. This is where one would take the symbols in the dreams
and then begin to reflect on the dream as a whole (Garfield, 1981). According to Schredl(2003),
Jung divided the mind into three parts. First was the collective unconscious. This is a genetically
inherited level of the mind containing mental ideas, legends, religious systems and symbols. Jung
believed that this does not depend on personal experiences and it was his theory that reoccurring
dreams came from this area. Next is the personal unconscious. This holds forgotten associations,
repressed and discarded
thoughts. Finally, the conscious develops through cognition, intuition, and the senses. Unlike Freud,
Jung believed that the dream could be

The Impact Of History And Counseling Theories
The Impact of History and Counseling Theories
We are in a time where countless individuals are under extreme forms of stress, etc. The National
Alliance on Mental Health cites nearly Approximately 1 in 5 adults in the U.S., or 43.8 million,
experiences mental illness in each year. Minority growth is increasing at a rapid pace in the United
States. There is a growing need for culturally competent, sensitive therapists can interact with
various diverse ethnic groups, LGBTQ, and the disabled. Unfortunately, understanding culture and
being sensitive to the issues of that culture is often challenging for a counselor. Self–awareness is a
critical component to being able to help minority clients.
This paper will discuss the impact of history ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is an ongoing need culturally competent counselor, therapist, and psychologists.
The American Counseling Association realized the need to revise their guidelines to incorporate
cultural diversity. Another benefit is that there is now ongoing dialogue about cultural diversity
within the mental health field. There is recognition that there is a need for diversity of professionals
in the mental health field. This is a positive sign. Though we have a long way to go, it is an
encouraging start.
African–Americans and the Avoidance of Psychotherapy
Historically, and currently the African American culture tends to avoid consent. There is a plethora
of reasons for the apprehensions of psychotherapy. There are many stigmatizing beliefs about
mental illness and health that African Americans believe (Thompson,2004). There is a stigma,
judgment, costs, as well as taboo regarding mental health. Often, it is assumed that their spirituality
and family will carry them through their issues they are dealing with.
As an African American female with my own frame of reference with racism, I can understand the
apprehensions when it comes to the mental health profession. Realizing that not all Caucasian
counselors / therapists are prejudiced, I do believe that many of them are not culturally sensitive to
the plight of African Americans. A class or two will not address all the issues within the African
American communities. It goes far beyond that. A culturally competent

Marx's Theory of History Essay
Marx's Theory of History
"The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles." This crucial opening to
The Communist Manifesto holds the key to understanding Karl Marx's conception of history. Marx
outlines history as a two dimensional, "linear" chain of events. A constant progression of class
divisions being created and overthrown, one after the other, until the result is the utopian endpoint,
otherwise known as communism. Karl Marx, in writing the Communist Manifesto, argued that
human history unfolds in a teleological manner; therefore it unfolds according to a distinct series of
historical stages, each necessarily following the other. These stages ultimately lead to a given
Utopian ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Marx's account of history, every class is naturally unsound, and predestined for
ultimate destruction due to its internal discrepancies. They will then bring rise to a new class, which
has settled the discrepancies of its precursor but retains it own, which will cause its eventual
passing.
In more specific terms, Marx sketches the development of the capitalist bourgeoisie society from
feudal society.
"From the surfs of the middle ages sprang the chartered burghers of the earliest towns. From these
burgesses the first elements of the bourgeoisie were developed." (56)
So Serfs gave rise to burghers who formed the beginnings of the new bourgeois class. The
beginnings of European trade with America and the Far East contributed to the "rapid development"
of "the revolutionary element in the tottering feudal society"(56). New markets, which became
unable to be supported by the feudal systems' means of production, caused that system to be
replaced by the "manufacturing system…. The guild–masters were pushed aside by the
manufacturing middle class; division of labor between the different corporate guilds vanished in the
face of division of labor in a single workshop." (56)
And, so, by an inevitable historical process, "the modern bourgeoisie is itself the product of a long
course of development, of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange."(57)
And each of these has been "accompanied by a corresponding

