Vaccines And Its Effects On The Disease

Vaccines And Its Effects On The Disease
Before vaccines were invented, whenever an individual contracted a disease, it would easily spread
to the people who were in contact with the individual. Many became carriers of the disease,
resulting in an outbreak. No one was immune from the disease, thus making the vast majority a
suitable host for the pathogen. In 1796, British physician Edward Jenner created the first vaccination
for smallpox by applying matters of fresh cowpox lesions on an infected eight years old's hand
(Riedel 2005). The fundamental principle behind vaccine is by injecting an antigen (usually a killed
or weakened bacteria cell) into a host body; the antigen will imitate an infection and attack the host
body. However, since the antigen is weakened or dead before being administered, it will not make
the body sick. The antigen triggers the immune system to produce T–lymphocytes1, B–
lymphocytes2 and antibodies to attack the affected cells, as though the body was infected with a
disease. In the future, when the vaccinated individual encounters the disease, his or her immune
system will recognize the pathogen and immediately produce the needed antibodies to fight it,
preventing the individual from infected ("Understanding How Vaccines Work" 2013).
Immunization is one of the most effective ways to prevent the widespread of infectious disease.
When the vast majority of the population is vaccinated, it results in herd immunity, a form of
indirect protection against infectious disease. Vaccination decreases
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Ageing Does Effect Everybody And Your Questionnaire Is
Ageing does effect everybody and your questionnaire is precise with respect to your topic choice
and outlines your intentions for this article. Furthermore, the information presented in this
questionnaire closely corresponds with the information contained in your article and is very accurate
and thorough. Your strongest point is the clear connection to MIMM 214 which is vey well linked to
your paper.
The only suggestion from improvement is perhaps to try and either discuss the relationship between
the immune system aging and cancer in your article or remove the idea of cancer from your
questionnaire's "Why" section because the connection to cancer is not clearly explained within the
paper.
Please answer the following three questions in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The article also ends on an optimistic note by suggesting that one day there may be a cure or
solution to this problem. This allows the reader to continue thinking about ways to fix this ageing
problem long after reading the article because it is a thought provoking statement.
One of the main aspects to consider is the level of knowledge of the intended audience. Although the
topic can appeal to everyone it needs to be easily understandable to everyone, even people who have
never taken an immunology or science class. I looked over your article a second time and picked out
some of the key words that I think people would have a harder time grasping without some sort of
prior knowledge on the topic. The words: thymus, individual specificity, receptor, naïve T cells,
memory T cells, CD28, activation and survival. Are all immunology specific terms that need a bit
more explanation than what was given in the article to be properly understood by everyone. The
people who can benefit most from reading this type of article are the people who know the least
about the topic. Therefore, it is important to explain these terms the same way you explained the
word immunosenescence. The use of the word immunosenescence is acceptable because although it
is complex, it is necessary for explaining the main point in the article and

The Conditioning Of Society 's Understanding Of The Human...
The Conditioning Of Society's Understanding Of The Human Body:
My Body; The Fortress.
Danielle Jones
B00618547
SOSA 2001 Y
April 16, 2015
Throughout the term we have been acquainted with the examination, portrayal and recounting of
numerous ethnographic works. Throughout my paper I intend to concentrate however on a work that
fortifies exchange on the disposition of individuals with debilitated immune systems and of the
researchers of immunology. Throughout Emily Martin 's "Flexible Bodies" the reader is acquainted
with the interviews that Martin experiences to pick up a more profound comprehension of how
society sees and comprehends the dynamic and adaptable working of their immune systems. The
work shows how this comprehension is then in charge of molding their thoughts regarding fitness,
disease and wellness.
Apparent through Martin 's work is the striking effect the media has on the view of general society 's
thoughts on their wellbeing and investigation of the working of the human body. Despite the fact
that science is an authentic matter, regarding the media 's impact the science behind the human
bodies immune system is dissected, distorted and confusion gets to be basic. The investigation of
immunology is dynamic, yet the media conditions us into a one–track mind however of fear. The
fear of our own bodies, as well as living in apprehension of others and their wellbeing. The media
subliminally lets us know that is we are of high financial standing we

Tumor Immunology Personal Statement
I have chosen to pursue research in the field of biology because I enjoy the approach of logical
thinking to satisfy the curiosity of me and the world around me. Although, sometimes it is
infuriating while not getting the desired outcomes, but the thing that fascinates me more about this
area of science is the freedom to explore the living world.
During my doctoral training, it was fortunate for me to work as a teaching assistant during the
practical course works for undergraduate students for seven semesters. While working as a teaching
assistant, I got an opportunity to give a lecture on "Tumor Immunology" and also to arrange a
demonstration of goat brain dissection for the undergraduate students and that gave me a huge self
confidence. In research, the best way to teach is by providing the opportunities for students to learn
and develop logical and independent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On some occasions, I show the students how to perform the experiments and give task initially
under my observation, and then letting the students perform the experiment while I am available for
questions.
My years of training have imparted in me the knowledge, confidence, discipline and perseverance to
achieve success in my chosen field. I hope you will consider my abilities and research experience to
admit me as a postdoctoral fellow in your laboratory. In my prospective career as a postdoctoral
fellow in your laboratory, I look forward to working in a collaborative learning and research
environment, where I can include new methodologies incorporating the most relevant research with
the use of an interdisciplinary approach. I hope to meet my academic goals in your laboratory at
University of Virginia, Charlottesville, as I will be able to tune the knowledge gained during my
doctoral training and focus it towards my research ambitions.
Thank

Immunology Personal Statement
The human body is an amazing machine; one that works efficiently in spite of the many intricate
functions it processes every second. Because of its complexity, research is still very new and
exciting especially with the brain, and I want to be a part of it. Biomedicine is the ideal course for
me as I have an interest for human biology and it allows me to have the flexibility to experience
different modules before specialising.
The ability of our bodies to detect a foreign cell and use mechanisms such as phagocytosis or cell–
mediated immunity to fight disease is incredible. Immunology is a part of the current cutting edge
research due to the constant updates in vaccinations and cancer immunotherapy. Studying
Geography has enhanced my biological ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through my role as a student mentor and a member of the College's Principal's Council, I have
developed leadership and communication skills, by overseeing school events and discussing school
issues weekly. I also play the flute in several orchestras which does not only show my dedication but
my time management skills as I intend to take my grade 7 flute exam in December.
I am planning to travel, apply for lab internships and gain some beneficial work experience before
starting this course. When travelling my aim is to experience eastern culture, explore new countries
and gain more independence. I have a genuine interest for this course and would love to deepen my
knowledge and gain some invaluable skills from my time at

