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Unveiling the Cannabis
Plant’s Potential
A Look Across the Chemistry Pond
Dr. Markus Roggen
Content
• Who is Dr. Markus Roggen
• Smoke and Vape R&D
• Production R&D
Intro
Dr. Markus Roggen
Controlled Chemistry, a Cannabis R&D Laboratory in Vancouver, CAN
• Working in Cannabis since 2014 in USA and Canada
• Founded and sold cannabis R&D company
• Build analytical and production facilities
• PhD in Chemistry
• Minors in Finance and Mathematics
• Imperial College, NTU Singapore, ETH Zürich, Scripps Research
LinkedIn
Understanding Consumption
• Flower is still king! In different forms
• Everyone cheats on %THC
• Better products with R&D
• Know your toxicants
Tragedy of the Commons
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282396
https://www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com/article/why-current-thc-labeling-confusing-holding-industry-back-dr-markus-roggen/
Detailed Averages give Insights
• Individual look at States
• Data from AZ, CA, MI
• Top 20 selling flowers
• 20 mid-Market flowers
• %THC and $ for each
• AZ: Lowest %THC
• CA: Highest %THC and $
• MI: Discount $ for Mid20 15
20
25
30
35
AZ Top20 AZ Mid CA Top20 CA Mid MI Top20 MI Mid
%THC Price
Aroma drives Experience
• Avg. Aroma score shifts sweeter
• CA: largest shift
• MI: sweetest Top20
Arizona
California
Michigan
Top20 Mid20
The Perfect Joint
• Model system for medical cannabis inhalation?!
• Joints deliver inconsistent THC levels
• Puff position
• Grind size
• Infusion
• Toxicants are everywhere
• Infused joints
• Vape Cartridges
Inconsistent THC Delivery
• THC inhalation builds throughout consumption
• Highest delivery at end of a joint’s lifecycle
DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0123
https://www.cannabissciencetech.com/view/does-size-matter-for-
performance-a-study-of-how-particle-size-influences-joint-smoking
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
THC/puff
(mg*20)
THC/joint (mg) Puff count
THC 1-mm THC 5-mm
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
First 1/3 Second 1/3 Third 1/3
THC
(mg/g)
THC by Puff Position
1/3 2/3 3/3
• Fine grind:
More THC per puff
• Coarse grind:
More THC per Pro-Roll
Infused: Same but Different
• Infused Pre-Rolls deliver
• More THC (~3x)
• But not on a per-puff basis!
0
200
400
600
800
Regular Kief Coated Distillate Infused
THC
(µg/mL)
Infused Pre-Roll
per Pre-Roll per Puff
Infused: Same but Different
• Infused Pre-Rolls deliver
• More THC (~3x)
• More Terpenes (>4x)
• More flavor
• Different flavor
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
1 g Regular Pre-
Rolls
1 g Kief Coated
Pre-Rolls
1 g Distillate
Infused Pre-
Rolls
Terpenes
(µg)
Menthol
(+)-Valencene
α-Humulene
(-)-trans-Caryophyllene
Terpineol (mixture of isomers)
(1R)-endo-(+)-Fenchyl alcohol
(+)-Linalool
(R)-(+)-Limonene
β-myrcene
β-Pinene
Camphene
Sabinene
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
1 g Regular Pre-
Rolls
1 g Kief Coated
Pre-Rolls
1 g Distillate
Infused Pre-
Rolls
Terpenes
(µg)
Men
(+)-V
α-Hu
(-)-tr
Terp
(1R)-
(+)-L
(R)-(
β-my
β-Pin
Cam
Sabin
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
1 g Regular Pre-
Rolls
1 g Kief Coated
Pre-Rolls
1 g Distillate
Infused Pre-
Rolls
Terpenes
(µg)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
1 g Regular Pre-
Rolls
1 g Kief Coated
Pre-Rolls
1 g Distillate
Infused Pre-
Rolls
Terpenes
(µg)
Menthol
(+)-Valencene
α-Humulene
(-)-trans-Caryophyl
Terpineol (mixture
(1R)-endo-(+)-Fenc
(+)-Linalool
(R)-(+)-Limonene
β-myrcene
β-Pinene
Camphene
Sabinene
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1 g Regular Pre-Rolls 1 g Kief Coated Pre-
Rolls
1 g Distillate Infused
Pre-Rolls
Toxicants
(μg)
Average Toxicants by Test Group
Benzaldehyde
Phenol
Benzonitrile
Infused: Toxicants, Watch Out!