Creationism : A Theory Of Primordial History
One of the most discussed and debated phenomena in the history of education is that the
hypothetical concept of evolution which can be considered as a theory of primordial history,
moreover with the belief of creationism. Both have had an astounded impact in the framework of
contemporary education should or should not be taught in the public classroom. Evolutionists and
Creationists both have their reasons why their beliefs should be taught in the public classroom. The
matter of the fact is that both of these are considered beliefs, things that are only backed by faith.
Only faith, they are not supported by fact which makes them not a theory or hypothesis. Throughout
history the debate between whether it is ethically right or wrong to teach these has been ongoing for
too long and must come to a stop. These beliefs should not be taught in public schools due to the
years of case law and disputed legislative actions, both of their belief systems, and the irrefutable
facts that prove it morally wrong.
Creationists believe that one divine God created the world around 10,000 years ago. This creation
took six twenty– four hour days and he who created rested on the Sabbath (seventh day). They
follow the creation of the earth through the first book in the Bible, Genesis. Creationists believe in
many ways why their religion should be taught in schools over evolution. In order for this religion to
get taught in schools they have created a "creation science." It is not exactly what

Is Canada a Post-Industrial Country? Essay
The term post–industrialism refers to a transition from one form of society to another; the original
society being an industrial society, mainly dominated by forms of specialized physical labour, and
the latter being a service and knowledge dominated format. An industrial society has many unique
and definitive characteristics that separate it from a post–industrial one. Some of these
characteristics include the heavy use of machinery in large factories; the use of fossil fuels to power
the machinery; the specialization of jobs allowing for increased productivity, which led to urban
expansion. In regards to class dynamics, there are/were few people at the" top", who own the factors
of production, and many front–line, blue–collar ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These life–enhancing goods come in the form of computers, cell phones, touch pads, internet access,
and even services such as daycare and restaurants. These new goods all require ingenuity,
engineering and know how to create and maintain and some even a whole support network to
function efficiently and effectively (Krahn, Lowe, Hughes, 2008). Canada's economy was once
solely reliant on the exportation of raw materials, such as furs and timber, to Great Britain and
Western Europe. Aside from this exportation of raw materials, Canada was largely agricultural in
nature. By the time of Confederation, fifty–percent of labour remained agriculturally based (Krahn,
Lowe, Hughes, 2008). Changes occurred around 1900; the industrial era replaced the once mainly
agricultural and small–scale local production of times past by way of new technologies in the form
of electricity, steam powered engines, railways, water wheels, etc. These tools allowed for the re–
organization of work from piecework and compensation, based on individual output, to one of large
manufacturing plants, high–production, specialized workers, and hourly pay. This industrial era has
now morphed into one of new technologies and new careers; careers based in services. The
dominance of a service–based economy is prevalent as around 75% of all employment in Canada
was in services circa 2005(HRSDC,

History of Management Theory Essay
Running Head: HISTORY OF MANAGEMENT THEORY
History of Management Theory
Troy Thompson
5409 Foxglove Drive, Bossier City, LA 71112
318–918–7413
Troythompson98@yahoo.com
MSM 500
May 21, 2010
Class Instructor: Dr. David Bouvin
Ellis University
Introduction
People and processes are the main elements under management purview, and it is interesting to learn
how managerial philosophy pertaining to these two elements has evolved from the Industrial
Revolution throughout the Progression Era and into the modern workplace. The purpose of this
paper will focus on Frederick Taylor's Scientific Management, also known as the Taylor System, and
Elton Mayo's Human Relations business models and how they relate to this ... Show more content
All these adoptions gave rise to a new management school of thought centered around a more
productive work place, which Taylor considered to be "maximum prosperity" (Taylor, 1911). Taylor
firmly believed in developing "captains of industry" rather than waiting on natural–born leaders to
come along (Taylor, 1911). He also recognized a need for more involvement from the supervisors in
the workplace to help eliminate what he referred to as soldiering, or, laxed employee output. He
said, "The 30 percent to 100 percent increase in wages which the workmen are able to earn beyond
what they receive under the old type of management, coupled with the daily intimate shoulder to
shoulder contact with the management, entirely removes all cause for soldiering" (Taylor, 1911). As

the turn of the twentieth century neared, the progressive landscape begged for more efficient
business practices (The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers, line 16). This was the optimal time for the
principles by which operational capacity could be measured, analyzed, streamlined, and controlled
to take hold. This system then became a cornerstone on beset of the Great Depression and followed
by future management theorists from then on after.
One criticism of Scientific Management is that it demanded top–performance in every worker and
near perfect throughput on the production line, developing into a quasi authoritarian–style form of
bureaucracy. Workers were afraid to out–produce one another on the

