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Presenting Diverse Political Opinions:
How and How Much

Sean Munson, Paul Resnick
School of Information, University of Michigan
Is a polarized world inevitable?
Risks	
  of	
  polarization	
  
                                  &	
   bene1its	
  of	
  diversity	
  
Competing theories
CHALLENGE AVERSION. People prefer
material that supports their opinions and avoid
challenging information. (Selective exposure &
homophily)



DIVERSITY SEEKING. People prefer
information that contains both challenging and
supporting opinions. (Stromer-Galley 2003, Pew
IALP 2004)



SUPPORT SEEKING. People prefer supporting
material but are indifferent to challenging
material (Garrett 2009)
Study goals

INDIVIDUAL PREFERENCES for opinion diversity.

EVALUATE SIMPLE PRESENTATION TECHNIQUES for
  making challenging items more palatable.
Study design
Study design: Overall

1.  Show people with known political biases a list of
    links with a predicted percent of agreeable items.

2.  Ask them how satisfied they are with the
    opinions in the set of links
Study design: Subjects

Recruited via Mechanical Turk                      SUBJECTS
Restricted to people in US.                        Age: 34.3 years
                                                         median: 31 years,
                                                         standard dev: 11.8 years
Qualification task
                                                   Gender: 83 men, 87 women
•  Demographic questions (gender, zip code,
   age)                                            Location: 37/50 states

•  Political affiliation (7-point scales for party
   and liberal-conservative)
•  3 questions about political knowledge


Quality control
During study, subjects randomly re-asked           n
demographic questions. Responses from 5            Manipulation check: 30
subjects discarded for impossible or improbable    Subjects: 40 (satisfaction)
replies.                                                      38 (bias)
Study design: Subjects

Recruited via Mechanical Turk
Restricted to people in US.

                                                              strong
Qualification task                                             democrat
•  Demographic questions (gender, zip code,
   age)
                                                   strong                 strong
•  Political affiliation (7-point scales for party   liberal                conservative
   and liberal-conservative)
•  3 questions about political knowledge
                                                               strong
                                                             republican
Quality control
During study, subjects randomly re-asked
demographic questions. Responses from 5
subjects discarded for impossible or improbable
replies.
Study design: Articles
Link source
•  Items linked from 500 political blogs; blogs coded as liberal,
   independent, conservative
•  Daily: select 40 most-linked stories from the previous 24 hours that
   had ≥2:1 liberal:conservative or conservative:liberal link ratio
•  Filter out tweets, YouTube videos, Wikipedia articles, items not
   matching predicted bias. Average of 23 items / bias / day remain.

Manipulation check
•  30 turkers. Shown links, asked if they agree or disagree. Each link seen
   by ≥3 turkers.
•  Kept links to which they reacted consistent with expectation.
   Discarded others.
Study design: Experiment

2x3 factorial design.
•  LIST LENGTH: 8 or 16 item lists

•  PRESENTATION
       Baseline: article title (linked) + abstract

       Highlight: Agreeable items highlighted

       Highlight+Order: Agreeable items highlighted and placed
       first

•  Varying PERCENT OF AGREEABLE ITEMS
Questions

ASSIGNED TO EITHER:
  Satisfaction
     “Suppose this was the front page of a political opinion aggregator.
     How would you feel about the viewpoints represented in it?” (5
     point Likert scale, Very dissatisfied to very satisfied)

  Bias
     “What, if any, is the political bias of this collection?” (5 point
     Likert scale, Very Liberal to Very Conservative)


EVERYONE:
  Why they gave the rating they did (open-ended)

  Random demographics check
Results
Results: Diversity preferences
Coded as diversity-seeking if…

WANT MORE CHALLENGE
 “e articles in this list showed some of both sides on some issues,
  but on other issues like health care was rather one sided. If that and
  a few other articles had been given two sides I would be completely
  satisfied. I like to read both sides even though I am mostly
  conservative.”


WOULDN’T WANT LESS CHALLENGE
 “ere is an even distribution of right and le wing articles. I think
 it is best to cover both sides of the issue.”

 “I like that there are views from both Democrats and Republicans
 and seems to be a great mix of both sides of the fence.”