Aetiology And Pathogenesis Essay
Aetiology and Pathogenesis
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a non–preventable inflammatory neurodegenerative demyelinating
disease. The pathogenesis of MS is a debatable topic and still needs to be better understood. (1,3) .
In histological assessments, both the myelin sheath and oligodendrocytes are damaged and attacked
by cells of the immune system. Both, the humoural and cellular immune responses, are present. First
a T cell phagocytic reaction by macrophages and targets the myelin sheath and oligodendrocytes.
this is followed by the secretion of anti–myelin antibodies from B cells, opsonisation of the myelin
sheath and activation of the complement cascade (1,3,4).
There are several theories used to explain the mechanisms of demyelination. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
compared to the general population risk rate of 0.1%
The disease is not a worldwide epidemic (2) Global Distribution of MS
Figure 1: Global Distribution of MS. Darker areas represent high incidence rates (2)
Typical age of onset of signs and symptoms
The age of onset ranges between the ages of 30 and 49 [6]. Prior to the onset of MS, individuals are
likely to begin to develop specific signs and symptoms.
The early clinical signs and signs and symptoms associated with MS (5):
Blurred or double vision.
Lowering of cognitive abilities – this is shown with the shortening attention span, low levels of
concentration, lapses in memory, and poor judgment skills.
Paresthesia which is the development of numbness and tingling. Within MS patients this is
reinforced through the onset of muscle weakness especially within the limbs
Ataxia – characterised by the onset of muscular spasms and problems with weakness, coordination,
balance and functioning of limbs.
Onset of Fatigue
Continence issues – including the lack of bladder control leading to either incontinence and/or

Are Autoimmune Diseases Killing You?
Are Autoimmune Diseases Killing You? The innate/adaptive immune systems are supposed to
protect you – what happens when they strike back? Autoimmune diseases: The Immune system is
provided by the body to keep the human system healthy, and virus/bacteria free. Autoimmune
diseases occur when a T lymphocyte cell escapes the lymphoid and mistakes an organ/system/tissue
for a virus, this rogue T cell than instructs B lymphocytes cells to develop antibodies. These special
antibodies are known as 'autoantibodies' (special blood proteins that target the individual's body
parts). Autoimmune diseases are supposedly triggered, this is a broad group ranging from being
inherited or viruses/hormones.
Currently there is approx. 80 different types of autoimmune diseases globally, then broadly grouped
into two categories 'organ specific' (where the diseases effects one particular body part) and 'non–
organ specific' (where no one organ is targeted, but maybe an entire system). One in twenty people
are diagnosed with an autoimmune disease, however depending on the disease the number increases
example a rare disease may affect one in a million people.
What is the impact?
Autoimmune diseases are a huge health issue in Australia and New Zealand. The negative effects
can be quite severe, depending on the disease. A sample of the diseases listed are:
Diabetes (type 1)
Graves' disease
Inflammatory bowel disease
Multiple sclerosis
Scleroderma
Lupus Erythematosus
Lupus has a huge

How Does Insulation Affect Allergies
While you may not give much thought to it, your home's insulation may be what's affecting your
allergies. Dust mites, pet dander, mildew and molds are the main indoor allergens which can affect
you and your family year round inside of your home. Whether it's an old insulation system, poorly
installed insulation, or just the wrong insulation for your home, any one of these installation issues
could be the source of your itchy eyes, runny nose, sneezing, wheezing, scratchy throat or cough.
Let's look at how insulation can affect your allergies.
The insulation in your walls and attics serve a number of functions, including to keep your home at
a consistent temperature that is ideal for preventing allergy flare–ups. Insulation also serves as a
barrier, sealing the walls and cracks, where pollen and grasses can find their way into your home. In
your attic or crawl space, insulation prevents little critters, like squirrels, rats, mice, opossums,
cockroaches or bats from taking up residence in your home, where they can leave droppings that can
trigger your allergies. According to the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, saliva,
feces and shedding body parts of cockroaches acts like dust mites and can trigger allergies when
they are kicked up in the air. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The dampness breeds mold and mildew that produce allergens and irritants, that if inhaled or
touched can cause allergic reactions that include symptoms, such as sneezing, runny nose, red eyes,
and skin rash. Insulation can prevent mold growth by supporting dry, temperature–controlled
conditions, eliminating of the source of moisture that can produce unwanted

Cardinal Journal Of Immunology : Asthma And The Ongoing...
Cardinal Journal of immunology
Asthma and the ongoing research of helper T cells and cytokines
Carolina Calvillo, BS in progress*
*Biology–Pre Dental Program, Department of Biology, School of Mathematics Science and
Engineering, University of the Incarnate Word
Table of Contents
ABSRACT 1 INTRODUCTION 4 RESEARCH 1 THERAPY 4 CONCLUSION 4
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by T helper cell 2 (Th2) type inflammation, leading to airway hyper
responsiveness and tissue remodeling. Th2 cell–driven inflammation is likely to represent an
abnormal response to harmless airborne particles. These reactions are normally suppressed by
regulatory T cells, which maintain airway tolerance. The anti–inflammatory cytokine IL–10 is likely
to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This syndrome arises as a result of interactions between multiple genetic and environmental factors.
Most patients also exhibit acute immediate hypersensitivity responses to common inhaled proteins,
known as allergens, of which very small amounts trigger IgE dependent mast cell degranulation,
leading to reversible airway obstruction. Typical allergen sources include grass pollens and animal
dander's, but the most important to those with asthma is house dust mite. However, a large
proportion of patients with asthma present with no personal or family history of allergy, with
negative skin tests, and with normal serum concentrations of IgE, and therefore have disease that
cannot be classified on the basis of defined immunological mechanisms. In these non–atopic
patients, the pathophysiology of airway constriction has some similarities, including eosinophil and
T helper type 2 (TH2) lymphocyte infiltration, the presence of FcεRI+ cells, and cells expressing
IgE mRNA. In a series of biopsies from atopic or non–atopic patients with asthma, the main

The Health Benefits Of Papaya
Papaya (PawPaw) is a sweet and succulent fruit found in tropical climates around the world. Its
health benefits are many; it is naturally rich in vitamins, minerals, lycopene, beta–carotene and other
vital nutrients. Many cultures successfully use the leaf, seeds, skin and pulp of this miraculous fruit
for various diseases, infections and skin conditions. Today, researchers and scientists throughout the
medical community are stepping up the investigation into the health benefits of papaya leaf
(pawpaw twig) and the role it plays in fighting cancer, wound care, its anti–inflammatory benefits
and how it helps to strengthen the immune system. Groundbreaking studies are showing that the
enzymes and other compounds found in the leaves, skin, pulp and seeds of the ... Show more content
In the tropical areas of the world where papaya is readily available, the consumption and use of
papaya for enjoyment and medicinal cures are part of everyday life.
Papaya Leaf Tea: Papaya Leaf Tea reduces inflammation, activates immune system response, and
inhibits tumor cell growth through the strengthening of the immune system and increasing the
natural anti–tumor effects that occur in immune response.[1] The tea is ideal for individuals that
enjoy drinking herbal teas and many find that it has a similar taste to green tea; but it is packed with
more nutritional and health benefits.
Papaya Leaf Extract: Papaya leaves are successfully used for Dengue Fever, digestive upset and for
treatments of serious illnesses including cancer. Scientific research indicates that papaya leaf extract
regulates T–cells and increase the immune system response to cancer.[2] Papaya leaves are not
readily available in stores in the United States; a concentrated extract of the leaf is available in both
capsules and liquid formulas from the company Herbal