• Infused Pre-Rolls deliver
• More THC (~3x)
• More Terpenes (>4x)
• More flavor
• More Toxicants!!!
The Colour Purple of Vapes
Everything is Possible!
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33815-7
• CBD has HU331
impurities
• Photoexcitation of
hydroxyquinones
• O2
- and H2O2 as by-
products, which start
more degradation
• Learn more:
• TU Berlin
• April 22cd, 5 pm
Understanding Production
• Product R&D to make consistent / better products
• R&D to prevent future recalls / health crises
• Process development for cost reduction
CAN
Cannabis
USA
Cannabis CPG Pharma
Avg. Cost
Margin
68% 51% 30% 26%
AI for Cannabis Production
Cannabis is the first industry of the 21 century
Then act like it!
• ML for extraction optimization
• Throughput: +100%
• Waste: -50%
• Math for Heavy Metal Analysis
• 54.1% less tests (CA)
• Algorithms for In-Process Analysis
• Test costs below $1
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2023/dd/d3dd00176h
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232041
https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsac140
https://www.agilent.com/cs/library/whitepaper/public/whitepaper-cannabis-cary-
630-ir-5994-4167EN-agilent.pdf
Controlled Chemistry Projects
• Beyond Strains
• Next Gen. Extraction AI
• Science of Smokeability
• Better Oils: Metabolomics of the Aerosol
Questions?
Dr. Markus Roggen
markus@complexbiotech.com

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Unveiling the Cannabis Plant’s Potential

  • 1. Unveiling the Cannabis Plant’s Potential A Look Across the Chemistry Pond Dr. Markus Roggen
  • 2. Content • Who is Dr. Markus Roggen • Smoke and Vape R&D • Production R&D
  • 3. Intro Dr. Markus Roggen Controlled Chemistry, a Cannabis R&D Laboratory in Vancouver, CAN • Working in Cannabis since 2014 in USA and Canada • Founded and sold cannabis R&D company • Build analytical and production facilities • PhD in Chemistry • Minors in Finance and Mathematics • Imperial College, NTU Singapore, ETH Zürich, Scripps Research LinkedIn
  • 4. Understanding Consumption • Flower is still king! In different forms • Everyone cheats on %THC • Better products with R&D • Know your toxicants
  • 5. Tragedy of the Commons https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282396 https://www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com/article/why-current-thc-labeling-confusing-holding-industry-back-dr-markus-roggen/
  • 6. Detailed Averages give Insights • Individual look at States • Data from AZ, CA, MI • Top 20 selling flowers • 20 mid-Market flowers • %THC and $ for each • AZ: Lowest %THC • CA: Highest %THC and $ • MI: Discount $ for Mid20 15 20 25 30 35 AZ Top20 AZ Mid CA Top20 CA Mid MI Top20 MI Mid %THC Price
  • 7. Aroma drives Experience • Avg. Aroma score shifts sweeter • CA: largest shift • MI: sweetest Top20 Arizona California Michigan Top20 Mid20
  • 8. The Perfect Joint • Model system for medical cannabis inhalation?! • Joints deliver inconsistent THC levels • Puff position • Grind size • Infusion • Toxicants are everywhere • Infused joints • Vape Cartridges