Conflict Theory In American History X
American History X The film, American History X, is about two brothers, Derek and Danny, who
fall victim to their social environment in Venice Beach. A community that was once predominately
white becomes overrun by violence with the ever–growing presence of blacks, minorities and illegal
immigrants. This opens the door to the boy's racist mentality, while their father Dennis is then
murdered doing his job as a fireman by a black man in a drive–by shooting. Derek's hatred towards
blacks grew from this incident and was later fueled by the influence of Cameron, the leader of a
white supremacy group. Derek eventually commits a hate crime and is sentenced to serve three
years in prison for the murder of two black men. While in prison Derek suffers the hardships of
prison life and the betrayal of his "own kind". He then realizes his hatred towards blacks was
initiated and controlled by others and not what he truly wanted to identify with and vowed to change
his ways. Then once he was released from prison, Derek knew he needed ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Derek and Lamont (the black man Derek befriended while working laundry in prison) are a perfect
example of Conflict theory. Derek a white man commits a heinous crime of murder and is sentenced
to only three years in prison, while Lamont a minority is sentenced to 6 years for stealing a
television. The unfair treatment between their social classes is so unbelievable that Derek thought
Lamont had to be lying about his crime. Cameron is also an example of the conflict theory. Cameron
takes on a Bourgeoisie role as he was in a position of power and preyed upon the younger
community who are in the role as Proletariat while they were in a vulnerable state, forcing his views
and beliefs on

American History X: Social Learning Theory
American History X
Social learning theory is defined as a theory of learning and social behavior which proposes that
new behaviors can be acquired by observing and imitating others. The observation of learning
behavior occurs through the observation of rewards and punishments, a process known as vicarious
reinforcement. Crime is learned through associations with criminal definitions. Interacting with
antisocial peers is a major cause of crime. Criminal behavior will be repeated and become chronic if
reinforced. When criminal subcultures exist, many individuals can learn to commit crime in one
location, and crime rates including violence may become very high. Social leaning theory In the
movie American History X is a film that reflects upon the lives of the two Vineyard ... Show more
In additional this film teaches us how social learning theory occurs through observation, modeling,
and imitation. According to social learning theory, people engage in crime because of their
association with others who engage in crime. Their criminal behavior is reinforced, and they learn
beliefs that are favorable to crime. The Vineyard brothers were coerced by their father at a very
young age that minorities were lazy and unworthy. In the film, racism and discrimination is shown
when Derrick leads his neo–Nazi brother and sisters to vandalize a Koran grocery store. While in the
store, the skinhead members degraded a female Hispanic worker and killing another. Days later,
Derrick goes on another rampage as he relentlessly murders two black guys who were trying to steal
his truck in the middle of the night. Due to his strong, rampant white supremacy beliefs, while in
prison Derrick disassociated himself with his fellow neo–Nazi brothers because of their business
transactions with the Mexicans. Derrick was viciously raped by his Nazi prison family for openly
befriending

Functional Theory In American History X
In the 1998 film American History X, Derek Vineyard is paroled after serving 3 years in prison for
brutally murdering two black men who were breaking into his truck. Through his Brother Danny's
narration of a paper he is writing, it is learned that Derek was the leader of a large Neo–Nazi group
known as D.O.C., or Disciples of Christ, that committed many acts of racial crime throughout Los
Angeles. During his time in prison Derek decides that hate is a waste of time after being violently
raped by fellow white supremacists, and his only friend being a black man, who was only in prison
for a misunderstanding. After getting out on parole, Derek learns that Danny is headed down the
same racist path as him, and decided that he must put a stop to it. Throughout this film there are
many examples of the five theories of deviance; Functional, Conflict, Labeling, Broken Windows,
and Differential Association. From Derek's initial exposure to racism, all the way to him deciding to
change, all five theories are exemplified through Derek, Danny, their Father, Cameron, or the
D.O.C. as a whole. To being, this movie shows Functional Theory by clarifying rules, bringing
groups together, and eventually promoting social change. By Derek being sent to prison, it sets an
example for not only Danny, but the entire gang, that being a Neo–Nazi is wrong. While no one
heads the warning, it does show them that their actions could land them in jail. Additionally, it also
clarified social rules to the