Genetics And Immunology: Personal Statement
Medical science advances at a pace, more rapidly than ever before. I find myself fascinated by the
human body composition which is an outstanding machine and is still in the process of discovery.
Furthermore, everyday life of an individual depends upon the medical sciences which pose as a
region of proficiency that is repetitively progressing and as consequence is constantly sculpting the
existence of incalculable individuals. I am greatly influenced and eager to participate and contribute
in this ever–growing Medical field. Genuinely, Genetics and Immunology are the most appealing
sectors of biology in my opinion as I find their input mesmerizing. I find immunology thrilling
because of the way it represents itself in the concept of science, posing as the organisms shield
through defending the body against unsolicited intrusion by pathogens ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Throughout the several tasks that have been given during this year, I have further developed my
abilities in individual tasks and completing undertaking independent research. I have come across
and achieved all course deadlines, proving that I am a self–disciplined young women and can take
control of my time effectively and efficiently. I have previously achieved a Health and social care
level 3 course at Longley Park Sixth Form College where I have benefited from learning the diverse
aspects of health science and the correct way a patient must be treated and handled whilst being in
an operative medical department. Furthermore, I have achieved a level 2 IT Diploma at Longley
Park Sixth Form College where I have gained the essential skills and knowledge to develop my
computer skills as they are and always will be an imperative sector in the frequently evolving
industry of

What Are Allergies? The Immune System Of An Allergic Person?
What are allergies?
An allergy is an overreaction of the immune system to a substance that is harmless for most people.
But in an allergic person, the immune system treats the substance (called an allergen) as an invader
and reacts inappropriately, resulting in symptoms that can range from mild discomfort to problems
that can endanger the life of the person.
More about allergies
The immune system of an allergic person, in an attempt to protect the body against what it perceives
as a threat, it produces antibodies called immunoglobulin E (IgE) to the allergen. In turn, these
antibodies cause cells called mast cells to release certain chemicals, including histamine, into the
bloodstream to defend against the "invader" allergen. Release of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, a small number of children have allergies even though there is no other member in your
family is allergic. And if a child is allergic to a substance, it is also likely to be the other. The most
common airborne allergens
Some of the most common substances you are allergic people are airborne transported by air. Then
we describe the most common:
Pollen is another major cause of allergies. Trees, shrubs, grass and grass meadows and pastures
release these tiny particles into the air to fertilize other plants. Pollen allergy is seasonal, and the
type of pollen a child is allergic to determine when the present allergic symptoms.
Mold, another common allergen, is composed of fungi that grow in warm, moist environments, both
indoors and outdoors. Outside, the mold is formed in poorly drained areas where water and or
moisture. Indoors, mold thrives in dark, poorly ventilated.
Allergens of animal origin, mostly from warm–blooded pets (warm–blooded) can trigger allergic
reactions in children and adults. When the animal licks, saliva is deposited on the fur or feathers. As
the saliva dries, the protein particles are transported through the air and stick to fabrics that is in the
home environment. Cats are the "worst enemies" of allergy sufferers because the saliva protein is
tiny and because these animals tend to lick themselves more than others as part of daily

The Effects Of Optimism On Cancer Survival Rate
The previous section has shown that previous study had yielded contradictory results. To account for
the inconsistent findings, we have to first understand the inner mechanisms of the effects of
optimism on cancer survival rate. Salovey (2000) has proposed various potential casual pathways
from dispositional optimism to cancer survival outcomes. One of the potential mediators of
optimism and survival outcome might be immune system. In other words, optimism tends to
enhance the immune system which in turn enhance cancer survival rate. Indeed, Ah (2007) examines
the intimate connections among social support, optimism, and immune response. Ah hypothesized
that optimism plays a mediating role for immune response and cancer outcome. 54 cancer patients
participated in the study. They completed questionnaires regarding stress level, optimism, and
satisfaction social support. Participants' blood was assessed to measure the immune system (ex.,
white blood cell such as natural killer cell. The results showed that only optimism is associated with
immune response and cancer prognosis, while perceived satisfaction of social support was not
associated immune response.
Given that immunology mediate the relationship between optimism and cancer survival rate, it is
possible that the inconsistent results of the previous studies might be accounted by mechanisms
related to immunology.
One possible explanation might be that previous studies looked at different types of cancer, while
some type

Immediate Hypersensitivity Reaction
PHYSIOLOGY: In an immediate hypersensitivity reaction the primary immune cell involved is the
mast cell, which becomes activated through an IgE/FcɛRl receptor interaction. These cells play a
key role in the initial immune response known as the 'immediate hypersensitivity reaction' which
involves release of granule contents as well as secreting cytokines that recruit other pro–
inflammatory cells during the 'late–phase reaction' (1). Immunological pathway. An allergic
response can only begin following a previous exposure to an allergen; during this initial exposure,
the allergen is taken up by an antigen presenting cell and presented in the context of MHC Class II
to a T cell which then differentiates into a T–helper 2 cell (Th2 cell). This ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The molecules released in this time cause vascular dilation and smooth muscle contraction that can
be observed in the 'wheal and flare' response. The wheal and flare response is the name given to the
reaction of the skin following an allergic response. The 'wheal' describes the inflamed, raised area
and the 'flare' referring to the portion of red skin surrounding the wheal. The primary molecules
released in the immediate hypersensitivity reaction are proteases and histamines (vasoactive amines)
as well as lipid

The medical specialty I'm most interested in pursuing is immunology. For as long as I can
remember, I've wanted to work in medicine. When I was thirteen, I was introduced to the field of
immunology and autoimmune disorders by way of my stepmother, who has an autoimmune disorder
called Polymyalgia Rheumatica. I often accompanied her to her immunologist appointments and
these visits piqued my interest in this specialty. The field of immunology encompasses everything
from autoimmunity and immune deficiencies to infectious diseases and allergic reactions. I started
seeing an allergist myself this past October. I'd begun breaking out into hives. My mother had
assumed it was stress since it first occurred on the eve of my sweet sixteen party. But

Immunology
INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY:
Compare and Contrast the Biological Processes Underlying Innate and Adaptive Immunity
By (name)
Course:
Instructor:
University:
City/State:
Date
Compare and Contrast the Biological Processes Underlying Innate and Adaptive Immunity
In the biology Immunology field, immunity is defined as the balanced state of a living organism for
instance, the human body having sufficient biological defenses to combat infection, illness, or other
unwanted biological incursion, while having acceptable tolerance to avoid contamination and
allergies (Sompayrac, 2012, p.5). The immune system is a group of cells, nerves, and molecules that
defend the body from many pathogenic microorganisms and contaminants in the environment. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, the adaptive immune classification is organized around a binary class of cells, namely
the T and B cells, whereas the cells of the innate immune classification are considerably more in
number, comprising natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages (Pulendran, Katsikis,
& Schoenberger, 2011, p. 12).
Further differences can be seen from the immune system receptors. The receptors of innate
classification cells are completely germline encoded, in other words, their structure is controlled by
the genome of the cell and has a permanent genetically determined specificity. On the other hand,
adaptive immune classification cells have semantically engendered variable–region receptors such
as the TCR and BCR, which are T, and B cell receptors with variable specificities, fashioned by a
complex procedure of gene segment reorganization within the cell (Pulendran, Katsikis,
&Schoenberger, 2011, p. 13).
Additionally, another difference is on a population level. Various studies such as 'the conceptual
framework for innate immunity' highlight that innate immune classification cells have a non–clonal
distribution of receptors, suggesting that all cells of an identical sort and have receptors with
matching specificities. However, receptors on adaptive immune classification cells are dispersed
clonally in a pattern that are suppurations of a specific clone

