Socialism Unit 7

1. mgvRZvwš¿K ivóªwPšÍv
f‚wgKv: mgvR, ivóª Ges A_©‰bwZK wPšÍvi †ÿ‡Î Kvj© gvK©m‡K mgvRZš¿ev‡`i g~j
cÖe³v wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| cu~wRev`x †kvlY wbf© Dbwesk kZvãxi BD‡ivcxq
mgvR-e¨e¯’vi wecix‡Z Kvj© gvK©m Øvw›ØK e¯‘ev‡`i avivi Dci cÖwZwôZ ‰eÁvwbK
mgvRZš¿ gZev` D™¢veb K‡ib| Zuvi G gZv`k© gvK©mev` (Marxism) bvg L¨vZ|
abZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri †kvlY, wbh©vZb Dcjwä K‡i Kvj© gvK©‡mi Av‡M ievU© I‡qb,
Pvj©m dzwi‡q cÖgyL `vk©wbKMY abZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri Aemvb NwU‡q †kvlYnxb kÖwgK
iv‡Ri Kíbv K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘ †Kvb& c‡_ ev¯Í‡e mgvRZš¿ cÖwZwôZ n‡e Zvi †Kvb
cÖKvi mwVK iƒc‡iLv cÖ`v‡b D³ `vk©wbKMY e¨_© n‡qwQ‡jb| G Kvi‡Y Zuviv
ÔKvíwbK mgvRZš¿ev`x (Utopian Socialist) wn‡m‡e L¨vZ| e¯‘Z: KvíwbK
mgvRZš¿ev`x‡`i Kíbv wbf©i mgvRZš¿ Kvj© gvK©‡mi nv‡Z ev¯Íe I cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨
ˆeÁvwbK wfwË †c‡qwQj| D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h, gvK©‡mi wPšÍvi Øviv DØy× n‡q
ivwkqvi føvw`wgi Bwjm †jwbb wesk kZvãxi ïiæ‡Z (1917) ZrKvjxb RviZ‡š¿i
weiæ‡× kÖwgK †gnbZx RbZvi mgš^‡q MwVZ ˆecøweK kw³i Øviv mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª
cÖwZôv K‡ib| cieZx©‡Z we‡klZ: wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci (1945) c~e© BD‡ivcmn
we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k wecø‡ei gva¨‡g mgvRZwš¿K auv‡Pi ivóª cÖwZwôZ nq| 1949
mv‡j gvI‡RWs-Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ Pxb †`‡k ˆecøweK mgvRZš¿ cÖwZwôZ nq| eZ©gvb
Aa¨vq Dbwesk I wesk kZvãxi Av‡jvob m„wóKvix mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª`k©b m¤ú‡K©
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
GB BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q t
 cvV-1 : Kvj-gvK©m;
 cvV-2 : †jwbb;
 cvV-3 : †hv‡md ÷¨vwjb;
 cvV-4: gvI‡RWs|
7

2. Gm Gm GBP Gj
ivóªweÁvb-2: ivóªwPšÍv
Kvj© gvK©m (1818-1883)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 ˆeÁvwbK mgvRZš¿ev‡`i cÖe³v Kvj© gvK©‡mi ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK wPšÍvi
eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
 mgvRZvwš¿K I mvg¨ev`x ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Kvj© gvK©‡mi wPšÍvi g~j¨vqb Ges Zvi weiæ‡× mgv‡jvPbv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
f‚wgKv: mgvR, ivóª Ges A_©‰bwZK wPšÍvi †¶‡Î Kvj© gvK©m‡K mgvRZš¿ev‡`i g~j
cÖe³v wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| cyuwRev`x †kvlY wbf©i Dbwesk kZvãxi BD‡ivcxq
mgvR-e¨e¯’vi wecix‡Z Kvj© gvK©m Øvw›`¡K e¯Ízev‡`i avivi Dci cÖwZwôZ ˆeÁvwbK
mgvRZš¿ gZev` D™¢veb K‡ib| Zvui G gZv`k© gvK©mev` (Marxism) bv‡g L¨vZ|
abZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri †kvlY, wbh©vZb Dcjwä K‡i Kvj© gvK©‡mi Av‡M ievU© I‡qb,
Pvj©m dzwi‡q cÖgyL `vk©wbKMY abZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri Aemvb NwU‡q †kvlYnxb kªwgK
iv‡Ri Kíbv K‡iwQ‡jb| wKšÍz †Kvb& c‡_ ev¯Í‡e mgvRZš¿ cÖwZwôZ n‡e Zvi †Kvb
cÖKvi mwVK iƒc‡iLv cÖ`v‡b D³ `vk©wbKMY e¨_© n‡qwQ‡jb| G Kvi‡Y Zvuiv
ÔKvíwbK mgvRZš¿ev`x' (Utopian socialist) wn‡m†e L¨vZ| e¯ÍzZ: KvíwbK
mvgRZš¿ev`x‡`i Kíbv wbf©i mgvRZš¿ Kvj© gvK©‡mi nv‡Z ev¯Íe I cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨
ˆeÁvwbK wfwË †c‡qwQj| D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h, gvK©‡mi wPšÍvi Øviv DØy× n‡q
ivwkqvq f vw`wgi Bwjm †jwbb wesk kZvãxi ïiæ‡Z (1917) ZrKvjxb RviZ‡š¿i
weiæ‡× kªwgK †gnbZx RbZvi mg¤^‡q MwVZ ˆecøweK kw³i Øviv mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª
cÖwZôv K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z we‡klZ: wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci (1945) c~e© BD‡ivcmn
we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k wecø‡ei gva¨‡g mgvRZvwš¿K avu‡Pi ivóª cÖwZwôZ nq| 1949
mv‡j gvD †mZzO-Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ Pxb †`‡k ˆecøweK mgvRZš¿ cÖwZwôZ nq| G fv‡e
we‡k¦i GK e„nr Ask mgvRZvwš¿K iv‡óª iƒc †bq| Z‡e GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv hvq †h,
1990 mv‡ji ci †_‡K ivwkqvmn c~e© BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ †`k mgvRZvwš¿K Av`k©
cwiZ¨vM K‡i Ges abZvwš¿K avivi ivóª wbg©v‡bi w`‡K AMÖmi n‡Z _v‡K| GgbwK
KUªicš’x wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ PxbI Kgy¨wbó Av`‡k©i †fZi e¨w³ gvwjKvbv I eûRvwZK
†hŠ_ gvwjKvbvi Øvi D‡b¥vPb K‡i †`q| eZ©gvb Aa¨v‡q Dbwesk I wesk kZvãxi
Av‡jvob m„wóKvix `vk©wbK Kvj© gvK©‡mi wPšÍvaviv Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡e|
Kvj© gvK©m: Rb¥, wk¶v I Kg©Rxeb
Kvj© gvK©‡mi Rb¥ Rvg©vbx‡Z GK Bû`x cwiev‡i| QvÎve¯’vq wZwb †n‡M‡ji `k©‡bi
Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡jI cieZ©x‡Z †n‡M‡ji wPšÍvi ïay cÖMwZkxj AskUzKzB MÖnY K‡ib|
D”Pwk¶v MÖn‡Yi ci wZwb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wk¶KZvi cÖwZ AvMÖn cÖKvk Ki‡jI Zvui
Pig I ˆecøweK ZrciZv I wPšÍv †mB KvswLZ c‡`i evuav n‡q `vuovq| c‡i wZwb
cÖæwkqvi GKwU Pigcš’x msev`c‡Î †hvM`vb K‡ib Ges K…lK Afz¨Ìv‡b Rwo‡q
hvb| GgZve¯’vq Zvu‡K cÖæwkqv †_‡K ewn®‹vi Kiv n‡j wZwb cÖ_‡g c¨vwim I c‡i
Bsj¨vÛ Mgb K‡ib| c¨vwi‡m wZwb GK wkícwZi cyÎ †d«WvwiK G‡½jm Gi mvnPh©
jvf K‡ib Ges Zvuiv GK‡Î mvg¨ev`x ZrciZv I cy¯ÍK iPbvq g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib|
1848 mv‡j Zvu‡`i †hŠ_ KvR weL¨vZ ÔKwgDwbó g¨vwb‡d‡óv' wk‡ivbv‡g cÖKvwkZ
nq| gvK©m ZrKvjxb BD‡ivcxq mgv‡R abZvwš¿K A_©‰bwZK †kvl‡Yi Dci M‡elYv
cvV-1

3. evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
BDwbU-6 c„ôv-161
ïiæ K‡ib Ges G‡½jm-Gi mnvqZvq 1867 mv‡j ÔK¨vwcUvj' bvgK MÖš’ iPbv
K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z GB cy¯Í‡Ki AviI `y'wU LÛ cÖKvwkZ nq| G QvovI Ôw` wµwUK
Ae cwjwUK¨vj BKbwg,Ôw` wmwfj Iqvi nb d«vÝ' cÖf…wZ cy¯ÍK iPbvi g‡a¨ w`‡q
wZwb Zvui KvjRqx cÖwZfvi ¯^v¶i †i‡L wM‡q‡Qb| 1883 mv‡j jÛ‡b wZwb gviv
hvb|
Kvj© gvK©‡mi `k©b
G hver Kv‡ji mKj cÖKvi mgvR e¨e¯’v we‡kl K‡i abZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vi †kvlY,
wbh©vZb I eÂbvi wecix‡Z †kvlYnxb mvg¨ev`x Av`‡k©i ev¯Íem¤§Z mgv‡Ri
ˆeÁvwbK wfwË cÖ`v‡bi j‡¶¨ gvK©m Zvui wPšÍv I `k©b‡K GwM‡q †bb| Zvui GB `k©b
gvK©mev` (Marxism) bv‡g L¨vZ| e¯ÍzZ gvK©mev` GKwU e¨vcK I we¯Í„Z gZev`|
Z‡e ms‡¶‡c gvK©mev`‡K †gvUvgywU cvuPwU ¯Í‡i wef³ Kiv hvq, h_v:
● Øvw›`¡K e¯Ízev` ● BwZnv‡mi e¯Ízev`x e¨vL¨v ev HwZnvwmK e¯Ízev` ● †kªYx msMÖvg
ZË¡ ● DØ„Ë g~j¨ZË¡ ● mvg¨ev`|
wb‡b¥ ms‡¶‡c G¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Kiv †Mj:
● Øvw›`¡K e¯Ízev`: mgvR cwieZ©b Ges weKv‡ki g~‡j †Kvb& kw³ KvR K‡i _v‡K GwU
`vk©wbK‡`i Kv‡Q GKwU AbšÍ wRÁvmv| mgvR weKv‡ki AšÍwb©wnZ cÖeYZv D`NvUb
Kivi cÖ‡kœ gvK©m Zvui wk¶K †n‡M‡ji Øvw›`¡K m~·K MÖnY K‡ib Ges wbR¯^ fw½‡Z
Zv e¨³ K‡ib| †n‡M‡ji g‡Z Ø›`¡B n‡jv g~j K_v| Zvui g‡Z AMÖMwZ ev weeZ©b
cÖK…wZ¯’ mnRvZ avivi djkÖæwZ‡Z ci¯úiwe‡ivax kw³i msNv‡Zi d‡j m~wPZ nq|
wZwb e‡jb, weKv‡ki cÖwZwU ch©v‡qi (Thesis) g‡a¨ ¯^fveRvZ GKwU we‡ivAvZ¥K
aviv KvR K‡i (Anti Thesis)| Avi G `y'wU avivi msNv‡Zi d‡j m„wó nq ms‡kølY
(Synthesis)| Z‡e cÖKvivšÍ‡i D³ ms‡kølY wb‡R ci¶‡YB Avevi cÖ_g ch©v‡q
A_©vr Thesis G cwiYZ nq| G fv‡e PµvKv‡i mgvR I BwZnvm GwM‡q hvq|
†n‡Mj e‡jb G meB N‡U fv‡ei mv‡_ fv‡ei (Ideas) msNv‡Zi d‡j| wKšÍz gvK©m
†n‡M‡ji wbKU Øvw›`¡K m~‡Îi Rb¨ FYx _vK‡jI ؇›`¡i Af¨šÍi¯’ kw³-A_©vr fve‡K
(Ideas) cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ib Ges weÁvbm¤§Z `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K we‡kølY K‡i ej‡Z Pvb
†h, fve bq e¯ÍzB n‡jv g~j kw³| e¯ÍzMZ msNv‡Zi d‡jB mgvR-BwZnvm GwM‡q
hvq| ejvevûj¨, gvK©‡mi G e¨vL¨v BwZnv‡mi e¯Ízev`x e¨vL¨v ev HwZnvwmK e¯Ízev`
bv‡g cwiwPZ|
● Øvw›`¡K e¯Ízev` Ges BwZnv‡mi e¯Ízev`x e¨vL¨v : gvK©m Ges G‡½j‡mi g‡Z
gvby‡li mgvR I BwZnv‡mi g~j kw³ n‡”Q e¯Íz| Zvuiv ZvB e¯Íz‡K gvby‡li
Rxebavi‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µ‡gi mv‡_ mshy³ K‡i‡Qb| Zvu‡`i
g‡Z A_©‰bwZK I Drcv`b m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZB (Basic structure) gvby‡li
ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK, ˆbwZK I ag©xq BZ¨vw` m¤úK© (Super structure)
wba©vwiZ Ges wbqwš¿Z nq|
gvby‡li Rxebavi‡bi Rb¨ PvB Drcv`b| G Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB cÖ‡qvRb Drcv`‡bi
DciKiY| Avi G me Kvh©µgB n‡jv Drcv`‡bi kw³ (†dv‡m©m Ae cÖWvKkb)|
Dc‡iv³ cÖwµqvq †h Drcv`b msNwUZ nq Zv e›U‡bi cÖ‡kœ gvby‡li mv‡_ gvby‡li
m¤úK© m„wó nq| gvK©m G m¤úK©‡K e‡j‡Qb ÔDrcv`b m¤úK©' (†cÖvWvKkb.
wi‡jkb)| cÖ‡Z¨K mgv‡RB ÔDrcv`‡bi kw³' Ges ÔDrcv`b m¤ú‡K©i' g‡a¨ msNvZ
ïiæ nq| gvK©m g‡b K‡ib hy‡M hy‡M †`Lv wM‡q‡Q mgv‡Ri kw³gv‡biv D³ e›Ub
cÖwµqvq Ab¨vqfv‡e cÖK…Z Drcv`K‡K (†gngwZ gvbyl) ewÂZ K‡i _v‡K|
GgZve¯’vq ewÂZiv gvK©‡mi fvlvq Ô†kvwlZiv †kvlK‡`i weiæ‡×' msMwVZ nq|
e¯‘MZ msNv‡Zi
d‡jB mgvR-
BwZnvm GwM‡q
hvq
cÖ‡Z¨K mgv‡RB
ÔDrcv`‡bi kw³'
Ges ÔDrcv`b
m¤ú‡K©i' g‡a¨
msNvZ ïiæ nq|

