5. Modes of heterogeneous
system
โข (1) a global mode when the connection to
the Internet is available and distributed
systems can be interrelated; and
โข (2) a local mode when a system is isolated
(maybe because the Internet connection
fails) and our solution must provide a
normal execution inside the local network.
6. โข Design principles to implement different solutions for interoperability
of physical and virtual sensors with the rest of devices of an
installation have been proposed.
โข A development based on software components is applied to
encapsulate the structure and behavior of devices, thus organizing
the implementation and enabling the reuse.
โข The representation of these components in terms of models helps to
formalize the definitions and allows for generating (completely or
partially) the smart home applications.
โข A back-end infrastructure offering the available operations as web
services supports the management of the architectures and
components.
7. โข The communication between devices is
accomplished through a homogeneous layer by
using web technologies.
โข Modularity properties (coupling and cohesion)
have been analyzed to determine the division of
a smart home solution into different subsystems.
โข Architecture and component models for defining
this kind of solution are described by an
example scenario.
8. โข Implementation examples of gateways
which enable communication with
proprietary technologies are described.
9. Heterogeneous System
โข Interoperability solutions based on common operating
systems (such as Contiki, RIOS, FreeRTOS or TinyOS)
โข Supported by a middleware in terms of a programming
language, offering a high-level Application Programming
Interface (API)
โข Transparently access the heterogeneous devices, or
solved by multi-agent system (MAS) middlewares
10. Heterogeneous System
โข Concerning the life cycle approaches and
mechanisms supported by Component-
Based Software Engineering (CBSE)
โข It is useful for designing, developing, and
maintain IoT and cyber-physical systems
and these techniques can be applied to
ease interoperability
12. Example Explanation
โข In the example approach, gateways are implemented as
software components conforming the definitions of the
background technology. Furthermore, this kind of
component includes some communication methods
which are not exposed by means of ports and therefore
such operations are not represented in the models within
provided or required interfaces.
โข These methods are included as part of the code
implementation with the aim of communicating with a
physical device (or network) through a specific protocol.
13. Interoperability
โข The first interoperability process is
performed through the gateway
implementation and it includes POST
messages between the smart watch and
the gateway software component to obtain
the value of the heart rate.
14. Interoperability
โข The second interoperability process is
accomplished by using the COScore
services as intermediate through a
communication port of a required interface
(see the software component,
implementing the SW-Gateway
17. โข The user views the video and, just before beginning the exercise, starts the
application on the watch such that the trainer is able to monitor heart rate
โข The smart watch obtains the sensor data and sends it to the mobile.
โข This device executes a POST request to the web server with the digital
certificate, including the sensorโs data.
โข The server redirects the request to the REST web service offered by
the HFitbitIonicController component.
โข Now, this component sends a response (steps #9โ#11) and communicates
(through the port of the required interface ManageHRS.sendHRS) with the
port of the provided interface ManageGraph.appendMeasure of
the HHeartRateSensorController.
โข It sends the value read by the sensor to the trainerโs UI.
โข This last component, through the port of the required
interface ManageGraph.appendMeasure, sends the new readings to the port
of the provided interface ManageGraph.appendMeasure of
the HHeartRateSensorInterface component.
18.
19. Challenges and Possibilities
โข Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) integrate
computational and physical processes, playing a
crucial role in various domains such as
healthcare, transportation, energy,
manufacturing, and more.
โข Designing CPS involves addressing several
challenges and exploring numerous possibilities
to ensure their effective development and
deployment. Here are some challenges and
possibilities in CPS system design:
20. โข Interdisciplinary Nature:
โข Challenge: CPS design requires collaboration
among experts from diverse fields, including
computer science, control systems, electrical
engineering, and domain-specific knowledge.
โข Possibility: Establishing effective interdisciplinary
communication and collaboration platforms can
facilitate knowledge sharing and integration.
21. โข Security and Privacy:
โข Challenge: Ensuring the security and
privacy of CPS components and their
interactions is complex due to the
integration of physical and cyber
components.
โข Possibility: Implementing robust
encryption, authentication, and access
control mechanisms, along with regular
security audits, can enhance system
security.
22. โข Scalability:
โข Challenge: Adapting CPS to different
scales and sizes, from small-scale
applications to large-scale industrial
systems, poses scalability challenges.
โข Possibility: Designing modular and
scalable architectures allows for easier
expansion and adaptation to different
scales.
23. โข Real-time Constraints:
โข Challenge: Many CPS applications have
stringent real-time requirements, making it
challenging to guarantee timely processing
and communication of data.
โข Possibility: Employing real-time operating
systems, efficient algorithms, and hardware
acceleration can help meet real-time
constraints.
24. โข Reliability and Fault Tolerance:
โ Challenge: Ensuring the reliability of CPS in
the presence of hardware failures,
communication disruptions, or cyber-attacks
is critical.
โ Possibility: Implementing redundancy, fault
detection mechanisms, and recovery
strategies can enhance system reliability.