                                                      Cohen’s	
  kappa:	
  0.89	
  
                                                                               	
  
Diversity preferences
Model for satisfaction
Support-seeking or challenge-averse?
Support-seeking or challenge-averse?
Support-seeking or challenge-averse?




      30 SUBJECTS         10 SUBJECTS
Results: Presentation
BASELINE                                                             ★   HIGHLIGHT                                                            ★   HIGHLIGHT + ORDER
 Ar#cle	
  #tle	
                                                         Ar#cle	
  #tle	
                                                             Ar#cle	
  #tle	
  
 Story	
  abstract	
  would	
  go	
  here.	
  And	
  so	
                 Story	
  abstract	
  would	
  go	
  here.	
  And	
  so	
                     Story	
  abstract	
  would	
  go	
  here.	
  And	
  so	
  
 on.	
  It	
  would	
  say	
  stuff.	
  And	
  have	
  opinion.	
          on.	
  It	
  would	
  say	
  stuff.	
  And	
  have	
  opinion.	
              on.	
  It	
  would	
  say	
  stuff.	
  And	
  have	
  opinion.	
  

 Ar#cle	
  #tle	
                                                         Ar#cle	
  #tle	
                                                             Ar#cle	
  #tle	
  
 Story	
  abstract	
  would	
  go	
  here.	
  And	
  so	
                 Story	
  abstract	
  would	
  go	
  here.	
  And	
  so	
                     Story	
  abstract	
  would	
  go	
  here.	
  And	
  so	
  
 on.	
  It	
  would	
  say	
  stuff.	
  And	
  have	
  opinion.	
          on.	
  It	
  would	
  say	
  stuff.	
  And	
  have	
  opinion.	
              on.	
  It	
  would	
  say	
  stuff.	
  And	
  have	
  opinion.	
  

 Ar#cle	
  #tle	
                                                         Ar#cle	
  #tle	
                                                             Ar#cle	
  #tle	
  
 Story	
  abstract	
  would	
  go	
  here.	
  And	
  so	
                 Story	
  abstract	
  would	
  go	
  here.	
  And	
  so	
                     Story	
  abstract	
  would	
  go	
  here.	
  And	
  so	
  
 on.	
  It	
  would	
  say	
  stuff.	
  And	
  have	
  opinion.	
          on.	
  It	
  would	
  say	
  stuff.	
  And	
  have	
  opinion.	
              on.	
  It	
  would	
  say	
  stuff.	
  And	
  have	
  opinion.	
  

 Ar#cle	
  #tle	
                                                         Ar#cle	
  #tle	
                                                             Ar#cle	
  #tle	
  
 Story	
  abstract	
  would	
  go	
  here.	
  And	
  so	
                 Story	
  abstract	
  would	
  go	
  here.	
  And	
  so	
                     Story	
  abstract	
  would	
  go	
  here.	
  And	
  so	
  
 on.	
  It	
  would	
  say	
  stuff.	
  And	
  have	
  opinion.	
          on.	
  It	
  would	
  say	
  stuff.	
  And	
  have	
  opinion.	
              on.	
  It	
  would	
  say	
  stuff.	
  And	
  have	
  opinion.	
  
Highlighting
Highlighting + Agreeable First
Results: Presentation
Conclusions & Future Work
Good news and bad

DIFFERING INDIVIDUAL PREFERENCES for opinion diversity.
Challenge aversion is not an inherent human characteristic, but
neither is diversity seeking.

SIMPLE PRESENTATION TECHNIQUES, such as highlighting and
ordering agreeable items, do not make diverse opinions more
appealing to challenge-averse individuals.
Future work: Preferences

Distribution of preferences

Do individual preferences change over time?

Do individual preferences differ by topic?
Future work: Presentation

Continue to explore ways to make diversity
appealing to challenge-averse people.

  Field trials for ordering

  Social influence techniques

  Ideas derived from NewsCube (Park et al, CHI 2009): show
  agreeable item first or prominently, then indicate that there
  are differing views.
Future work: Murky middle

Include people who are less extreme or who don’t fall
into neat categories.


                                      strong
                                      democrat


                          strong                  strong
                          liberal                 conservative



                                       strong
                                     republican
thanks!

Sean Munson samunson@umich.edu
Paul Resnick presnick@umich.edu


balance.projects.si.umich.edu
is project was supported by NSF Award IIS-0916099.