4. Gm Gm GBP Gj
ivóªweÁvb-2: ivóªwPšÍv
d‡j m„wó nq msNvZ ev Ø›`¡| G Awbevh© ؇›`¡i d‡j m„wó nq bZzb mgvR, Avi bZzb
Drcv`b m¯úK©| gvK©m g‡b K‡ib, G fv‡e mgvR KvVv‡gvi †gŠwjK †¶‡Î (Basic
structure) cwieZ©b NUvi mv‡_ mv‡_ DcwiKvVv‡gvq (Super Structure) G cwieZ©b
N‡U| G fv‡eB mgvR I BwZnvm GwM‡q hvq|
gvK©m AviI g‡b K‡ib Avw`Kvj †_‡K A`¨vewa Øvw›`¡K cÖwµqvq cuvPwU ch©v‡q
(¯Í‡i) gvby‡li mgvR I BwZnv‡mi cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q| h_v:-
● Avw` mvg¨ev` (hLb gvby‡li g‡a¨ †Kvb cÖKvi D™¢vebx kw³ wQj bv, wQj bv
e¨w³MZ m¤úwËi †eva|)
● `vm mgvR (`vm Ñ `vm gvwjK)
● mvgšÍ mgvR (f‚wgnxb Ñ f‚¯^vgx)
● abvZvwš¿K mgvR (kªwgK Ñ cyuwRcwZ)
● mgvRZvwš¿K mgvR (me©nviv kªwgK Ñ ¶wqòz cuywRcwZ †kªYx) hv PyovšÍfv‡e
mvg¨ev`x ev †kªYxnxb mgv‡R DbœxZ n‡e|
†kªYx msMÖvg ZË¡: RvwZ, ag©, eY©, †MvÎ BZ¨vw` AvswM‡K bv †`‡L eis Ô‡kªYx'
kãwU‡K gvK©m A_©‰bwZK m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZ e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| Zvui g‡Z mgvR
weKv‡ki cÖwZwU av‡c ÔDrcv`b m¤ú‡K©i' wfwˇZ †kªYx wba©vwiZ n‡q _v‡K| wZwb
AviI e‡jb †h, †kªYx †hLv‡b _vK‡e †mLv‡b _vK‡e †kªYx †kvlY| Avi GRb¨B
Aek¨¤¢vex n‡q I‡V †kªYx m‡PZbZv, †kªYx msMVb I †kªYx msMÖvg| gvK©m Ges
G‡½jm Zvu‡`i weL¨vZ (1848 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ) KwgDwbó Bk‡Znv‡i D‡jøL K‡ib
†h, Ôgvbe RvwZi ÁvZ BwZnvm n‡”Q †kªYx msMÖv‡gi BwZnvm|' wKfv‡e †kªYxi m„wó
n‡jv- G cÖ‡kœi Dˇi gvK©m e‡jb †h, Avw`‡Z mgv‡R hLb e¨w³MZ m¤úwËi Aw¯ÍZ¡
wQj bv, ZLb †kªYxiI Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj bv| wKšÍz cieZ©x‡Z e¨w³MZ m¤úwË D™¢‡ei d‡j
mgvR wef³ n‡q hvq| GKw`‡K _v‡K m¤úwËi gvwjK †kªYx Ab¨w`‡K _v‡K
gvwjKvbv wewnb †kªYx| ejvevûj¨, cieZ©x‡Z weKv‡ki cÖwZwU ¯Í‡iB m¤úwËi
gvwjKMY (†kvlK †kªYx) gvwjKvbv wewnb (†kvwlZ) †kªYx‡K †kvlY K‡i‡Q| cÖwZwU
¯Í‡iB
†kvl‡Yi weiæ‡× cÖwZev` Awbevh© n‡q D‡V‡Q| G cÖwZev`x msNvZB n‡jv †kªYxi Ø›`¡
ev msMÖvg| †kªYx msMÖv‡gi d‡jB mgvR KvVv‡gv‡Z cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q e‡j gvK©m
`„pfv‡e wek¦vm Ki‡Zb| gvK©m AviI g‡b Ki‡Zb ivóª, cÖkvmb, AvBb Kvbyb G
meB ¯^v_© i¶vi nvwZqvi ¯^iƒc| ZvB †kªYxi DÌv‡bi mv‡_ iv‡óªi DÌvb Awbevh© n‡q
D‡VwQj| weKv‡ki GK ch©v‡q (mvg¨ev`x) hLb Avi †kªYxi Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vK‡e bv ZLb
ivóª bvgK cÖwZôvbwU AcÖ‡qvRbxq n‡q hv‡e Ges wejyß n‡e|
DØ„Ë g~j¨ZË¡: DØ„Ë g~j¨ZË¡ gvK©‡mi GK D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ZË¡| G Z‡Ë¡i ga¨ w`‡q gvK©m
cyuwRev`x †kvl‡Yi weÁvbm¤§Z e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| gvK©m g‡b K‡ib
kªgkw³B (cÖK…Z cuywR) †Kvb wKQyi g~j¨ (Value) m„wó K‡i _v‡K| wZwb †gwkb ev
Ab¨ wKQy‡K wngvwqZ cyuwR e‡j g‡b K‡ib hv g~j¨ m„wói Rb¨ g~L¨ bq| cyuwRcwZMY
kªwgK‡`i‡K B”QvgZ Drcv`b Kv‡R e¨envi Ki‡jI Zv‡`i cÖK…Z cÖvc¨ †`q bv|
d‡j kªwgK‡`i Ae¯’v DˇivËi Lvivc n‡Z _v‡K| kªwgK kªg`vb K‡i †h g~j¨
(Value) m„wó K‡i _v‡K Zvi AwaKvsk cyuwRcwZiv Ab¨vqfv‡e wb‡q †bq| G †¶‡Î
DØ„Ë g~j¨ ej‡Z †evSvq †mBUzKz †h UzKz kªwgK‡K cÖ`Ë gyRyixi AwZwi³| D`vniY
¯^iƒc, cyuwRcwZ kªwgK‡K w`‡q 16 N›Uv LvwU‡q †h g~j¨ m„wó K‡i †bq Zvi cwigvY
aiv hvK 200.00 UvKv, wKšÍz gvwjK D³ kªwgK‡K D³ 16 N›Uvi Rb¨ cÖ`vb K‡i
gvÎ 50.00 UvKv hv D³ kªwg‡Ki 16 N›Uvi kª‡gi m„ó g~j¨ bq eis gvÎ 4 N›Uvi
Ôgvbe RvwZi
ÁvZ BwZnvm
n‡”Q †kªYx
msMÖv‡gi
BwZnvm|

5. evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
BDwbU-6 c„ôv-163
cwikª‡gi g~j¨| G †¶‡Î evuKx 12 N›Uv mg‡qi m„ó kª‡gi g~j¨ wb‡q †bq cyuwRcwZ|
GB n‡jv D×…Ë g~j¨Z‡Ë¡i mnR e¨vL¨v|
mvg¨ev`: gvK©m g‡b Ki‡Zb Øvw›`¡K cÖwµqvq BwZnv‡mi PjgvbZv Ae¨vnZ _vK‡e
ZZ¶Y, hZ¶Y bv †kvlYnxb mvg¨ev`x mgvR cÖwZwôZ nq| gvK©m wek¦vm Ki‡Zb
kªwgK †kªYxi m‡PZbvi Rb¨ abZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri †kvl‡Yi weiæ‡× wecøe msMwVZ
n‡e| G wecø‡ei d‡j ivóªhš¿ kªwgK †kªYxi n¯ÍMZ n‡e| Drcv`‡bi DcKiYmg~‡ni
mycwiKwíZ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g †kvlK †kªYxi D‡”Q` NwU‡q kªwgK †kªYx mgvRZvwš¿K
mgvR‡K DˇivËi cwic°Zvi w`‡K wb‡q hv‡e Ges GK ch©v‡q mgvR †_‡K †kvlY
wPiZ‡i wbg~©j n‡e, †kªYxi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Ges ivóª wejyß n‡e| Drcv`‡bi cwigvY G‡Zv
e„w× cv‡e †h gvbyl ZLb cÖ‡Z¨‡K wb‡Ri Rb¨ hZUzKz cÖ‡qvRb ZZUzKz A‡b¨i mv‡_
webv msNv‡ZB †c‡q hv‡e| Avi G P~ovšÍ ch©vqB n‡jv mvg¨ev`x ch©vq|
gvK©‡mi weiæ‡× mgv‡jvPbv
wcÖq wk¶v_©xMY, G ch©v‡q Avgiv AwZ ms‡¶‡c gvK©‡mi Z‡Ë¡i weiæ‡×
mgv‡jvPbv¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvwi| G K_v mZ¨ Kvj© gvK©m Dbwesk kZvãxi
g‡a¨fv‡M †h mgvR KvVv‡gvi Dci `vuwo‡q ZË¡ cÖ`vb K‡iwQ‡jb eZ©gvb we‡k¦ †mB
ev¯ÍeZvi cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q| gvK©‡mi Z‡Ë¡i Øviv DØy× n‡q ivwkqvq mgvRZvwš¿K
wecøe N‡UwQj| c~e© BD‡ivc, Pxbmn c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡k mgvRZvwš¿K mgvR MV‡bi
cÖ‡Póv j¶¨ Kiv wM‡q‡Q| Avevi †m mv‡_ wesk kZvãxi †kl `k‡K D³
mgvRZvwš¿K †`k¸‡jvi AwaKvsk ¯’v‡b cybivq cyuwRev`x avivq wd‡i Avmvi cÖ‡PóvI
†`Lv wM‡q‡Q| kªg N›Uv GLb 16 N›Uvi cwie‡Z© 8 N›Uvq w¯’i n‡q‡Q| mvaviY
kªwgK, bvix kªwgK I wkï kªwg‡Ki Rb¨ ¯’vbxq Ges AvšÍ©RvwZKfv‡e wewfbœ AwaKvi
mb` ˆZix n‡q‡Q| kªwgK‡`i mvgvwRK wbivcËvi e¨e¯’v †Rvi`vi n‡q‡Q| kªwgK‡`i
µq ¶gZv e„w×i Rb¨ wewfbœ c`‡¶c abZ‡š¿i ¯^v‡_©B ev¯Íevq‡bi cÖ‡Póv Pj‡Q| G
meB eZ©gvb ev¯ÍeZv| Dc‡iv³ ev¯ÍeZvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Kvj© gvK©m‡K g~j¨vqb Kiv
mnR KvR bq| Z‡e cÖ_vMZfv‡e Zvi Z‡Ë¡i weiæ‡× wKQy mgv‡jvPbv DÌvcb Kiv
hvq|
● gvK©m BwZnv‡mi weeZ©‡bi avivq †KejgvÎ A_©‰bwZK m¤úK©‡K g~j wfwË
wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i GK‡c‡l g‡bvfv‡ei cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| Zvi cÖ`Ë Z‡Ë¡ †gŠj
KvVv‡gv I DcwiKvVv‡gvi aviYv cy‡ivcywi mZ¨ bq| gvby‡li mvgMÖxK AvPi‡Y
me mgqB Ges me©Î Áv‡Z AÁv‡Z ïaygvÎ e¯ÍzB KvR K‡i Ggb K_v ev¯ÍeZvi
cÖwZdjb bq| KviY A-e¯ÍzMZ w`KI gvbe AvPiY‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i _v‡K|
● wZwb †kªYx msMÖv‡gi Dci AZ¨waK ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i ev¯ÍeZvi cÖwZ wKQyUv
AeÁv cÖ`k©b K‡i‡Qb| mgv‡Ri GK Ae¯’v †_‡K Ab¨ Ae¯’vq iƒcvšÍi cÖwµqvq
†kªYx †PZbv nq‡Zv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i, wKšÍz m¤ú~Y© ev GK”QÎ
f‚wgKv iv‡L, Ggb K_v ejv hvq bv| mvgšÍ mgvR †_‡K abZvwš¿K mgvR
DËi‡Y †kªYx msMÖv‡gi †P‡q eis ˆeÁvwbK I cÖhyw³MZ Avwe®‹viB †ekx Ae`vb
†i‡L‡Q e‡j A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib|
● gvK©m gvbe PwiÎ we‡køl‡Y nq‡Zv wKQyUv AwZ-Avkvev`x wQ‡jb| gvby‡li †jvfx
I ¯^v_©ciZvi PwiÎwU wZwb †Zgb Avgj †`b wb| wKšÍz ev¯Í‡e †`Lv hvq GgbwK
mgvRZvwš¿K mgv‡R me©nvivi GKbvqK‡Z¡i bv‡g GKwU we‡kl myweav‡fvMx
wejvmx kvmK †kªYxi GKbvqK‡Z¡i iƒc wb‡qwQj|
● eZ©gv‡b abZvwš¿K mgvR hw`I P~ovšÍ weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q, ZeyI †mLv‡b Ø›`¡ ev
msNvZ †Zgb ®úó bq| DcišÍz abZvwš¿K mgvR wb‡R‡K cwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vq Lvc
gvbyl ZLb
cÖ‡Z¨‡K wb‡Ri
Rb¨ hZUzKz
cÖ‡qvRb ZZUzKz
A‡b¨i mv‡_ webv
msNv‡ZB †c‡q
hv‡e|