Knowledge Throughout History: The Ptolemaic Theory
As humans, our drive for acquiring knowledge can be seen as a reward to humanity. We constantly
learn new things everyday which adds on to our initial knowledge, thus knowledge is indefinite.
New information being acquired can cause us to reevaluate our initial views about the world we live
in. In the context of this question, knowledge can be defined as the process of gaining information
from past experiences. The collection of scraps and fragments is the facts, opinions, or just
information we gain from knowledge. The pleasant design that our brain stores with information
sticks until new information is introduced. One the new information is retrieved, we are able to alter,
change, or reassess the information which can ultimately lead to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Instead, he created a completely different system that combined physics with cosmology. This was
called the Copernican system with the idea that the sun is located at the center of the universe. This
example shows how one piece of new information introduced can change the entire perspective.
Ptolemaic trigonometric methods were the new piece of information and it caused an astronomer to
reassess and reconstruct a system to help explain the stipulations of astronomy. Many astronomers
agreed with Copernicus because technological advancement enabled them to reconsider the theories.
The Copernican system became popularly accepted because it analyzed many observations
conducted by the Greeks. However, although they accepted the Copernican system and disregarded
the Ptolemaic system, both systems are not necessarily correct. Both models contradict Albert
Einstein's Theory of Relativity; the idea that changed astronomy and physics during that time
period. This implies that either system is valid despite their distinct observations and beliefs. Now,
many astronomers use these theories to further astronomic research and potential discoveries. The
paradigm shift ultimately changed how people viewed the world and what it contains. Language,
like perception, gives us the opportunity to gain knowledge. We use language to share different
ideas in detail. However, it does

Study of History and Theory of International Relations
To study international relations means to study the history of international relations, theory, practical
application of those theories and the outcome after the practical application of the theory was
applied. Smith spoke about international relations and said that international relations importance of
not just theory, but history to understanding
The politics of today (Smith 2006). So when you study international relations you should understand
the theory but you need to know the history because a states history contributed the how and why
the countries politics are the way they are today. It is impossible to understand a complex problem
such as the war between North Korea and South Korea by studying the theories of internal ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bipolarity exists when two states have a majority of the economic, military and cultural influence
and can include alliance such as NATO or the WARSAW Pact or organizations but still have power.
An example of this would be the United States and the U.S.S.R is the Cold War. In the Cold War the
United States and the U.S.S.R. emerged as the two leading power, most western countries and
capitalist states came under the influence of the United States and on the opposite end the
communist states came under the influence of the U.S.S.R. and then then two major power fought
indirectly for control of the other countries as can be seen during the Korean War, Vietnam, and the
Russian–Afghan War. Multipolar is a where more than two states have nearly equal amounts of
military cultural and economic influence. Theorist argue that this is more peaceful that a bipolar
system because since power is equal states would not want to attack other states however it could
also lead to conflict if one states feels the others may form an alliance. This could lead to more
indirect conflicts and frequent shifting of alliance to prevent one states from becoming the sole
world power.
Constructivists believe that things are they way they are because people believe it to

Responsible Citizenship In Ronald Wright's A Short History...
Despite mankind's best effort, the history of mankind is a wrinkled mess. These wrinkles are due to
mankind's inability to stop history from repeating itself several times over. However, the idea of
history repeating itself is not new to the literature of today's society. There are several more causes
for wrinkles in mankind's history. In fact, Ronald Wright argues that not only the idea of history
repeating itself, but also the idea of mankind progressing to the point that progress becomes
detrimental to mankind will result in the extinction of mankind. Therefore, Wright's argument in A
Short History of Progress should shape the discussion of responsible citizenship because his
viewpoints show how human ignorance allows mankind to progress towards extinction.
Responsible citizenship involves preventing the growth of the negative components of society;
however, mankind's progress has grown to the point where it is negative to society. The idea of
progress creates an image of society improving and heading towards a perfect ... Show more content
A part of responsible citizenship is ensuring that the society grows and becomes more efficient as it
evolves. Wright discusses how mankind has never truly grown and changed because, "these things
had already been done on a small scale . . . so this spur of art and technology cannot be evidence that
we suddenly evolved into a new species" (p.39). By "these things" Wright means the advancements
of humankind in several aspects: technological, and social. Thusly, he demonstrates that the progress
thought to be brand new to this generation is a repeat of a previous development. Theoretically
speaking then, how can something be better if it is just a different a different shell of the same
object? It cannot be, therefore mankind is not growing but simply repeating the same cycle over and
over