Allergy : An Common Inveterate Case Worldwide
Introduction:
Allergies are among the most common inveterate case worldwide. Allergy symptoms range from
making you powerless to putting you at risk for life–menacing reaction.Food allergies are defined as
" the body 's abnormal responses to harmless foods; the reactions are caused by the immune system
'sreaction to some food proteins" (thefreedictionary.difntion.com).In other words,The job of the
body's immune system is to identify and ruin germs (such as bacteria or viruses) that make you sick.
A food allergy results when the immune system wrong targets a harmless food protein an allergen as
menace and attacks it.
Food allergies are abnormal immunological responses to a special food or food component . Two
types of abnormal immunological responses can happen immediately and delayed reactions. Both
are well documented to occur in certain individuals at ingestion of specific foods.recently These
illnesses are spread and sometimes called individualistic reverse reactions to foods because they
affect only certain individuals in the population.In addition ,Cause of food allergy enter hospital
almost thirty thousand people to the emergency room, and up to a hundred to two hundred deaths
each year (Taylor and Hefle. 2005).
The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on the on the issue of food allergies in terms of the number
of people having allergies, various emergency situations,allergy symptoms, allergy treatment and
prevention. Thus, this paper aims to provide

Biol 537 Immunology Research Paper
Molly Fields
Qing Deng
BIOL 537 Immunology
Term Paper
Due: April 16, 2015
Immunopathogenesis of 'Vyloria'
When a virus invades the human body there is an assortment of responses from the immune system
relying largely on the particular pathogen type. Viruses invade the host with the purpose of
replication to ensure survival. My cytosolic virus is a single stranded RNA virus. The virus is
surrounded by an envelope with a lipid membrane. Inside the envelope are matrix proteins,
integrase, protease, reverse transcriptase and the RNA genome. All viruses contain three proteins
necessary for their survival; one for replication, one for packaging and delivering it to more host
cells and a protein that modifies the function or structure of the host ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They go through negative selection after V(D)J recombination where the self–reacting cells are
eliminated. Positive selection is in the periphery and where B cells become mature B–cells. Unlike
T–cells, B–cells also go through hypermuation and class switching in the lymph nodes after they are
activated. This helps them be more specific for antigens. B–cells either proliferate into memory B–
cells or plasma cells that secrete antibodies. Antibodies opsonize, neutralize or fight by complement
fixation against the virus. The memory cells are used if an infection of the same virus occurs

NHP Neonate Model: A Summary And Analysis
Dr. Martha Alexander Miller, Butler Alumni and Chair of the department of Microbiology and
Immunology at Wake Forest School of Medicine, presented her talk the Development of Effective
Infant Influenza Vaccines using an NHP Neonate Model. The primary focus of her talk was to share
work she had done in her laboratory to generate vaccines for young infants. Miller explained that no
approved vaccines exist for infants under six months and this is threatening because the highest risk
of death is present in the first years of life, as infants have an impaired immune system to fight
against influenza. Before explaining her work in the lab, Miller informed us with a primer about the
three main players in an immune response: B–Cells, T–Cells and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Molecule R848 is a single stranded RNA mimetic which binds to TLR7 and TLR8. By targeting the
toll like receptors, the maturation of dendritic cells is enhanced as well as an increased activation of
B cells and T cells. Miller and the other scientists used IPR8, an inactivated virus strain for their
studies because it is directly linked to the R848 molecules. Miller chose their model organism to be
the African green monkey neonate model because their immune system was the most similar to an
infant immune system. They did not use mice because TLR8 is not functional in mice and mice
matured to adults in three weeks. The process of their experiment was to give a vaccine, draw blood
at various points, and boost over several weeks. In the experiment they included controls. They
utilized an inactivated virus to test the capacity of R848 (used on seven primates), IPR8 (inactivated
flu alone on four primates) with a PBS (saline) control. Because their sample size was so small it is
not technically correct to state that there was statistical significance in their results (need a sample
size of at least thirty typically) but this is difficult due to lack of grant funding. Ultimately, their
results were that nearly all the animals that did have the R848 vaccine had the mildest form

Treating Hiv : A Life Destroying Disease
Stevie Riggs
Essay 2
Amcult 365
What To Know About Treating HIV
HIV has been a life destroying disease since the early 1980s. Originally discovered in gay men, it
was once thought to only effect homosexuals. Thankfully to great efforts on research and outbreaks
in hemophiliacs, it is now associated with other social groups outside of the gay community. The
risks of contracting this disease are still high among gay men, highly sexually active individuals
(hetero–, homo–, and bi– sexual), intravenous drug users, and health care professionals. By
understanding the biological make up of the disease researchers have been able to come up with
many options to treating the disease, its progression into AIDs, and other infections that can occur ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once it has been determined that a patient needs to begin treatment there are several steps taken to
determine which type of drugs the newly diagnosed patient will receive. Those steps involve
determining the readiness of a patient; to maintain a healthy CD4 count which enables a healthy
immune system, a patient must take prescribed medication everyday for the rest of their life, this is a
huge commitment and must be taken seriously by the patient. Additionally, a test is done to
determine which strain of HIV the patient has, the strain type will determine which drugs will be
best to combat the virus, and whether or not it is a drug resistant. According to Dr. Gandhi drug
resistance in strains occurs when a HIV carrier does not take their prescribed medication daily and
consequently develops a resistance to the drug; therefore, if the newly diagnosed patient receives a
drug resistant strain, he/she contracted the virus from a patient who developed a drug resistance
first. The fact that drug resistant strains exist stresses the importance of step one; making sure that a
patient is ready to start treatment. Once the strain has been documented and an appropriate drug
therapy program has been developed the patient is able to start treatment.
Types Of Treatment
The types of drugs that are used to combat against HIV and its progression into AIDs are known as
antiretrovirals. Antiretrovirals have

The Story Of The Search Essay
The Story of the Search
–
Sixth grade language arts class brought a painful experience that I never knew was coming. My
class went outside to work on an independent reading project, and all of a sudden, I started to get
extremely itchy. My skin, throat and eyes started tingling and throbbing. I rubbed my eyes without
thinking twice about what was going on, I'd never experienced anything like this before. I ended up
itching my eyes so much that they started to get red, dry and inflamed. I could have sworn they were
at least two times the size that they normally were, if not bigger. As I stumbled down to the nurse's
office, barely being able to see, I wondered 'what's happening to me? What caused this?'
After asking me about my ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
My goal for this project was to discover why reactions happen, how to tame my symptoms, if I'd
ever be able to outgrow the allergy and if "hay fever" (seasonal allergy) is genetic.
When I started searching for answers, I made sure to use keywords like allergy, pollen and cause to
help me find the information I needed. It surprised me how difficult it was to find a credible source
that wouldn't have any biased information. Some websites that always came up were from allergy
medicine companies like Flonase or Halls. I didn't want to take any information from websites like
these because the facts they provide are to draw customers in to help sell their products. Whether my
instincts were correct or not, I played it safe and stuck with medical specialist websites.
Some of the websites I visited were from the College of Allergies, Asthma and Immunology
(ACAAI), LiveScience, Bryn Mawr College, Health Line and more.
Before I started collecting information, I always checked for an author who had a medical
background or experience, a list of credible sources, and if it was reviewed by other medical
professionals. Of course, not all of my sources were 100% credible, but I did the best I could to find
reliable information.
The Results of the Search
–
Throughout the research process, I focused on answering some of the sub