6. Gm Gm GBP Gj
ivóªweÁvb-2: ivóªwPšÍv
LvB‡q †bevi Rb¨ KvVv‡gv I Kvh©MZ cwieZ©b G‡b wU‡K _vKvi g‡Zv
cvKv‡cv³ Ae¯’v‡bi w`‡K avweZ n‡”Q| mvgvwRK wbivcËv, †eKvi fvZv Gi
D`vniY|
● ivóª m¤ú‡K© gvK©‡mi e³e¨ GK‡c‡k g‡b n‡q‡Q| mgvRZvwš¿K we‡k¦ ivóª `ye©j
bv n‡q eis AviI kw³kvjx cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ n‡qwQj|
Z‡e Dc‡iv³ mgv‡jvPbvi ciI ejv hvq Kvj© gvK©‡mi wPšÍvaviv we‡k¦ me‡P‡q
Av‡jvob m„wóKvix gZev`| Zvi ZË¡ ev¯Í‡eI cÖ‡qvM †hvM¨Zv †c‡q‡Q| abZvwš¿K
we‡k¦i bMœ †kvl‡Yi weiæ‡× Zvui G ZË¡ wQj GK †Rviv‡jv I weÁvb m¤§Z we‡kølY I
cÖwZev`|
mviK_v
Kvj© gvK©m ivóª, mgvR I A_©bxwZi †¶‡Î GK †ZR`xß bvg| Dbwesk kZvãxi
AgvbweK abZvwš¿K †kvl‡Yi weiæ‡× wZwb kªgRxwe gvby‡li ¯^v‡_© †kvlY gyw³i
GK weÁvbm¤§Z ZË¡ Dcnvi w`‡q BwZnv‡m Agi n‡q Av‡Qb| Zvui GKv‡WwgK
cvwÛZ¨ me©Rb ¯^xK…Z|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
‰be©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k¦© () wUK wPý w`b|
1| Kvj gvK©m †Kvb †`‡k Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib ?
(K) d«vÝ; (L) Rvg©vbx;
(M) Bsj¨vÛ; (N) ivwkqv|
2| Kgy¨wbó †gwb‡d‡óv iPbv K‡i‡Qb-
(K) Kvj© gvK©m; (L) †n‡Mj;
(M) Kvj© gvK©m I G‡½jm; (N) †cø‡Uv|
3| gvK©m I G‡½jm KZ…©K iwPZ K¨vwcUvj cy¯ÍKwU KZ L‡Û wef³ ?
(K) 2 L‡Û wef³; (L) 3 L‡Û wef³;
(M) 5 L‡Û wef³; (N) †Kvb L‡Û wef³ bq|
mwVK DËi gvjv - 1| L 2| M 3| L
msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ:
1| DØ„Ë g~j¨ZË¡ wK ?
2| †n‡M‡ji Øvw›`¡K Z‡Ë¡i mv‡_ gvK©‡mi Ø›`¡ Z‡Ë¡i cv_©K¨ †Kv_vq ?
3| gvK©m‡K †Kb ˆeÁvwbK mgvRZš¿ev‡`i RbK ejv nq ?
4| BwZnv‡mi e¯Ízev`x e¨vL¨v wK ?
5| †kªYx msMÖvg wK ?
6| ivóª I †kªYxi g‡a¨ m¤úK© wK?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ:
1| mgv‡jvPbvmn gvK©‡mi Z‡Ë¡i g~j welq¸‡jvi eY©bv w`b|

7. evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
BDwbU-6 c„ôv-165
føvw`wgi †jwbb
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb -
 føvw`wgi †jwb‡bi Rxeb K_v ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 føvw`wgi †jwb‡bi ivR‰bwZK wPšÍvaviv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ivwkqvi fjMv b`xi Zx‡i, wmgwe¯‹© kn‡i BDwjqvbf cwiev‡i 1870 mv‡ji 10
GwcÖj ivwkqvi wecøex gZv`‡k©i cÖwZfvevb DËim~ix, †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi KwgDwbó
cvwU©i cÖwZôvZv, we‡k¦i cÖ_g mgvRZvwš¿K iv‡óªi wbg©vZv føvw`wgi BwjP BDwjqvbf
†jwbb Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
føvw`wgi †jwbb Rxe‡bi cÖ_g c‡e© (1887 - 88) BD‡ivcxq wecøex wPšÍvavivi
ms¯ú‡k© Av‡mb| we‡klZ: Kvj© gvK©m iwPZ cyuwR Mªš’wU cv‡Vi ci wb‡R‡K wZwb
GKRb gvK©mev`x wn‡m‡e Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| 1891 mv‡j †m›U wcUvm©eyM© wek¦we`¨vjq
†_‡K wZwb AvB‡b ¯œvZK wWMÖx AR©‡bi ci fjMv A‡ji mvgviv kn‡i `yeQi AvBb
†ckvq wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| 1893 mv‡j †jwbb †m›U wcUvm©ey‡M© D`xqgvb gvK©mev`x
ivR‰bwZK P‡µ †hvM`vb K‡ib Ges 1895 mv‡j †mLvbKvi kªwgK †kªYxi gyw³
Av‡›`vj‡b m¤ú„³ nb| G me Av‡jvPbv P‡µ Ges Ask MÖn‡Yi mgq †jwbb
mnR‡eva¨ `„óvšÍ w`‡q eySv‡Zb wKfv‡e gvK©ev`‡K cÖ‡hvM Kiv DwPZ wecøex‡`i
Rxe‡b, cyuwRev` I Rvi miKv‡ii weiæ‡× jovB Kiv `iKvi wK c×wZ‡Z| GB
wecøex ZrciZvi Awf‡hv‡M †jwjb Zvui Aci GK wecøex mnKg©x I cieZ©x‡Zg ¯¿x
bv‡`Rv †¯Œvc¯‹vqvi mv‡_ 15 gvm KviveiY Ges 1900 mvj Awã mvB‡ewiqvq
wbe©vwmZ Rxeb KvUvb| AZ:ci †jwbb BD‡ivc cÖev‡m P‡j hvb Ges †mLvbKvi
wecøex P‡µ †hvM`vbc e©K ÔB‡¯ŒvÕ bv‡g cwÎKv cÖKv‡k g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib| †jwb‡bi
D‡`¨vM I cwiPvjbvq ivwkqvq M‡o D‡V B¯Œvi mn‡hvMx MÖæc I cvVK Pµ| cwÎKvwU
†mvk¨vj †W‡gvµvU‡`i HK¨e× Av‡›`vjb M‡o Zzj‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| wbe©vm‡bi
wØZxq c‡e© 1902 mv‡j †jwjb iPbv K‡ib Zuvi mvsMVwbK gZev` m¤^wjZ MÖš’
Ô†nvqvU BR Uz we WvbÕ? GB MÖ‡š’ †jwbb kªwgK †kªYxi ivR‰bwZK msMVb, †ckv`vi
wecøex aviYv, wecøex‡`i †KŠkj cÖf…wZ welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| G me aviYvi
A‡bK¸‡jvB †jwbb D™¢veb K‡ib gvK©m-G‡½jm&-Gi wPšÍvaviv‡K ivwkqvi mgvR
Rxe‡b Lvc LvB‡q †bqvi cÖ‡qvR‡b|
Zvui cwiKwíZ wecøex ZrciZvi j‡¶¨ †jwbb me©nviv †kªYxi AMÖYx Ask wn‡m‡e
†ckv`vix wecøex‡`i msMwVZ K‡ib hviv myk„•Ljfv‡e Rvi miKv‡ii cZ‡bi gva¨‡g
kªwgK ivR cÖwZôvq m¶g n‡eb| †jwb‡bi g‡Z, †kªYx m‡PZb †ckv`vi wecøexiv
MYZvwš¿K †K›`ªxKZvi bxwZ‡Z msMwVZ n‡q kªwgK‡`i g‡a¨ †kªYx m‡PZbZv, k„•Ljv
I wecøex msMVb M‡o Zzj‡e Ges gvK©mev`x `k©b Abyhvqx GK GKwU wbw`©ó g~û‡Z©
KiYxq welqvw` e¨vL¨v Ki‡e| †ckv`vi wecøex‡`i cÖwZ †jwb‡bi AwZwi³
¸iæZ¡v‡iv‡ci welqwU gb:cyZ wQj bv iæk †cwU-ey‡R©vqv msMVb †mvk¨vj †W‡gvµvwUK
cvwU©i Abymvix‡`i Kv‡Q| †jwbb mg_©K‡`i Kv‡Q Zv‡`i gZwe‡iva ZxeªZi n‡q
cvV - 2