The History, Criticism And Theory Of The Arts
Humanities is defined as the study and understanding (or interpretation) of "language, both modern
and classical; linguistics; literature; history; jurisprudence; philosophy; archaeology; comparative
religion; ethics; the history, criticism and theory of the arts..." ("What Are the Humanities?"). This
definition can be used to analyze the African continent; the practices and various cultural aspects
that can be found in America, in particular in the African American population; as well as the
international relations, and history. Interviewees were asked different questions about Africa, for
example, how has Africa influenced American culture and whether Africa is a source of intellectual
education and inspiration, among other questions. Some of those interviewed had to admit how little
is known about modern day Africa and its extensive history. Some stated they believed everything
started with Africa, for example music and dances that are popular in the Western world stemmed
from Africa, others thought Africa was an intellectual and inspirational desert, void of any current
educational purpose.
When the interviewees were asked what first came to their minds when they heard the word
"Africa" most answers dealt with life beginning there. "Africa held the first civilization, we all
originated from there" (Derrick). Another said, "When I think Africa I think of culture and
traditions. People do call Africa the "motherland" so I think of mankind coming from it" (Allison).

History And Theories Of Counseling
Among the many issues that face the counseling profession, counseling culturally diverse clients is
one of the most challenging. Becoming culturally competent is a road that all counselors must travel
in order to be truly effective. In order to successfully travel that road, counselors must have
multicultural training with the intended destination being culturally competency. Cultural
competence requires trainees to become aware of their own world views, their assumptions of
human behavior, their misinformation and lack of knowledge, and most importantly, their biases and
their prejudices (Sue & Sue, 2016). Because of the complexity of working with populations from
diverse backgrounds, a broad range of counseling theories and research is needed. Impact of History
and Theories of Counseling Cultural blindness still plagues the counseling profession because a lack
of a theory on cultural oppression and its relationship to the development of world views.
Counselors tend to respond according to their own conditioned values, assumptions, and
perspectives of reality without regard for other views (Sue, 1978). Since past concepts of counseling
and psychotherapy have particularly favored the Euro Americans in origin, most of the philosophical
assumptions and values are strongly endorsed by Western civilizations (Sue & Sue, 2016). It can be
potentially oppressive to clients if counselors don't act on the basis of a critical analysis and
understanding of their own

A Brief History of Attachment Theory
Lifespan Human Development Summer 2006 A Brief History of Attachment Theory The theory of
attachment was originally developed by John Bowlby (1907 – 1990), a British psychoanalyst who
observed intense and distressful behaviors among orphans in hospitals during and after World War
II. Between 1948 and 1952 Bowlby, along with his employee and then colleague, James Robertson,
came to realize that infants who had been separated from their parents were not able to form an
attachment with a primary caregiver, leading to anxiety or ultimately to insecurity or disassociation.
Bowlby's theory was also influenced by his observations of nonhuman primates. In the helpless
young, he saw infant behaviors geared towards fostering ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Bowlby (1988) describes a secure base as "the provision by which both parents offer a secure base
from which a child or an adolescent can make sorties into the outside world and to which he can
return knowing for sure that he will be welcomed when he gets there, nourished physically and
emotionally, comforted if distressed, reassured if frightened" (p. 11). Depending on the infant's
reaction to the caregiver 's leaving, the attachment styles are described as "secure," "insecure–
ambivalent," or "insecure–avoidant." This is the infant's Internal Working Model, Bowlby
postulates, on which all future relationships will be based. Secure infants show a balance between
involvement with their environment and the mother. They explore the environment, but as the
Strange Situation continues, they increasingly use the mother as a secure base. Initially, they may
cry when their mother leaves the room but then, because of their secure base, will usually pacify
themselves and return to play. Infants with insecure–ambivalent attachment style are unable to
disengage from the mother because they feel doubtful about their secure base. These infants may not
be able to calm themselves when their mother leaves, continuing to cry until her return. Even when
she does return, they may not be pacified; also, these infants may waver between wanting to be held
by their mother and then pushing her away when she attempts to pick them up.