BL624 Immunology Case Study
BL624 Immunology, Spring 2015
Case Study #5 Questions: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Due: Monday April 13, 2015 by 2:30 pm to the dropbox folder on D2L Name: Sarah Loh
1. Present this case study using the critical clinical components. (Bullet points are ok)
a. Identifying information (age, sex, etc.)
16 year old female.
b. Chief complaint/chief concern
Butterfly rash on cheeks and nose bridge; stiff fingers and knees; symmetric swelling in fingers.
c. History of present illness (HPI) – None given
d. Medical history – None given
e. Lab results
Positive ANA titer (1:1280); elevated antibodies against double–stranded DNA; low C3 level (73
mg/dl); all else (platelets, direct/indirect Coombs tests/anti–phosopholipid Abs) normal.
f. Impression ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
8. Why were Nicole's lymph nodes swollen?
Nicole's lymph nodes were swollen because of follicular hyperplasia in the cortex from an increase
in B cell activation (larger population) due to autoantigen stimulation, as well as an increased
number of plasma cells in the medulla secreting immunoglobulin.
9. Describe the concept of epitope spreading in SLE.
At later stages of an autoimmune disease such as SLE, autoreactive lymphocytes may begin to target
self antigens. An autoreactive helper T cell specific to only one antigen, may then activate DNA–
specific B cells that produce autoantibodies with more than one different specificities. As more
antigen is released and more antigen–presenting cells become involved, secondary targets become
more prevalent. Thus, a B cell activated by a singularly specific T cell may become activated by
different parts of the hitsone–nucleosome complex

Cancer Immunology
Cancer: Cancer can be defining as disease condition in which cell divide and proliferate
uncontrollably bypassing the normal rules of cell division. It is characterized by a progression of
changes on cellular and genetic level that ultimately reprogram a cell to undergo uncontrolled cell
division, thus forming a malignant mass.
Carcinogenesis:
Cancers consist of single clones or several clones of cells that are capable of partially (benign
tumor) or fully (malignant cancer) independent growth in the host. The essence of carcinogenesis is
the activation (deregulation) of genes that regulate cell growth via bypassing the host's regulatory
circuits. Multiple genes must be deregulated for the development of fully malignant ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Immunotherapy of virus–associated cancers can be directed against viral–antigens vital for viral
replication or growth. The human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 proteins interfere with normal
cell–cycle regulation and are required for the viral life cycle.
Examples of tumer antigen are
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG): A glycoprotein hormone produced during pregnancy. Some
cancerous tumors produce this hormone; therefore, elevated levels measured when the patient is not
pregnant can lead to a cancer diagnosis.
Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP): Major plasma protein produced by the yolk sac and the liver during fetal
development The human fetus has the highest amount of AFP levels found in humans. Normal adult
levels are usually achieved by the age of 8 to 12 months. The function of AFP in adults is unknown;
however, in fetus it binds estradiol to prevent the transport of this hormone across the placenta.
Prostate–Specific Antigen: Prostate–specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by cells of the
prostate gland called a biological marker or a tumor marker. It is normal for men to have a low level
of PSA in their blood; however, prostate cancer or benign (not cancerous) conditions can increase a
man's PSA level.
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) Michael (2001): CEA was first described in 1965 by Gold and
Freedman present in both fetal colon and colon adenocarcinoma but that appeared to be absent

Symptoms And Treatment Of Allergies
V. Conclusion
Introduction:
Allergies are among the most common inveterate case worldwide. Allergy symptoms range from
making you powerless to putting you at risk for life–menacing reaction.Food allergies are defined as
" the body 's abnormal responses to harmless foods; the reactions are caused by the immune system
'sreaction to some food proteins" (thefreedictionary.difntion.com).In other words,The job of the
body's immune system is to identify and ruin germs (such as bacteria or viruses) that make you sick.
A food allergy results when the immune system wrong targets a harmless food protein an allergen as
menace and attacks it.
Food allergies are abnormal immunological responses to a special food or food component . Two
types of abnormal immunological responses can happen immediately and delayed reactions. Both
are well documented to occur in certain individuals at ingestion of specific foods.recently These
illnesses are spread and sometimes called individualistic reverse reactions to foods because they
affect only certain individuals in the population.In addition ,Cause of food allergy enter hospital
almost thirty thousand people to the emergency room, and up to a hundred to two hundred deaths
each year (Taylor and Hefle. 2005).
The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on the on the issue of food allergies in terms of the number
of people having allergies, various emergency situations,allergy symptoms, allergy treatment and
prevention. Thus, this paper

A Research Study On Transplant Immunology
Jennifer Wereski
The number corresponds to slide number.
1. Hi I am Jennifer Wereski and I am going to talk about transplant immunology specifically heart
transplants especially with the case study. Initially I will discuss statistics with general transplants
and then UNOS and how they are listed and how that occurs. Then I will move into different types
of rejections and medications for transplants. Then I will talk about the case study and future
research.
2. I got this information from the US Department of Health and Human services. The most recent
statistics that were available are from 2015. There are over 119,000 on waiting lists for different
types of transplants. 30,970 transplants were performed in 2015. 22people die each day ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4. Genes that contribute to rejection are major histocompatibility complexes. These are found in all
mammals. HLA– Human leukocyte antigens are found in humans. There are two major classes of
HLA antigens. Class one is HLAA, B, C and class two is found on immune cells and they are DQ
DP and DR. They are very polymorphic and everyone carries a wide range of HLA proteins. There
is actually a less than 5% chance that unrelated individuals find an identical match. These HLA
antigens can appear foreign to recipients' immune system and this can trigger a rejection.
5. HLA cross matching is when a recipients' blood is tested for HLA typing and listed in UNOS
registry. This allow for better matching between donors and recipients. Sometimes HLA matching is
not always used in heart, lung, and liver transplants and this is due to the critical state these patients
are in. HLA matching is used in kidney and stem cell transplants when more accurate HLA
matching is needed for long term survival. There was systematic review and meta–analysis done by
Ansarai, Bucin, and Nilsson (2014) that looked at studies on HLA matching in heart transplants.
What they found is there was an increased graft survival and decreased rate of rejection. However,
there was not a lot of RCTs. This was a major limitation. They did recommend using class two
alleles. They appear to have a better benefit rather than