8. Gm Gm GBP Gj
ivóªweÁvb-2: ivóªwPšÍv
DV‡j 1903 mv‡j `‡ji wØZxq Ks‡MÖ‡m `j wØavwef³ n‡q c‡o| G fv‡e `jxq
Ks‡MÖ‡m †jwj‡bi †bZ…Z¡vaxb ej‡kweK (hvi evsjv A_© msL¨Mwiô) Aí
msL¨vMwiôZvi e¨eavb we‡ivax Ask †gb‡kwfKiv K…lK‡`i (msL¨vjNy) civwRZ
K‡i| Zv m‡Ë¡I †ckv`vix wecøex‡`i f‚wgKv A¯^xKvi K‡i †gb‡kwfKiv K…lK‡`i
g‡b KiZ wecø‡ei PvwjKv kw³ Ges †Póv KiZ Rvi miKv‡ii weiæ‡× msMÖv‡g
G‡`i‡K AMÖfv‡M wb‡q Avm‡Z| `‡ji GB Af¨šÍixY msK‡Ui ivRbxwZ †jwj‡bi
cieZ©x ivR‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û A‡bK cÖvavb¨ we¯Ívi K‡i|
1905 mv‡j wecø‡ei ci ivwkqvi UvjgvUvj w`b¸‡jv‡Z ‡jwjb ivwkqvq wd‡i Av‡mb
Ges gvÎ `yÔeQ‡ii gv_vq cÖev‡m cvwi w`‡Z eva¨ nb| wbe©vwmZ Rxe‡b BD‡iv‡c
KwVb mgq AwZevwnZ Ki‡Z nq †jwbb‡K| †m mgq ivwkqvq wecª‡ei fwel¨r wb‡q
†gb‡kweK‡`i mv‡_ gZwewbgq m‡Ë¡I †jwb‡bi A‡bK AbyMZ †gavex Abymvix
Zuv‡K cwiZ¨vM K‡i| `‡ji wecøex wPšÍvavivi KY©avi †jwbb 1909 mv‡i iPbv K‡ib
Ô†gUvwiqvwjRg GÛ Bw¯úwiI wµwUwmRgÕ MÖš’| G‡Z wZwb cÖK…wZ weÁv‡bi me©‡kl
weKv‡ki cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z gvK©mev`x `k©b I ÁvbZ‡Ë¡i ¯^iƒc Zz‡j a‡ib| ZviI wZb
eQi ci cÖv‡M `jxq GK Kb‡fbk‡b †gb‡kwfK-ej‡kwfK fv½b P‚ovšÍ n‡q c‡o|
1914 mv‡j †jwbb cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i m~Pbvj‡Mœ hyׇK ey‡R©vqv‡`i Af¨šÍixY jovB
wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡ib Ges Zuvi Kg©x‡`i‡K mvgªvR¨ev` we‡ivax jvB-G AeZxY© nIqvi
Avnevb Rvbvb|
1917 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m msMwVZ wecø‡e Rvi miKv‡ii cZb NU‡j †jwbb †Mvc‡b
Rvg©vbx n‡q †c‡UªvMvW© (†m›U wcUvm©ey‡M©i bZzb bvgKiY) †cŠuQvb| †Rv‡md
÷¨vwjbmn ¯’vbxq ej‡kwfK †bZ…e„›` ZLb †jwbb‡K Rvbvb †h Afy¨Ìv‡bi †mvwf‡qZ
kªwgK I †mbv m`m¨iv ey‡R©vqv AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb miKvi‡K mg_©b hywM‡q‡Q| GwU
AewnZ n‡q †jwjb Zvi Zvr¶wYK e³…Zvq (BwZnv‡m hv ÔGwcÖj w_wmmÕ bv‡g L¨vZ)
`‡ji wm×všÍ cwieZ©‡bi Avnevb Rvbvb| †jwbb hyw³ cÖ`k©b K‡ib †h, ej‡kwfK
wecø‡ei ci GKgvÎ kªwgK‡`i mgš^‡q MwVZ †mvwf‡qZ¸‡jv (cwil`mg~n) iæk
kªwgK I K…lK‡`i Avkv - AvKv•Lvi cÖwZdjb NUv‡Z m¶g| cieZ©x‡Z RyjvB gv‡m
kªwgK‡`i GKwU e¨_© Afy¨Ìv‡bi ci †jwjb AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb miKvi †_‡K jywK‡q
AvM÷ - †m‡Þ¤^i gv‡m wdbj¨vÛ Ae¯’vb K‡ib| †mLv‡b Ae¯’vbKv‡j Ôivóª I
wecøeÕ bv‡g weL¨vZ MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| GB eB‡Z wZwb †kªYx msMÖvg, ivóª I wecø‡ei
mgm¨vejx, mgvRZvwš¿K wecø‡e RbM‡Yi f‚wgKv, mvg¨ev`x mgvR wbg©vY, RbM‡Yi
mv‡_ cvwU© I †bZ…‡Z¡i cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© BZ¨vw` wel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ K‡ib| Dciš‘,
gvK©‡mi †kªYx msMÖvg ZË¡‡K wKQyUv cwikxwjZ K‡i mgvRZš¿ I mvg¨ev`‡K
mgvRweKv‡ki `yÔ†Uv c„_K ch©vq wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡ib †jwbb| gvK©mxq ivóªZ‡Ë¡
†jwb‡bi Ôivóª I wecøeÕ eBwU GK †gŠwjK Ae`vb wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡q _v‡K|
1917 mv‡ji ej‡kwfK wecø‡ei ci 7 b‡f¤^i †jwbb †mvwf‡qZ miKvi cÖavb
wn‡m‡e KvDwÝj Ae wccjm Kwgk‡bi mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ nb| `vwqZ¡fvi MÖn‡Yi ci
mgvRZš¿ cÖwZôvi †¶‡Î Ôax‡i P‡jv bxwZÕ MÖnY K‡ib wZwb| wecø‡ei dmj
†mvwf‡qZmg ‡ni ¶gZv‡K †`‡ki Af¨šÍixY I evB‡ii kÎæi nvZ _‡K i¶vi
Kv‡R wZwb AvZœwb‡qvM K‡ib| GKB j‡¶¨ wZwb Rvgv©bxi mv‡_ †eªó-wj‡Uv¯‹ kvwšÍ
Pzw³‡Z DcbxZ nb| Zuvi GB ax‡i Pjvi bxwZ Aek¨ 1918-21 mv‡j †`‡k M„nhy×
†W‡K Av‡b| wjI UªUw¯‹i mg_©b I †iW Avwg©i w¶cÖZvq †jwjb †mvwf‡qZ
BDwbq‡bi M„nhy‡× weRqx nb| hy‡×i ci †jwbb bqv A_©‰bwZK bxwZgvjvi gva¨‡g
†`k‡K evRvi A_©bxwZ I eûev`x mgv‡R wdwi‡q Av‡bb Ges GKBmv‡_ `jmg~‡ni

9. evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
BDwbU-6 c„ôv-167
gv‡S fv½‡bi aviv‡K cÖwZnZ Kivi j‡¶¨ KwgDwbó cvwU©i GK`jxq kvmb cÖwZôv
K‡ib|
†jwbb 1924 mv‡ji 21 Rvbyqvix Zuvi Kg©eûj Rxe‡bi Aemvb NwU‡q g‡¯‹vi
DcK‡É MwK© MÖv‡g †kl wbk¦vm Z¨vM K‡ib| gvK©m-G‡½jm& Gi mvg¨ev`x gZev‡`i
Abymvix †jwbb wQ‡jb iæk I AvšÍR©vwZK me©nviv Av‡›`vj‡bi Ab¨Zg cw_K…Z I
iæk Kwgwbó cvwU© I †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi cÖwZôvZv| gvK©mev`x `k©‡bi we‡køl‡Y
†jwbb KZ©„K m¤úvw`Z ms‡hvRbmg~‡ni mgš^‡q 45 L‡Û cÖKvwkZ nq Ô†jwbb iPbv
mgMÖÕ| Gme iPbvq †jwbb A_©bxwZ, ivRbxwZ, mgvR, `k©b, ms¯‹…wZ, wecø‡ei
iY‡KŠkj BZ¨vw` welq m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| AwaKvsk gvK©mev`x‡`i
Kv‡Q gvK©mev` ej‡Z gvK©mev`-‡jwjbev‡`i mgwš^Z gZev`‡KB eySv‡bv nq|
beŸB-Gi `k‡Ki ïiæ‡Z mv‡eK †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi fv½b I mgvRZvwš¿K
gZv`‡k©i cZ‡bi g‡a¨ w`‡q †jwb‡bi ivóª `k©‡bi e¨vcK wech©q N‡U|
mviK_v
Kvj gvK©‡mi mvg¨ev`x wPšÍvaviv ej‡kwfK‡`i ¶gZvq Av‡ivnb I Zv A¶zbœ
ivL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| gvK©mev`x `k©b‡K ivwkqvi Av_©-mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK
cwi‡ek cwiw¯’wZi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ weav‡b †jwb‡bi f‚wgKv wQj Acwimxg|
gvK©mev`-‡jwbbev‡`i mgwš^Z wPšÍvaviv cieZ©x‡Z MÖvgmx, †Rv‡md ÷¨vwjb,
wjI UªUw¯‹ I gvI †mZzO Gi g‡Zv wecøex †bZ…‡Z¡i m„wó K‡i| AwaKvsk
we‡køl‡Ki g‡Z †jwbb wQ‡jb wesk kZvãxi Ab¨Zg †kªô wecøex †bZv|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
‰be©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k¦© () wUK wPý w`b|
1| †Kvb MÖš’ cv‡Vi gva¨‡g †jwbb gvK©mev`x n‡q D‡Vb?
K) †óU GÛ wefz¨‡jkb;
L) `vm †KwcUvj;
M) B‡¤úwiqvwjRg : `¨ nv‡qó †óR Ae †KwcUvwjRg;
N) †nvqvU BR Uz we Wvb?
2| mvgªvR¨ev` cuywRev‡`i m¤úK© ¯Íi cy¯ÍKwUi †jLK †K?
K) wf AvB †jwbb;
L) Kvj© gvK©m;
M) Gg Gb ivq;
N) †Rv‡md ÷¨vwjb|
msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ
1| †ckv`vi wecøex A‡_© †jwbb wK eySv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb?
2| ej‡kwfK I †gb‡kwfK‡`i gZv`k©MZ cvK©‡K¨i KviY wK?
3| cÖ_g wek¦hy× m¤ú‡K© †jwb‡bi g~j¨vqb wK wQj?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| gvK©mev`x `k©b‡K †jwbb wKfv‡e ivwkqvi mgvR Rxe‡b cÖwZwôZ K‡ib?

10. Gm Gm GBP Gj
ivóªweÁvb-2: ivóªwPšÍv
mwVK DËi
1| L, 2| K

11. evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
BDwbU-6 c„ôv-169
†hv‡md ÷¨vwjb
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb -
 †hv‡md ÷vwj‡bi msMÖvgx Rxeb m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ÷¨vwj‡bi ivR‰bwZK †bZ…‡Z¡i aib I Zuvi ivóªwPšÍvi eY©bv Ki‡Z m¶g n‡eb|
mv‡eK †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª wewbg©v‡b Ges GKRb mdj ivóªbvqK
wn‡m‡e †Rv‡md wfmvwiI‡bvwfP ó¨vwjb (1879-1953) `xN©Zg mvd‡j¨i BwZnvm
iPbv K‡i †M‡jb| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×vËi BD‡ivc Z_v wesk kZvãxi c„w_ex‡Z wZwbB
m¤¢eZ me‡PÕ kw³kvjx ivR‰bwZK †bZv I e¨w³Z¡| Zuvi cÖK…Z bvg BDwmd
wfmvwiI‡bvwfP †mv‡mv, ÷¨vwjb bvgwU wZwb 1910 mv‡j Ô†jŠngvbeÕ A‡_© aviY
K‡ib| wZwb 1879 mv‡jii 21 †k wW‡m¤^i RwR©qvi AšÍM©Z †MŠix‡Z Rb¥MÖnY
K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv wQ‡jb †ckvq gywP| Zuvi wcZv gvZv †KDB iæk fvlv Rvb‡Zb bv|
÷vwjb †Mvix PvP© ¯‹z‡j covïbvKv‡j (1888 - 94) covïbvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e iæk
fvlv ‡k‡Lb| GKRb AZ¨šÍ †gavex QvÎ wn‡m‡e ÷¨vwjb we`¨vj‡q cy‡iv e„wË †fvM
K‡ib| cy‡ivwnZ¨ AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ covïbvKv‡j ÷¨vwjb ZrKvjxb wbwl× mvwnZ¨
Z_v gvK©‡mi ÔcyuwRÕ Aa¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g iæk mgvRZvwš¿K fveavivi †Mvouv mg_©‡K
cwiYZ nb| GB Aciv‡a 1899 mv‡j we`¨vjq †_‡K ewn®‹…Z n‡Z Zuv‡K| wZwb wU
-
Ôwej xwm †ij Kg©Pvix‡`i gv‡S †mvk¨vj †W‡gv‡µwUK cvwU©i GKRb cÖPviK wn‡m‡e
Zuvi †ckv ïiæ K‡ib| 1902 mv‡j cywjk Zvu‡K †MÖdZvi K‡i Ges cieZ©x eQi
wZwb c¨vwim Mgb K‡ib| 1902-13 mv‡ji gvSvgvwS mg‡q ÷¨vwjb Kvivevm hvcb
K‡ib, mvZevi wbe©vwmZ nb Ges Qqevi cvwj‡q †eovb| miKvi †Kej GKevi
Zuv‡K 1913-17 mvj Awã j¤^v mgq wbe©vm‡b ivL‡Z m¶g nq|
Rvi kvmbvg‡ji †klfv‡M (1905-17) ÷¨vwjb wQ‡jb †jwb‡bi ivR‰bwZK Abymvix
gvÎ| wZwb me mg‡qB KwgDwbó cvwU©i ej‡kwfK As‡ki mg_©K wQ‡jb| `‡ji cÖwZ
Zuvi Ae`vb wQj ev¯ÍegyLx| 1907 mv‡j `‡ji Rb¨ A_© msMÖ‡ni cÖ‡qvR‡b wU
-
Ôwej xwm‡Z GK e¨vsK WvKvwZi NUbvq RwoZ nb wZwb| GKB eQi wZwb jÛ‡b
AbywôZ KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i m‡¤§j‡bI Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| 1912 mv‡j wZwb ej‡kwfK
cvwU©i msL¨vjNy RvwZ welqK we‡klÁ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZjvf Ki‡j †jwbb Zuv‡K
ej‡kwfK cvwU©i †K›`ªxq KwgwU‡Z AšÍf©yw³i gva¨‡g RvwZ welqK we‡klÁ wn‡m‡e
¯^xK…wZjvf Ki‡j ‡jwbb Zv‡K ej‡kwfK cvwU©i †K›`ªxq KwgwU‡Z AšÍf‚©w³i gva¨‡g
`‡ji kxl© ch©v‡qi †bZ…‡Z¡ Zz‡j wb‡q Av‡mb| †jwb‡bi Aby‡ivaµ‡g 1913 mv‡j
wZwb wf‡qbvq Ae¯’vbKv‡j ÔgvK©wmRg GÛ `¨ b¨vkbvwjwU †Kv‡ðbÕ MÖš’wU iPbv
K‡ib| cÖš’wU cÖKvwkZ nevi Av‡MB ÷¨vwjb‡K mvB‡ewiqv wbe©vm‡b †h‡Z nq|
1917 mv‡j gvP© wecø‡ei ci m¨vwjb †c‡UªvMÖv‡W wd‡i Av‡mb Ges cÖvf`v cwÎKvi
m¤úv`bv KvR nv‡Z †bb| A‡±vei wecø‡ei mgq ÷¨vwjb †c‡UªvMÖv‡W wd‡i Av‡mb
Ges cÖvf`v cwÎKvi m¤úv`bvi KvR nv‡Z †bb| A‡±vei wecø‡ei ci ÷¨vwjb
†c‡UªvMÖv‡W MiæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡ib Ges †jwbb miKv‡ii msL¨vjNy
RvwZmËvmsµvšÍ Kwgkb wbhy³ nb| RvZxqZvev` wel‡qi GKRb we`» e¨w³
wn‡m‡e †jwbb Zuv‡K D³ wel‡q cÖavb Kwgkbv‡ii `vwqZ¡ †`b| wecøe cieZ©x
M„nhy‡×i mgq ÷¨vwjb Ab¨vb¨ wecøex‡`i wb‡q †jwbb‡K GKvšÍ mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb
cvV - 3