A Short History of Progress
The term, progress, is synonymous with phrases that denote moving forward, growth, and
advancement. It seems unorthodox then that Ronald Wright asserts the world has fallen into a
progress trap, a paradox to how progress is typically portrayed as it contradicts the conventional way
life is viewed: as being a natural progression from the outdated and tried towards the new and
improved. Wright posits that it is the world's relentless creation of innovative methods that ironically
contributes to the progress trap rather than to progress itself, the intended objective. Wright's
coinage of the term "progress trap" refers to the phenomenon of innovations that create new
complications that are typically left without resolve which exacerbate ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The humans living in that period were unable to supplement their previous diet, which was rich in
protein, and their culture was devastated as a result; this then, is an example of progress (better
hunting methods) that led to the failure of an entire culture as its problems were left unsolved. In his
third chapter, Wright examines two particular civilizations that thrived but eventually declined due
to resource depletion. What is interesting is the similarities that can be drawn from the examples of
Easter Island and Sumer, like the widespread ignorance of the masses to actively prevent the
abrasion of their land, the perpetual idleness of people to not do anything even when there was
enough time to stop the tragic collapse, to current–day situations of people who even flat–out deny
climate change and claim it to be part of the left–wing agenda. On Easter Island, it was over–
logging that led to their collapse, since as their ecosystem withered away, logging became scarce,
and wars broke out for those sparse resources. In Sumer similar environmental destruction occurred
(i.e. overgrazing, land clearing), which should alarm the world population of today of what may
become of the high levels

American History X Differential Association Theory
One example of a criminal act that took place in the movie "American History X" was when Derek
killed the two colored men that were breaking into his car. Looking at this act from a differential
association theory standpoint, this would explain that he thought it was the correct thing to do based
on the circumstances because it is what his other Neo–Nazi gang members would have done. One
aspect of this theory is that people learn criminal behaviors through groups of people that they often
hangout with because these people influence them and their actions the most. Derek was part of a
white supremacist group, who typically targeted black people. This is one factor that probably
effected Derek's decision to kill them, because of the groups attitudes and values had ... Show more
These two long term factors could have influenced Derek to develop a hate towards any colored
people based off of past occurrences. Another long term factor that could have lead to Derek's
actions could have been the aspect that Sunderland describes as "differential associations may vary
in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity." (Siegel:202) This could help explain why Derek
committed this act because this aspect is about how the longer the association is greater the chance
the behavior will impact someone and they will learn to act the same way. This could be from
multiple different people in Derek's life like his father, Cameron Alexander, or any of the people that
were in the Neo–Nazi group Derek led. Derek realized how much Cameron influenced his actions
when he got out of prison, he told Cameron that he wanted out of the Neo–Nazi group because he
wasted three years of his life in jail because he killed these men. This would support differential
association theory because Derek learned some of his criminal behaviors from

The Theory Of History And Division Of Labor
The Theory of History Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim are the great sociologists in this world; they
give us many thoughts about the social theory and let us to learn how the society is. They both had
described a theory of human history and division of labor. Despite some differences, Marx and
Durkheim have concentrated on the emergence of modern capitalism especially with the rise of the
modern system of division of labor and the evolution of market society. Their methods are
developed through the influence of the spread of market relation on the unity and social
reproduction ability. The two sides therefore had to engage in the causes and effects of development,
especially in the industrial revolution and the key events of the French revolution. They both revise
that modify the simple apology and account of the capitalist society in the common social ideology
of 19th century. The difference between Marx and Durkheim are Marx sees the stage of social
development. He focuses on the dialectical class conflict in order to control the means of production
as the driving force to promote social development, however, Durkheim is more focus on division of
labor in the society. Marx believes that class conflict is the main forces to push human society
development. He thinks there are two different classes in this world one is capitalism and another is
communism. Marx thinks in the social basic contradiction movement contains the two pairs of
contradictions; the contradiction