Differences Between Human And Mice Immunology
Georgiette Oduro–Boateng
Immunology (BIO 3301)
Writing Assignment 1
3/4/15
Differences between human and mice immunology
Stage 1
The American Association of Immunologists was established in 1913. This professional society
consists of professional trained distinguished scientists around the globe who are in association with
a goal of progressing the understanding of immunology worldwide. AAI provides it members with
relevant information, great educational opportunities, etc. The Journal of Immunology is a credible
source of information about scientific research because it is the leading and most highly cited
journal in the immunological field. The journal also provides peer–reviewed findings on
experimental immunology.
Stage 2
Why the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1905037/
IFN: Stands for Interferon. According to Owen et al. (Immunology textbook), interferons are
glycoprotein cytokines produced and secreted by certain cells that induce an antiviral state in other
cells and also help to regulate the immune response. In other words, they are group of proteins that
inhibit viral infections.
LPS: Abbreviation for Lipopolysaccharide, it activates many clones of murine B cells to induce their
differentiation and division into antibody–producing plasma cells (Owen et al.)
IL: Abbreviation for interleukins, a group of cytokines secreted by leukocytes, they mostly affect the
growth and differentiation of various hematopoietic and immune system cells. (Owen et al.)
CMV: According to Mayoclinic.org, CMV stands for cytomegalovirus, a common virus that affects
practically anyone and hardly causes symptoms. Once a person is infected, the body maintains the
virus for life. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases–conditions/cmv/basics/definition/con–20029514
λ5: Lambda 5 is a polypeptide that associates with Vpre–B to form the surrogate light chain of the
pre B–cell receptor (Owen et al.).
Ly49: According to Owen et al., Ly49

Sjogren's Syndrome Research Paper
Sjogren's Syndrome
Sjogren's Syndrome is an auto–immune disorder that affects the entire body. The immune system
protects our bodies from disease and infection, but with an autoimmune disease, the immune system
attacks healthy cells in the body by mistake (Autoimmune Diseases, 2017). In Sjogren's syndrome,
the immune system attacks the glands that make tears and saliva. (Sjogren's Syndrome, 2017).
Pathogenic organisms and other foreign substances are detected by T–lymphocytes and B–
lymphocytes because they contain antigens (McKinley, et al, p. 684). The immune system is
generally very effective in distinguishing a self–antigen from foreign antigens; however, a
malfunction involves the immune system reacting to self–antigens as if they ... Show more content
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/autoimmunediseases.html
Autoimmune diseases. (2017, April 28). Retrieved from https://www.womenshealth.gov/a–z–
topics/autoimmune–diseases)
Sjögren's Syndrome. (2017, September 18). Retrieved from https://www.niams.nih.gov/health–
topics/sjogrens–syndrome#d
Frederick B. Vivino, Sjogren's syndrome: Clinical aspects, Clinical Immunology, (April 2017).
Retrieved from (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1521661616306787)
Mavragani, C. P., & Moutsopoulos, H. M. (2013, September 18). Sjogren's Syndrome Annual
Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease. Retrieved from
http://www.annualreviews.org.eznvcc.vccs.edu:2048/doi/full/10.1146/annurev–pathol–012513–
104728
A. (n.d.). Sjögren's Syndrome Foundation – Treatments. Retrieved from
http://www.sjogrens.org/home/about–sjogrens/treatments
Wang et al. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders (2017) 18:186 DOI 10.1186/s12891–017–1543–z,
PDF, "Is Hydroxychloroquine effective in treating primary Sjogren's Syndrome: a systematic review
and

Immune System and Operation Clean Sweep
1. The mercenary camp was in the Motaba River Valley of Zaire was bombed to stop the virus from
spreading. 2. No I would have removed all the people and disinfected all of them so the virus would
stay in the forest and nobody would die. 3. Sam Daniels and his crew were sent out to the Motaba
Valley because there was a level 4 virus. 4. The conditions in the Motaba valley were sad, smoky,
poor and there were dead people everywhere. 5. The symptoms of the mystery disease at Motaba
Valley were blistering everywhere, sever headaches and bleeding from every orifice. 6. No the virus
that caused the mystery disease at Motaba Valley was not airborne. 7. A. The tribesman's
explanation of why the disease was affecting the tribe was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
24B. Danielle's was so intent on capturing the monkey in California because that's how they would
find the cure for the virus, since the monkey was indeed the virus carrier.
25A. A host cell is a living cell in which a virus reproduces. A primary host or definitive host is a
host in which the parasite reaches maturity and, if possible , reproduces ...
25B. The monkey could have been referred to as virus carrier or infected living organism.
26. After capturing the monkey, Daniells and his team were able to find the cure to the virus and
vaccine.
27. They used that room because they did not want the virus to spread anymore.
28. A. Antiserum is blood serum containing polyclonal antibodies.
B. Antiserum is used to pass on passive immunity to many diseases.
C. Passive antibody transfusion from a previous human survivor is the only effective treatment for
Ebola infection.
D. An antigen is a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body,
esp. the production of antibodies.
E. Antibodies in the antiserum bind the infectious agent or antigen. The immune system then
recognizes the antibody and the antigen and antibody work together to fight off viruses in immune
systems.
F. Antibodies in the antiserum bind the infectious agent or antigen. The immune system then
recognizes foreign agents bound to antibodies and triggers a more robust immune response. The use
of antiserum is particularly effective against pathogens which are

Routes Of Immunization And Effects Of Antigen Dose
Immunologist Toolbox Report Topics 1. Haptens First described by Karl Landsteiner, a hapten is a
small molecule that can elicit an immune response only when it attaches itself to a larger carrier
molecule, usually a protein creating the hapten–carrier adduct or hapten–carrier complex. This
complex then has the ability to become immunogenic. Haptens react specifically to the antibodies
created against it and while the hapten, alone, cannot cause antibodies to respond it, it can bind with
antibodies and act as an antigen. An example of a substance acting as a hapten is penicillin. When
administered as an antibiotic, penicillin can bind with proteins in the body to form a hapten–carrier
complex and cause anaphylaxis. Another example is urushiol, a toxin found in poison ivy. During
exposure, urushiol can bind with skin proteins creating a complex that then can cause dermatitis.
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/bio151lec4–101209015956–phpapp02/95/bio–151–lecture–4–27–
728.jpg?cb=1291865929 2. Routes of Immunization and Effects of Antigen Dose Simply put, the
route of immunization is the path used to introduce the immunization to a person's body. There are
several standard methods of immunization and administering a vaccine via the correct route is a
critical factor to the success of the immunization. Typically, vaccines are given intramuscularly,
subcutaneously, by intradermal injection (the topmost layer of skin), orally, or intranasal via nasal
spray. Vaccines