12. Gm Gm GBP Gj
ivóªweÁvb-2: ivóªwPšÍv
K‡ib| ÷¨vwjb KgvÛvi wn‡m‡e Bqy‡`wbs -Gi †k¦Zevwnbxi nvZ †_‡K ‡c‡UªvMÖvW‡K
i¶v Ges †Rbv‡ij †fwbwK‡bi nvZ †_‡K Rvwirwmb‡K D×vi K‡ib| `‡ji Af¨šÍ‡i
Gmgq ÷¨vwjb Zuvi mvsMVwbK ZrciZvi gva¨‡g wbR¯^ Ae¯’vb‡K my`„p K‡ib Ges
cÖkvmwbK Kvh©vw` m¤úbœ K‡ib| wZwb 1919-23 mvj Awã ivóxq wbivcËv Kwgkbvi
wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib Ges 1922 mv‡j iæk KwgDwbó cvwU©i mvaviY m¤úv`K
c‡` AwawôZ nb| G mgq ÷¨vwjb `j‡K Zuvi ivR‰bwZK ¶gZvi GKwU mvsMVwbK
wfwˇZ cwiYZ K‡ib| G mgq †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î Aí ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Bmy¨‡Z †jwb‡bi
mv‡_ Zuvi gZcv_©K¨ N‡U|
†jwb‡bi g„Zz¨i Av‡M ÷¨vwj‡bi e¨w³‡Z¡ wKQy mgm¨v cÖZ¨¶ K‡i †jwbb Zuv‡K
ÔivR‰bwZK Avc`Õ wn‡m‡e K‡ib| †jwbb Zuvi ivR‰bwZK gyj¨vq‡b ÷¨vwj‡bi cÖwZ
wKQyUv mw›`nvb n‡qwQ‡jb †h `‡ji mvaviY m¤úv`K wn‡m‡e wZwb h_v_©fv‡e Zuvi
`vwqZ¡ cvj‡b m¶g n‡eb wK-bv| wZwb ÷¨vwjb‡K GKevi Ôe`‡gRvRxÕ wn‡m‡e
AvL¨v w`‡q Zuvi AcmviY †P‡qwQ‡jb| ÷¨vwj‡bi fvM¨ mycÖmbœ wQj †h wZwb
wR‡bvwf‡qf I Kv‡gb‡fi mnvqZvq †jwb‡bi ZrciZv‡K cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z m¶g nb|
1924 mv‡j †jwj‡bi gyZz¨i ci ÷¨vwjb Zuvi ¯’jvwfwl³ nb| G‡Z †jwb‡bi
cQ›`mB DËim~ix UªUw¯‹i mv‡_ ÷¨vwj‡bi Ø›Ø Pi‡g D‡V| Zuv‡K Acmvi‡Yi j‡¶¨
÷¨vwjb wb‡KvjvB eyLvwi‡bi mv‡_ mg‡SvZvq †cuŠQvb Ges †jwb‡bi A‡bK e³e¨‡K
my‡KŠk‡j e¨vL¨v I cÖPviYvi gva¨‡g Zuvi cÖwZc¶‡K Nv‡qj K‡ib| Gmgq
Ô†jwbbev‡`i wfwËÕ Ô†jwbbev‡`i mgm¨vÕ cÖf…wZ cy¯ÍKvw`I wZwb iPbv K‡i †mvwf‡qZ
BDwbq‡bi cÖavb †bZv wn‡m‡e mycÖwZwôZ nb|
1928 mvj †_‡K ÷¨vwjb ÔGK †`k wfwËK mgvRZš¿Õ bxwZgvjv MÖnY K‡ib| G
mgq gvK©mxq avivi wek¦ mvg¨ev`x wecø‡ei cwie‡Z© ïaygvÎ †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b
mgvRZš¿ cÖwZôvq D‡`¨vMx nb wZwb| ÷¨vwjb D™¢vweZ mgvRZš¿ cÖwZôvq GB
Kg©m~Px wQj †jwbb I UªUw¯‹ cªPwjZ Ô¯’vqx wecøeÔ bxwZi cwicš’x| Zuvi GB GKwU
†`‡k GKKfv‡e mgvRZš¿ cÖwZôvKv‡j K…wl Drcv`‡b NvUwZ †`Lv w`‡j ÷¨vwjb
DwØMœ n‡q D‡Vb Ges mvwe©qv A‡j K…wl Kvh©µg ¯^qs Z`viwK K‡ib| 1929 mv‡ji
†klfv‡M K…wl‡Z wZwb Ô†hŠ_ Lvgvi e¨e¯’v Pvjy Ki‡j j¶ j¶ K…lK ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq
Ges nvRvi nvRvi K…lK g„Zz¨eiY K‡i| 1930 Gi `k‡K ÷¨vwjb wkí Drcv`b
e„w×i cÖPviYvq †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g mdj nb Ges †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi cÖðvrc`
wicvewjKmg~n wk‡íi kw³ wn‡m‡e weKwkZ nq|
1930-Gi `k‡Ki gvSvgvwS mg‡qi ÷¨vwjb Zuvi kvm‡bi c‡¶ e¨vcK ivR‰bwZK
cÖPviYv I kw³ cÖ‡qvM ïiæ K‡ib| ivR‰bwZK wbcxob, ai-cvKo, D‡”Q` BZ¨vw`i
d‡j eû cwievi fxwZKi cwiw¯’wZi wkKvi nq| ÷¨vwjb Zuvi BwZc~‡e©Kvi
ivR‰bwZK cÖwZØ›Øx‡`i A‡bK‡KB ivóª we‡ivax AvL¨vwqZ K‡i g„Zz¨`Û cÖ`vb K‡ib|
AmsL¨ `jxq m`m¨, wkí kªwgK I †mbvevwnbx Kg©KZ©v ÔAwZkq fxwZKiÕ mg‡q
wbwðý n‡q hvq Ges wbwKZv µ‡ðf I wjIwb` †eªR‡bf Gi gZ †bZ…Z¡ weKv‡k
mnvqZv K‡i| ÷¨vwjwbR‡gi fxwZKi cÖfve Ges †KwRwemn †Mv‡q›`v cywj‡ki
ZrciZv ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ‡K wec¾bK ch©v‡q †V‡j †`q| ¶gZv cvKv‡cv³
Kivi cÖwµqvq ÷¨vwjb 1841 mv‡ji 7†g †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi cÖavbgš¿xi `vwqZ¡
MÖnY K‡ib|
wØZxq wek¦hy×Kv‡j †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb AvµvšÍ n‡j ÷¨vwjb ¯^qs bvrmx Rvg©vbxi
AMÖvwfhv‡bi gy‡L hy× cwiPjbv K‡ib| †`‡ki c‡¶ `uvwo‡q gnvb gvbweK ZvM
¯^xKv‡ii gva¨‡g ÷¨vwjbMÖv‡Wi hy‡× wZwb Rvg©vb evwnbxi AMÖhvÎv‡K cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z
m¶g nb| ÷¨vwjb 1943 mv‡j †Zniv‡b AbywôZ wgÎ kw³i mfvq †hvM`vb K‡ib
Ges †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi A-mgvRZš¿x wg·`i cÖwZ ï‡f”Qvi wb`k©b ¯^iƒc

13. evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
BDwbU-6 c„ôv-171
KwgbUvY© (Kwgwbó B›Uvib¨vkbvj) †f‡½ †`b| 1945 mv‡j Bqvëv Ges †cv÷Wvg
mfvq †hvM`v‡bi gva¨‡g ÷¨vwjb c~e© BD‡iv‡c †mvwf‡qZ cÖfve we¯Ív‡ii ¯^xK…wZ
Av`vq K‡ib| wØZxq wek¦hy×Kv‡j wZwb †mvwf‡qZ †mbvevwnbx KZ©„K gy³ nIqv
†`kmg~‡n mvg¨ev`x KZ©„‡Z¡i cÖmvi NUvb| Zv m‡Ë¡I, cÂv‡ki `k‡K ¯œvqy hy‡×i
myPbvi d‡j cvðv‡Z¡i Abym„Z ˆeix bxwZgvjvi wecix‡Z Zuvi KiYxq A‡bK wKQyB
Aewkó †_‡K hvq| †kl eq‡m ÷¨vwjb gvbwmKfv‡e wech©¯Í Ges kvwiixKfv‡e `~e©j
n‡q c‡ob| Avi †m mg‡qB wZwb Bûw` we‡ivax Av‡iKwU bZzb Awfhvb ïiæ K‡ib|
wZwb 1953 mv‡ji Rvbyqvix gv‡m g‡¯‹vq Aew¯’Z eû Bûw` Wv³vi‡K †MÖßv‡ii
wb‡`©k cÖ`vb Ges welv³ Jlya cÖ‡qv‡M Zv‡`i g„Zz¨`‡Ûi weavb Rvwi K‡ib| my`xN©
30 eQi GKUvbv kvmb Ae¨vnZ ivLvi ci 1953 mv‡ji 5 gvP© wegvb `yN©Ubvq
÷¨vwj‡bi AvKw¯§K g„Zz¨ g‡¯‹v‡Z Av‡iv GKwU i³¶qx NUbvi Rb¥ †`q|
÷¨vwj‡bi gyZz¨i ci Zuvi DËim~ixiv Zuv‡K Ôe¨w³ cuyRvÕ m„wói Awf‡hv‡M Awfhy³
K‡ib| Zvui g„Zz¨i wZb eQi ci ÷¨vwj‡bi AwaKvsk Kvh©µg weskZg `jxq
Ks‡MÖ‡m evwZj †NvwlZ nq| 1961 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m AbywôZ cvwU©i 22Zg
Ks‡MÖ‡m Zuv‡K eR©‡bi wm×všÍ M„nxZ Ges †µgwj‡bi cvk¦©eZ©x †iW †·vqvi †_‡K Zuvi
gwgK…Z g„Z‡`n AcmviY Kiv nq| Zuvi ivR‰bwZK DËim~ixiv Zuvi bvg BwZnv‡mi
cvZv †_‡K gy‡Q †dj‡Z PvB‡jI ÷¨vwj‡bi my`xN© kvmbvg‡j Zvui AwR©Z mvdj¨‡K
Lv‡Uv K‡i †`Lvi AeKvk †bB| iæk KwgDwbó cvwU©i †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i
ivwkqvq mgvRZvwš¿K mgvR e¨e¯’v M‡o †Zvjv, wØZxq gnvhy‡× †`ki¶v cÖf…wZ NUbv
Amvgvb¨ mvd‡j¨iB LwZqvb| A‡b‡Ki aviYv, ÷¨vwj‡bi DËim~ixiv ZuviB bxwZ
Av`‡k© AUj _vK‡j †mv‡f‡qZ BDwbqb Z_v iæk mgvRZ‡š¿i cZb‡K nqZev
cÖwZnZ Kiv †hZ|
mviK_v
GKwU kw³kvjx RvwZi †jŠngvbe wn‡m‡e L¨vZ ÷¨vwjb †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi
BwZnv‡m GKRb weZwK©Z †bZv wn‡m‡e Agi n‡q Av‡Qb| †mvwf‡qZ
HwZnvwmKMY ÷¨vwj‡bi kvmbvgj‡K AZ¨šÍ mdj wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Ki‡jI
cvðvZ¨ cwÛZMY Zuvi kvmbvg‡ji i³v³ NUbvejx‡K eo K‡i †`‡Lb| Z‡e
GUvI wVK †h, ÷¨vwj‡bi gZ GKRb KZ©„Z¡ev`x kvm‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ Qvov
†mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi A_©‰bwZK weKvk KZUv m¤¢e nZ †mwU cÖkœmv‡c¶
e¨vcvi|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
‰be©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k¦© () wUK wPý w`b|
1| †jwb‡bi g„Zz¨i ci Kvi mv‡_ ÷¨vwj‡bi ¶gZvi Ø›Ø †`Lv †`q?
K) wjI UªUw¯‹; L) †cøLvbf;
M) †RKf fviWjf; N) †Rbv‡ij †WwbwKb|
msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ
1| ÷¨vwjb‡K †Kb †jŠngvbe ejv nq?
2| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ÷¨vwj‡bi f‚wgKv wK wQj?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