History And Theory : Ancient Egyptian Architecture
DE MONTFORT UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ART, DESIGN & HUMANITIES
LEICESTER SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
ARCH1031
HISTORY & THEORY 1
ESSAY
Ancient Egyptian architecture had a number of well known generic building types (pyramids,
mortuary temples and so on). Select one building and discuss is background and architectural
characteristics, relating it where necessary to other examples.
The Construction, Origin and Prominence of the Great Pyramids up to 4th Dynasty Egypt
Harry George Keable
P14148274
Session 2014/15
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I confirm by submitting this work for assessment that I am its sole author, and that all quotations,
summaries or extracts from published sources have been correctly referenced. I confirm that this
work, in whole or in part, has not been previously submitted for any other award at this or any other
institution.
To understand the architecture of ancient Egypt we must first look at the culture of the people of
Egypt and the influences the other civilisations in Mesopotamia had on the area.
Ancient Egypt encompassed and isolated by the vast desert landscapes surrounding it meant that the
civilisation was confined to the thin river valley of the Nile and due to the harsh unforgiving
landscapes it would have been very hard and potentially life threatening for anyone to attempt to
cross over to the other civilsiations developing at the time and likewise hard but not impossible for
others to influence the

History And Theories Of Grief
1
Bereaved Parents
Chen Yue Guo
History and Theories of Grief
Toronto Art Therapy Institute
April 20, 2017
Instructor: Claudia McKnight
2 "The hardest thing that I have ever had to hear was that my child died. The
hardest thing that I have ever done is to live everyday since that moment." This is a
famous quote that emphasizes the feelings of parents who have lost a child. It is
frequently said that the grief of bereaved parents is the most intense grief known;
therefore, bereaved parents are at risk of developing mental disorders (Fasse & Zech,
2015). In addition to this unimaginable loss, one must address how to process the loss of
a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, this dual–process model indicates that bereaved people oscillate between these
3 two orientations as they deal with the death of a loved one, illustrating how oscillation
can be a predictor of complicated grief. In relation to the one–child policy China, most
people have been restricted to conceive one child. This policy has influenced the time

needed to process grief for bereaved parents in China, with outstanding long–term effects.
For instance, it was reported that 5335 children died or were missing in the massive and
enormously devastating earthquake that occurred in the mountainous central region of
Sichuan province in China on May 12, 2008 (Cao, Jiang, Li, Lo, Li, & Dou, 2013). "A
great number of parents lost their only child, and because this child was their only hope.
To lose a child is to lose everything for Chinese parents" (Cao, etc., 2013, p.205).
Therefore, the death of a child in China can bring substantial grief than bereaved parents
from Europe. The loss–orientation is an important component within grief work. It allows
Chinese bereaved parents to focus directly on the loss itself, and on the effects for their
everyday life. This model predicts that the emotional experiences can wane over time,
and the positive emotions can begin to emerge (Lister, 2008). For instance, it is reported
negative emotions from the bereaved parents in Sichuan earthquake have moderated over
time,

History and Theory Essay
History and Theory
The viewpoints if Sigmund Freud and Carl Rogers have similarities and differences. Both have
made significant contribution to the psychology field. The theories from Freud and Rogers are still
used in modern psychology. Freud is best known for creating psychoanalysis and Rogers is
renowned for developing the person–centered therapy. The subject of this paper pertains to Freud's
and Rogers' views of their respective theories, how different their theories would be if they were
alive today, and how social and cultural factors influenced the development of their respective
theories of personality.
Sigmund Freud's Views Freud's psychoanalysis is a system of therapeutic treatments and
interpretations for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He believed people learn to grow toward self–actualization during their entire life span. Rogers
viewed this concept as counseling instead of psychotherapy. Rogers did not believe the idea about
the therapist and client as a patient–doctor relationship. He believed that the relationship was
person–to–person because he viewed the idea as the therapist talking with the client, not the client
doing the majority of the talking (Cooper & McLeod, 2011). Rogers preferred to use the term
"client" instead of "patient" because he related the term "patient" to an individual that is sick or has
an illness. Roger's theory was based on his insight into the human condition (Cervone & Pervin,
2010). The person–centered theory is also referred to as the client–centered theory. It is presently a
popular theory for therapy and counseling. Rogers believed in clients helping themselves so that
they could empower themselves with a self–actualizing motive to improve their lives. He did not
believe in the concept of treating people as patients that had mental issues and needed to be
diagnosed. His ideas continue to be relevant in modern psychology (Cervone & Pervin, 2010).
Effect of Freud's and Rogers' Theories on Today's Practices Person–centered theory and
psychoanalysis have a strong influence on today's practices in the psychology field. They are both
still used in counseling and therapy. Freud's and Rogers'

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