Allergies Research Paper
What are Allergies?
Reactions
Hypersensitivity reactions are classified to four different classes; Class 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Class IV
Classes I,II,III
Classes 1,2,3 are caused by antibodies, lgE/lgG. Overproduction of these antibodies activates
immune cells like basophils & mast cells, which respond by releasing inflammatory chemicals
(histamine)
References
www.biology–online.org/dictionary/Allergy.
"AAFA." Types of Allergies | AAFA.org, www.aafa.org/page/types–of–allergies.aspx.
"Allergies." Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 7 Aug. 2017,
www.mayoclinic.org/diseases–conditions/allergies/home/ovc–20270181.
"AP Biology: Allergies and the Immune System." Google Sites,
sites.google.com/a/gertzresslerhigh.org/ap–biology–allergies–and–the–immune–system/.
"Type 1, 2, 3 & 4 Hypersensitivity." Stomp On Step1, 6 Apr. 2016,
www.stomponstep1.com/hypersensitivity–type–1–2–3–4–urticaria–anaphylaxis–immune–
complexes–i–ii–iii–iv/.
"Allergy Shots (Immunotherapy) | AAAAI." The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma &
Immunology, www.aaaai.org/conditions–and–treatments/treatments/allergy–shots–
(immunotherapy).
Antihistamines
Classes of Allergies
How to Tackle Allergies
Allergies
Inhaled or ingested allergens usually cause immediate hypersensitivity ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In the gastrointestinal tract, these reactions lead to swelling and irritation of the intestinal lining,
which causes the cramping and diarrhea typical of food allergy. Allergens that enter the circulation
may cause hives, angioedema, anaphylaxis, or atopic dermatitis. Allergens on the skin usually cause
delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Roving T cells contact the allergen, setting in motion a more
prolonged immune response. This type of allergic response may develop over several days
following contact with the allergen, and symptoms may persist for a week or

The Benefits Of Legalization Of Marijuana Are Endless...
The myths about marijuana are endless and almost all are, false. Over the years people have come to
believe many things about how marijuana affects your body and mind. Many other people believe
that marijuana is more harmful then tobacco. People believe that "pot" kills the brain cells in the
parietal lobe and the cerebellum. The brain is almost completely unharmed in the smoking of
cannabis. Another rumor is about how your body reacts to the cannabis in your system and the harm
that it causes. The affects are actually very interesting in that cannabis has been found on multiple
occasions to actually strengthen your immune system and help fight off and viruses in your body.
The deaths credited to cigarettes are staggering, the deaths ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The majority of people who say that cannabis is a hazard to the brain got that idea from the 1974
study by Dr. Robert Heath. These studies have been highly criticized by the American Medical
Association and also Journal of the American Medical Association. They criticized the amount of
monkey's used in the study ( four) and also the misidentification of a normal monkey's brain
structure. So if marijuana has no harm to the brain, while alcohol which ranges from simple "slips"
in memory to permanent and debilitating conditions that require lifetime custodial care. And even
moderate drinking leads to short–term impairment. So alcohol is perfectly legal and marijuana isn't?
Where is the sense in that?
So we have proven that smoking of cannabis is not a hazard to the brain, but the government must
have other reasons for the prohibition of cannabis. Rumors that cannabis is horrible to the
reproductive system and that it also suppresses the immune system are both the theories of Dr.
Gabriel Nahas and his 1980's experimentation. Dr. Nahas experimented with tissue isolated in petri
dishes and dosed

Dynamic Disease Of The Urinary Expression : A Case Study
Dynamic disease of the urinary tract creates in one of three ways: Microorganisms flowing in the
circulation system from another site of contamination are kept and increase in the kidneys to deliver
pyelonephritis by the hematogenous (beginning from the blood) route; Microscopic organisms
colonizing the terminal third of the urethra or the outside urogenital surfaces rise the urethra to the
bladder, causing cystitis (disease of the bladder only) or pyelonephritis by the ascending route; or
Microorganisms, as a rule from the urethra, are brought into the bladder on catheters or cystoscopes
(Morello, et al., 2013, p. 211).
At the point when an individual is tainted with a microorganism, the safe framework produces
antibodies to help battle ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
297). This is the basic premise of serological testing, or the serodiagnosis of irresistible illness
(Morello, et al., 2013, p. 297). The branch of immunology that particularly manages such testing is
called serology (Morello, et al., 2013, p. 297). The tests performed in the serology research facility
not just distinguish the nearness of IgM or potentially IgG antibodies in serum, yet by and large, can
gauge or evaluate the measure of immune response exhibit (Morello, et al., 2013, p. 297).
One way the serodiagnosis of an irresistible malady can be built up is by gathering serum tests at
two eras: amid the acute and the convalescent phases of the patient's sickness (Morello, et al., 2013,
p. 298). Preferably, the acute specimen is gathered amid the symptomatic phase of sickness and the
healing example is gathered possibly 14 days after the fact when the patient is recuperating
(Morello, et al., 2013, p. 298). Together, acute and convalescent serum examples are alluded to just
as paired serum examples (Morello, et al., 2013, p. 298). Paired samples are tried in the meantime in
the serology research facility for the nearness of particular antibodies against the specific microbial
specialist suspected to have caused the patient's ailment (Morello, et al., 2013, p. 298). The level or
grouping of immunizer increments or abatements more than a little while (Morello, et al., 2013, p.
298). On the off chance that antibodies are

Before I receive my undergraduate degree, I will focus heavily on research related to Immunology
to build my knowledge in this area of medicine since my dream career is to become an M.D. /Ph.D.
in Immunology. Furthermore, in the following year, I will focus more on humanities rather than
science related coursework. For instance, I will aim to improve my writing skills and deepen my
knowledge of different cultures and societies through my Honors courses. By participating in these
classes, I aim to achieve a better understanding of the world as well as myself. This will support my
purpose in becoming a doctor that aims to improve the condition of the patient while providing care
that is both professional and enjoyable. Furthermore, I will

Allergic Rhinitis, Bronchial Asthma
Hypersensitivity reactions are classified on the basis of the principal immunologic mechanism that
is responsible for tissue injury disease. As such, immediate hypersensitivity reactions are IgE
antibody and mast–cell mediated responses to certain antigens which cause rapid vascular leakage
and mucosal secretions, often followed by inflammation. [1] IgE, mast cells, basophils, and
eosinophils are essential components of allergic inflammation. Antigen–specific IgE antibodies are
produced in an initial response and bind FcεRI receptors on mast cells and basophils on subsequent
exposures. This process is central to the initiation and propagation of immediate hypersensitivity
reactions. Moreover, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils are also ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Abbas, A.K., Basic immunology : functions and disorders of the immune system. 4th ed. ed, ed.
A.H. Lichtman and S. Pillai. 2014, Philadelphia, PA.: Philadelphia, PA. : Elsevier Saunders.
2. Simons, F.E.R., Anaphylaxis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2010. 125(2,
Supplement 2): p. S161–S181.
3. Ring, J., et al., Anaphylaxis. Chem Immunol Allergy, 2014. 100: p. 54–61.
4. Levy, J.H. and M.C. Castells, Perioperative anaphylaxis and the United States perspective. Anesth
Analg, 2011. 113(5): p. 979–81.
5. Lemanske Jr, R.F. and W.W. Busse, Asthma: Clinical expression and molecular mechanisms.
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2010. 125(2, Supplement 2): p. S95–S102.
6. Valman, H.B., ABC of one to seven. Bronchial asthma. BMJ, 1993. 306(6893): p. 1676–81.
7. Lee, T.H., Allergy: the unmet need. Clin Med, 2003. 3(4): p. 303–5.
8. Bartle, J. and J. Emberlin, Understanding the main causes of hayfever. Practice Nursing, 2011.
22(5): p. 231–235.
9. Dykewicz, M.S. and D.L. Hamilos, Rhinitis and sinusitis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical
Immunology, 2010. 125(2, Supplement 2): p. S103–S115.
10. Chang, H.J., A.E. Burke, and R.M. Glass, FOod allergies. JAMA, 2010. 303(18): p.