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Presenting Diverse Political Opinions: How and How Much (CHI 2010)

  • 1. Presenting Diverse Political Opinions: How and How Much Sean Munson, Paul Resnick School of Information, University of Michigan
  • 2. Is a polarized world inevitable?
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5. Risks  of  polarization   &   bene1its  of  diversity  
  • 6. Competing theories CHALLENGE AVERSION. People prefer material that supports their opinions and avoid challenging information. (Selective exposure & homophily) DIVERSITY SEEKING. People prefer information that contains both challenging and supporting opinions. (Stromer-Galley 2003, Pew IALP 2004) SUPPORT SEEKING. People prefer supporting material but are indifferent to challenging material (Garrett 2009)
  • 7. Study goals INDIVIDUAL PREFERENCES for opinion diversity. EVALUATE SIMPLE PRESENTATION TECHNIQUES for making challenging items more palatable.
  • 9. Study design: Overall 1.  Show people with known political biases a list of links with a predicted percent of agreeable items. 2.  Ask them how satisfied they are with the opinions in the set of links
  • 10. Study design: Subjects Recruited via Mechanical Turk SUBJECTS Restricted to people in US. Age: 34.3 years median: 31 years, standard dev: 11.8 years Qualification task Gender: 83 men, 87 women •  Demographic questions (gender, zip code, age) Location: 37/50 states •  Political affiliation (7-point scales for party and liberal-conservative) •  3 questions about political knowledge Quality control During study, subjects randomly re-asked n demographic questions. Responses from 5 Manipulation check: 30 subjects discarded for impossible or improbable Subjects: 40 (satisfaction) replies. 38 (bias)
  • 11. Study design: Subjects Recruited via Mechanical Turk Restricted to people in US. strong Qualification task democrat •  Demographic questions (gender, zip code, age) strong strong •  Political affiliation (7-point scales for party liberal conservative and liberal-conservative) •  3 questions about political knowledge strong republican Quality control During study, subjects randomly re-asked demographic questions. Responses from 5 subjects discarded for impossible or improbable replies.
  • 12. Study design: Articles Link source •  Items linked from 500 political blogs; blogs coded as liberal, independent, conservative •  Daily: select 40 most-linked stories from the previous 24 hours that had ≥2:1 liberal:conservative or conservative:liberal link ratio •  Filter out tweets, YouTube videos, Wikipedia articles, items not matching predicted bias. Average of 23 items / bias / day remain. Manipulation check •  30 turkers. Shown links, asked if they agree or disagree. Each link seen by ≥3 turkers. •  Kept links to which they reacted consistent with expectation. Discarded others.
  • 13. Study design: Experiment 2x3 factorial design. •  LIST LENGTH: 8 or 16 item lists •  PRESENTATION Baseline: article title (linked) + abstract Highlight: Agreeable items highlighted Highlight+Order: Agreeable items highlighted and placed first •  Varying PERCENT OF AGREEABLE ITEMS
  • 14.
  • 15. Questions ASSIGNED TO EITHER: Satisfaction “Suppose this was the front page of a political opinion aggregator. How would you feel about the viewpoints represented in it?” (5 point Likert scale, Very dissatisfied to very satisfied) Bias “What, if any, is the political bias of this collection?” (5 point Likert scale, Very Liberal to Very Conservative) EVERYONE: Why they gave the rating they did (open-ended) Random demographics check
  • 18. Coded as diversity-seeking if… WANT MORE CHALLENGE “e articles in this list showed some of both sides on some issues, but on other issues like health care was rather one sided. If that and a few other articles had been given two sides I would be completely satisfied. I like to read both sides even though I am mostly conservative.” WOULDN’T WANT LESS CHALLENGE “ere is an even distribution of right and le wing articles. I think it is best to cover both sides of the issue.” “I like that there are views from both Democrats and Republicans and seems to be a great mix of both sides of the fence.” Cohen’s  kappa:  0.89    
  • 23. Support-seeking or challenge-averse? 30 SUBJECTS 10 SUBJECTS
  • 24. Results: Presentation BASELINE ★ HIGHLIGHT ★ HIGHLIGHT + ORDER Ar#cle  #tle   Ar#cle  #tle   Ar#cle  #tle   Story  abstract  would  go  here.  And  so   Story  abstract  would  go  here.  And  so   Story  abstract  would  go  here.  And  so   on.  It  would  say  stuff.  And  have  opinion.   on.  It  would  say  stuff.  And  have  opinion.   on.  It  would  say  stuff.  And  have  opinion.   Ar#cle  #tle   Ar#cle  #tle   Ar#cle  #tle   Story  abstract  would  go  here.  And  so   Story  abstract  would  go  here.  And  so   Story  abstract  would  go  here.  And  so   on.  It  would  say  stuff.  And  have  opinion.   on.  It  would  say  stuff.  And  have  opinion.   on.  It  would  say  stuff.  And  have  opinion.   Ar#cle  #tle   Ar#cle  #tle   Ar#cle  #tle   Story  abstract  would  go  here.  And  so   Story  abstract  would  go  here.  And  so   Story  abstract  would  go  here.  And  so   on.  It  would  say  stuff.  And  have  opinion.   on.  It  would  say  stuff.  And  have  opinion.   on.  It  would  say  stuff.  And  have  opinion.   Ar#cle  #tle   Ar#cle  #tle   Ar#cle  #tle   Story  abstract  would  go  here.  And  so   Story  abstract  would  go  here.  And  so   Story  abstract  would  go  here.  And  so   on.  It  would  say  stuff.  And  have  opinion.   on.  It  would  say  stuff.  And  have  opinion.   on.  It  would  say  stuff.  And  have  opinion.  
  • 29. Good news and bad DIFFERING INDIVIDUAL PREFERENCES for opinion diversity. Challenge aversion is not an inherent human characteristic, but neither is diversity seeking. SIMPLE PRESENTATION TECHNIQUES, such as highlighting and ordering agreeable items, do not make diverse opinions more appealing to challenge-averse individuals.
  • 30. Future work: Preferences Distribution of preferences Do individual preferences change over time? Do individual preferences differ by topic?
  • 31. Future work: Presentation Continue to explore ways to make diversity appealing to challenge-averse people. Field trials for ordering Social influence techniques Ideas derived from NewsCube (Park et al, CHI 2009): show agreeable item first or prominently, then indicate that there are differing views.
  • 32. Future work: Murky middle Include people who are less extreme or who don’t fall into neat categories. strong democrat strong strong liberal conservative strong republican
  • 33. thanks! Sean Munson samunson@umich.edu Paul Resnick presnick@umich.edu balance.projects.si.umich.edu is project was supported by NSF Award IIS-0916099.