โข
25. โข Energy Efficiency:
โข Challenge: CPS often operate in resource-
constrained environments, requiring
energy-efficient designs to prolong battery
life and reduce environmental impact.
โข Possibility: Incorporating energy-efficient
hardware components, optimizing
algorithms, and utilizing energy harvesting
technologies contribute to improved
energy efficiency.
26. โข Machine Learning Integration:
โ Possibility: Leveraging machine learning
algorithms for data analysis, predictive
maintenance, and decision-making enhances
the adaptability and intelligence of CPS.
โข Edge Computing:
โ Possibility: Integrating edge computing
capabilities allows for processing data closer
to the source, reducing latency and bandwidth
requirements and enhancing overall system
performance.
27. โข Standardization:
โ Possibility: Establishing industry standards for
CPS components and communication
protocols promotes interoperability,
accelerates development, and facilitates
technology adoption.
โข Human-CPS Interaction:
โ Possibility: Designing intuitive human-
machine interfaces and considering human
factors in CPS development enhances
usability and user acceptance.
28. โข Blockchain for Security:
โ Possibility: Implementing blockchain
technology can enhance security and
transparency, providing a decentralized and
tamper-resistant solution for transaction and
data integrity.
โข Digital Twins:
โ Possibility: Creating digital twinsโvirtual
representations of physical entitiesโ
facilitates simulation, testing, and monitoring,
aiding in design optimization and predictive
maintenance.
29. โข Addressing these challenges and
embracing these possibilities requires a
holistic and collaborative approach
involving researchers, engineers,
policymakers, and domain experts.
Continuous advancements in technology
and a commitment to addressing societal
needs will shape the future of CPS design.
30. Role of Architecture description
languages
โข Architecture Description Languages (ADLs) play
a crucial role in the design, development, and
understanding of Cyber-Physical Systems
(CPS).
โข These languages provide a formalized way to
represent the architecture of a CPS, capturing its
structural and behavioral aspects.
โข Here are some key roles of Architecture
Description Languages in CPS
31. Role of ADL
โข Examples of Architecture Description Languages
commonly used in CPS include AADL
(Architecture Analysis and Design Language)
โข SysML (Systems Modeling Language), EAST-
ADL (East-ADL Architecture Description
Language),
โข MARTE (Modeling and Analysis of Real-Time
and Embedded Systems). The selection of an
appropriate ADL depends on the specific
requirements and characteristics of the CPS
being designed.
32. โข Abstraction and Modeling:
โข Role: ADLs allow architects to abstract the
complexities of a CPS, providing a high-
level representation of its components,
interactions, and behaviors.
โข Significance: This abstraction aids in
managing the inherent complexity of CPS,
making it easier for designers to
conceptualize and communicate the
architecture.
33. โข Design Exploration and Evaluation:
โข Role: ADLs enable architects to model
different architectural alternatives and
configurations.
โข Significance: Designers can explore and
evaluate various design choices before
implementation, facilitating informed
decision-making and optimization of
system properties such as performance,
reliability, and scalability.
34. โข Documentation and Communication:
โข Role: ADLs serve as a standardized
means of documenting the architecture of
a CPS.
โข Significance: This documentation helps in
communicating the design decisions and
structure among team members,
stakeholders, and across different phases
of the system lifecycle.
35. โข Analysis and Verification:
โข Role: ADLs support the analysis and
verification of system properties, such as
safety, security, and real-time behavior.
โข Significance: Through formal methods and
tools, architects can identify and address
potential issues early in the design phase,
ensuring that the CPS meets its specified
requirements.
36. โข Code Generation:
โข Role: Some ADLs support the automatic
generation of code from architectural
models.
โข Significance: This feature reduces the
chances of errors introduced during
manual coding, improves consistency
between the design and implementation,
and accelerates the development process.
37. โข Interoperability:
โข Role: ADLs contribute to interoperability
by providing a common language for
expressing system architectures.
โข Significance: Interoperability is crucial in
CPS, where components from different
vendors or domains need to seamlessly
interact. ADLs ensure a standardized way
to describe and integrate diverse
components.
38. โข Evolution and Maintenance:
โ Role: ADLs support the documentation of
architectural changes and facilitate system
evolution over time.
โ Significance: As CPS evolve, architectural
descriptions help in understanding the
existing structure, making modifications, and
maintaining a comprehensive record of
system changes.
39. โข Tool Integration:
โ Role: ADLs can be integrated with various
tools, such as simulation, verification, and
testing tools.
โ Significance: This integration streamlines the
development process, allowing architects to
leverage specialized tools for specific aspects
of CPS design, analysis, and validation.
41. ADL
โข Architecture Description Language (ADL) is defined as "a language
(graphical, textual, or both) for describing a software system in terms
of its architectural elements and the relationship among them".
โข In other words, ADL is a language enabling formalization,
description, specification, modeling, and reasoning on software
architectures.
โข Each of these features should be fulfilled by a language that is
proclaimed to be ADL. A good ADL must provide abstractions that
are adequate for modeling a large system.
โข Each ADL embodies a particular approach to the specification and
evolution of architecture.