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Ebola
Chance Cahill What if you or someone you knew caught a virus that no one knew how to cure, they
were highly contagious, there was a high chance that they could die, and there is nothing at all you
can do about it. What would you do? Would you take drastic measure to stay informed or would you
sit around and do nothing? Today you will hear an explanation of what causes Ebola, what it does,
and how you can prevent it.
What causes Ebola? How was it discovered? Ebola is caused by wild animal bites. Not from the
U.S. of course but like monkey bites or even Fruit bats. It is also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever.
It is highly contagious and fatal if not treated. It was first discovered in 1976 in 2 simultaneous
outbreaks in Nzara and Sudan. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is no cure but to stay away from infected individual and to wash keep clean and try to take
caution around infected areas. Some of the nonsense that has lately been coming up from the
infections in the U.S. Lately there have been rumors of people coming back to life after dying from
Ebola and there is no such thing. The photo taken from the story about this "Rising" was actually a
photo taken from the movie (World War Z). so no zombies that's not how Ebola works. I'm trying to
explain how dangerous this virus is and to take the time to tell others to be careful they have it
contained in Texas by if it does spread the consequences could be catastrophic so if anything does
happen remember to wash, drink plenty of fluids, and take of yourself and watch for the safety of
others around you. Ebola one of the top five deadliest viruses in the world as Ebola comes in second
before the Marburg virus But is still one of the most contagious and dangerous viruses known to
man. (WHO)
He latest case of Ebola is actually in Texas people are complaining that it just won't stop spreading.
Health officials are interviewing everyone who has come in contact with the virus, monitoring
anyone who has emerging symptoms or anything of the nature, they started getting more and more
worried after (Thomas Eric

The Scope Of Psychoanneuroimmunology
C) Psychoneuroimmunology:
Psychoneuroimmunology is an inter–disciplinary science that combines the fields of Psychology,
Neurology and Immunology. Primarily, it studies the connection between mental processes and
physical health through the interaction between immune system and neural synapses. The approach
is to see human body as an inter–connected, inter–dependent system which operates in accord. The
range of Psychoneuroimmunology is simply exhaustive. The impact of human thoughts, emotions,
feelings, behaviour, and environment on the physical body varies from person to person; depending
upon an individual's biological history. This intensely dissolves the already dated mind–body
distinction. The two are cohesive, and work as a single unit. It is interesting to note, this new insight
in the medical field bears remarkable parallels to Patañjali's model of Yoga. Akin to
Psychoneuroimmunology, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For every peptide found in the brain, there exists a parallel peptide in the immune system. This was
the earliest pre–cursor to Psychoneuroimmunology.
The Journal of Immunology (1985) then published the detailed study under the title, "Neuropeptides
and their Receptors – A Psychosomatic Network".
Remarkably, the study establishes cellular consciousness. It is not a brain–centred system, wherein
brain dominates body. Every cell has the wisdom of its own. Emotions comes first, molecules
manifest after; emotions create the peptides. If we accept this, the question arises, where do
Emotions actually stem from? Pert believes emotions constitute the subtle, conscious body made up
entirely of energies. Emotional energy tampers with the energies of subtle body, which in turn
emanates molecular reactions or neuropeptides. Neuropeptides then proceed to alter the mental and
physical well–being of the body at the cellular

Immunology Lab
In the lab immunology and testing plays a big role in helping doctors helps patients. Many test done
within the lab use specific types of test to rule in or out certain diseases and infections. These tests
use patient's antibodies or antigens to help detect if they are infected. The tests are done to be able to
give to quick diagnosis of the patient so that they may be treated correctly and with speed. Some of
the testing that is done within the lab help doctors deal with such things as syphilis, rheumatoid
arthritis, Group A strep and various other infections. In this paper I will discuss and cover signs and
symptoms of each disease, how the disease works and how to treat each one.
One of the biggest diseases that still affects people today ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
It is usually know as rheumatoid arthritis, but this disease is one caused by the patient's own body
against itself. The body produces proteins that attack healthy tissue causing it to be an autoimmune
disease. The true cause of rheumatoid arthritis is unknown but could be due to certain viruses,
bacteria, fungi or due to genetics. The diagnosis of RA is established usually on clinical criteria and
serologic results in the lab. Usually rheumatoid factor, which is an antibody specific for the Fc
portion of the human IgG, this has been a marker used by doctors to help diagnose RA. The
detection of elevated serum levels RF IgG antibodies has been almost exclusively confined to
rheumatoid arthritis patients, not patients with other types of arthritis. The first of the symptoms one
is looking for is the inflammation within joints of the body and inflammation causing stiffness and
soreness to the patient. One may also experience fatigue from the inflammation and fever. When
trying to figure out if a patient is infected with rheumatoid factors a doctor may run a number of
tests to deliver a confirmatory diagnosis. One of the most simple and crude ways to test for this is
ESR which is also known as Sedimentation Rate. This test helps to the doctor if there is
inflammation within the body. The test results show that if someone has higher levels of
inflammation in their body the sedimentation rate results will be higher. Another test to help doctors
see if there is inflammation within the body is the C–reactive protein test. Both of these tests are
done when your doctor suspects that you have an acute condition causing inflammation, such as a
serious bacterial or fungal infection or when you are suffering from an inflammatory disorder such
as arthritis, an autoimmune disorder such as rheumatoid arthritis. The gold standard of testing for
RA is the CylicCitrullinated Peptide Antibody, this

The Smallpox Vaccine
When the Smallpox disease made an overpopulated England its territory, it thrived and wiped out
thousands of people ("Smallpox Vaccine: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly"). Smallpox was a major
threat to many countries and civilizations for thousands of years; however, the permanent cure for
the disease began in England. During the eighteenth century, a physician by the name of Edward
Jenner was credited with the invention of the most important piece of medical technology, the
vaccine, and became known as the "Father of Immunology". Although Edward Jenner encountered
errors in his research, and people questioned the ethics of the vaccine trials, he used his knowledge,
determination, and medical experience to explore a more efficient and advanced ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are samples of smallpox being kept in laboratories to create vaccines, in case there is another
smallpox outbreak in the United States; however, this is considered to be a potential agent of
bioterrorism. With the eradication of smallpox in America, it was not necessary to continue using
the smallpox vaccine on Americans. This makes Americans who haven't been immunized for
smallpox more susceptible to contracting and spreading it if there was another outbreak to occur.
Therefore, this makes America vulnerable to the disease if someone were to introduce it to the
population. (Whitley RJ). If this were to happen, we would risk infecting every other place in the
world because of how many people and products from America move around the

Vaccines And Its Effects On The Disease

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Gina Alfaro

More from Gina Alfaro (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Vaccines And Its Effects On The Disease