Editor's Notes

  1. There are many websites that aggregate political news and opinion, such as Digg, Reddit, Slashdot, and Memeorandum. These aggregators present links to recent articles from blogs and commercial media, and many also offer a forum for readers to discuss the linked stories. As the news aggregator marketplace matures, consumers will have many options to choose from and, over time, they will gravitate to aggregators that offer the mix of articles and the type of discussion that they like best.
  2. If people do not feel represented, they may exit to places where they do. People have alleged that Digg has a liberal bias, and have tried to create alternative sites that represent a more conservative point of view. This can lead to balkanization and polarization.Sunstein and others have warned about the problems this may cause for democracy and society.
  3. Shift to extreme positions. Risk of people being unable to make collective decisions or come together on important issues.More diverse information leads to better problem solving and out of the box thinking.Reduce chance of people concocting conspiracy theories.
  4. Who is the current Vice President?Which party is George W. Bush a member of?For what position is Sonia Sotomayor currently a nominee? (And later, to what position has Sonia Sotomayor been appointed?)
  5. Who is the current Vice President?Which party is George W. Bush a member of?For what position is Sonia Sotomayor currently a nominee? (And later, to what position has Sonia Sotomayor been appointed?)
  6. $0.05 / article for manipulation check.
  7. $0.75 to view collection
  8. 10 out of 40 subjects
  9. Looked at bias question too.
  10. Then we got this surprising result.Possible explanations: recency effect, especially if turkers felt they had to read the entire list. Also, once people realize that we were willing to manipulate the order of the collection, they may have wondered why weren’t willing to manipulate content to give all agreeable items.
  11. Olson and Zanna (paintings – 1979)
  12. Social: Go-el, Mason, and Watts. Facebook friends less similar in political preferences than people assume.