  • 9. Inconsistent THC Delivery • THC inhalation builds throughout consumption • Highest delivery at end of a joint’s lifecycle DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0123 https://www.cannabissciencetech.com/view/does-size-matter-for- performance-a-study-of-how-particle-size-influences-joint-smoking 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 THC/puff (mg*20) THC/joint (mg) Puff count THC 1-mm THC 5-mm 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 First 1/3 Second 1/3 Third 1/3 THC (mg/g) THC by Puff Position 1/3 2/3 3/3 • Fine grind: More THC per puff • Coarse grind: More THC per Pro-Roll
  • 10. Infused: Same but Different • Infused Pre-Rolls deliver • More THC (~3x) • But not on a per-puff basis! 0 200 400 600 800 Regular Kief Coated Distillate Infused THC (µg/mL) Infused Pre-Roll per Pre-Roll per Puff
  • 11. Infused: Same but Different • Infused Pre-Rolls deliver • More THC (~3x) • More Terpenes (>4x) • More flavor • Different flavor 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 1 g Regular Pre- Rolls 1 g Kief Coated Pre-Rolls 1 g Distillate Infused Pre- Rolls Terpenes (µg) Menthol (+)-Valencene α-Humulene (-)-trans-Caryophyllene Terpineol (mixture of isomers) (1R)-endo-(+)-Fenchyl alcohol (+)-Linalool (R)-(+)-Limonene β-myrcene β-Pinene Camphene Sabinene 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 1 g Regular Pre- Rolls 1 g Kief Coated Pre-Rolls 1 g Distillate Infused Pre- Rolls Terpenes (µg) Men (+)-V α-Hu (-)-tr Terp (1R)- (+)-L (R)-( β-my β-Pin Cam Sabin 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 1 g Regular Pre- Rolls 1 g Kief Coated Pre-Rolls 1 g Distillate Infused Pre- Rolls Terpenes (µg) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 1 g Regular Pre- Rolls 1 g Kief Coated Pre-Rolls 1 g Distillate Infused Pre- Rolls Terpenes (µg) Menthol (+)-Valencene α-Humulene (-)-trans-Caryophyl Terpineol (mixture (1R)-endo-(+)-Fenc (+)-Linalool (R)-(+)-Limonene β-myrcene β-Pinene Camphene Sabinene
  • 12. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1 g Regular Pre-Rolls 1 g Kief Coated Pre- Rolls 1 g Distillate Infused Pre-Rolls Toxicants (μg) Average Toxicants by Test Group Benzaldehyde Phenol Benzonitrile Infused: Toxicants, Watch Out! • Infused Pre-Rolls deliver • More THC (~3x) • More Terpenes (>4x) • More flavor • More Toxicants!!!
  • 13. The Colour Purple of Vapes
  • 14. Everything is Possible! https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33815-7 • CBD has HU331 impurities • Photoexcitation of hydroxyquinones • O2 - and H2O2 as by- products, which start more degradation • Learn more: • TU Berlin • April 22cd, 5 pm
  • 15. Understanding Production • Product R&D to make consistent / better products • R&D to prevent future recalls / health crises • Process development for cost reduction CAN Cannabis USA Cannabis CPG Pharma Avg. Cost Margin 68% 51% 30% 26%
  • 16. AI for Cannabis Production Cannabis is the first industry of the 21 century Then act like it! • ML for extraction optimization • Throughput: +100% • Waste: -50% • Math for Heavy Metal Analysis • 54.1% less tests (CA) • Algorithms for In-Process Analysis • Test costs below $1 https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2023/dd/d3dd00176h https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232041 https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsac140 https://www.agilent.com/cs/library/whitepaper/public/whitepaper-cannabis-cary- 630-ir-5994-4167EN-agilent.pdf
  • 17. Controlled Chemistry Projects • Beyond Strains • Next Gen. Extraction AI • Science of Smokeability • Better Oils: Metabolomics of the Aerosol