14. Gm Gm GBP Gj
ivóªweÁvb-2: ivóªwPšÍv
1| ÷¨vwj‡bi ivR‰bwZK †bZ…‡Z¡i cÖavb ˆewkó¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
mwVK DËi t 1| K

15. evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
BDwbU-6 c„ôv-173
gvI †R Ws (1872-1976)
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb -
 gvI †R Ws-Gi ivR‰bwZK wPšÍvaviv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 gvI KZ©„K M„nxZ cv`‡¶cmg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Pxbv KwgDwbó Av‡›`vj‡bi Ab¨Zg †bZv gvI †mZzs (eZ©gvb ms¯‹iY gvI †R Ws)
wQ‡jb MYcÖRvZš¿x Px‡bi cÖavb ¯’cwZ| wZwb ûbvb cÖ‡`‡k kvIkvb MÖv‡g 1893 mv‡ji
26 wW‡m¤^i GK K…lK cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wbR cÖwZfv Avi cwikª‡gi ¸‡Y
weKwkZ nb wZwb| †hŠe‡bi ïiæ‡Z wZwb gvÂz miKv‡ii weiæ‡× we‡`ªv‡n (1911-12)
b¨vkbvwó Avwg©i c‡¶ hy× K‡ib| 1918 mv‡j wZwb ûbv‡bi Pvskv wk¶K cÖwk¶Y
GKv‡Wwg †_‡K ¯œvZK wWMÖx AR©‡bi ci †eBwRs wek¦we`¨vj‡q mnKvix MÖš’vMwi‡Ki
`vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ nb| †m mgq wZwb bqv cvðvZ¨ wPšÍvaviv Z_v gvK©mev`x `k©‡bi
ms¯ú‡k Av‡mb|
1920 mv‡j gvI †R Ws Pvskv wd‡i Av‡mb Ges GKwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q cÖavb
wk¶‡Ki c‡` †hvM`vb K‡ib| Zuvi cÖ¯úvweZ MYwk¶v Kg©m~Px miKvi KZ©„K cÖZ¨vL¨vZ
n‡j wZwb GKRb AvZ¥wb‡ew`Z gvK©mev`x n‡q D‡Vb Ges mvsnvB KwgDwbó cvwU©i cÖ_g
Ks‡MÖ‡m †hvM`vb c~e©K Pxbv KwgDwbó cvwU©i †Mvovcˇbi mn‡hvwMZvi nvZ m¤úÖmvwiZ
K‡ib| 1923 mv‡j ¯’vbxq hy×evR‡`i weiæ‡× KwgDwbó cvwU© Px‡bi RvZxqZvev`x †bZv
mvb Bqvr †m‡bi Kz‡qvwgbZvs (hvi A_© RvZxq Rb`j)-Gi mv‡_ GKvZœ n‡j gvI †R
Ws ûbvb K…lK‡`i msMwVZ Kivi Kv‡R cy‡ivgvÎvq ivR‰bwZK Kg©x e‡b hvb| iæk
†gb‡kwfK aviv g‡Zv wZwb Abyaveb K‡ib †h, Px‡bi g‡Zv Avav mvgšÍZvwšÍK I Avav
Dcwb‡ewkK †`‡k `wi`ª PvlxivB wecøe msMV‡b cÖavb kw³ wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e| me©nviv
†kªYxi wecøex Z‡Ë¡i mv‡_ ÔAvav Dcwb‡ewkK I Avav-mvgšÍev`xÕ mgvR e¨e¯’vq
ÕRbMYZvwšÍKÕ wecø‡ei ZË¡ w`‡q wZwb gvK©mev` †jwjbev`‡`i m‡½ bZzb gvÎvq
ms‡hvRb K‡ib|
Zuvi wbR cÖ‡`k ûbv‡b `wi`ª Pvlx‡`i †R‡M DV‡Z †`‡L 1927 mv‡ji ïiæ‡Z Ôwi‡cvU©
Ae `¨ †c‡R›U gyf‡g›U Bb ûbvbÕ welqK cÖeÜ iPbv K‡ib| G‡Z wZwb hy³ cÖ`k©b
K‡ib †h, K…lKiv nj Px‡bi KwgDwbó Av‡›`vj‡bi GK AcwiwgZ kw³ Ges Gkw³‡K
KwgDwb÷‡`i mg_©b Rvbv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb| Zuvi GB civg‡k©i Rb¨ g‡¯‹vwfwËK KzwgbUvY©
(KwgDwb÷ B›Uvib¨vkbvj) gvI-Gi weiæ‡× Ôevgcš’vÕi Awf‡hvM Av‡b Ges Px‡bi
¶gZvmxb Pxqvs KvB‡kK ¯^qs †mvwf‡qZ cÖfve‡K cwinvi Ki‡i Pxbv KwgDwbó‡`i
mv‡_ Zuvi wgÎZv †f‡½ c‡o| GgZve¯’vq, 1931 mv‡j gvI †R Ws bqv Pvqbv-†mvwf‡qZ
wicvewjK Av‡›`vj‡bi †Pqvig¨vb wbe©vwPZ nb Ges KwgDwbó †K›`ªxq KwgwUi kni
wfwËK Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zvjvi mv‡_ wØ-gZ †cvlY K‡ib| Kz‡qvwgbZvs mivKvi G‡Ki
ci GK KwgDwbó †bZ…‡Z¡ cwiPvwjZ kû‡i Af‚¨_vb `gb Ki‡Z _vK‡j gvI †R Ws Gi
K…lK wbf©i Av‡›`vjb cwiPvjbvi welqwU KwgDwb÷‡`i Kv‡Q Zvrch©c~Y© n‡q D‡V|
Aek¨, wPqvs KvBk‡K miKvi K…lK‡`i ÔGUvg nv‡f©óÕ Afz¨Ìvb‡K kw³ cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g
cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡j gvI †R Ws wSqvswR cvnv‡o Avkªq †bb Ges hy×evR Pz‡Zn Gi
mn‡hvwMZvq wecøex †Mwijv jvj‡dŠR M‡o †Zvjvi gva¨‡g K…lK‡`i g‡a¨ KwgDwbó
cÖfve A¶zbœ iv‡Lb| d‡i Px‡bi RwUj ¶gZv KvVv‡gvi Af¨šÍ‡i K…lK wgwjwkqv‡`i
cÖfve‡K D‡c¶v K‡i KwgDwó‡`i KvR Kiv A‡bKUv mnR n‡q Av‡m|
c¶všÍ‡i, 1930-34 mv‡j Pxqvs KvB‡k‡Ki †mbvevwnbx `dvq `dvq Px‡bi `w¶Y-
c~e©v‡j wKqvswm cÖ‡`‡k Awfhvb Pvwj‡q KwgDwbó NvwU¸‡jv‡Z †eóbx ˆZix K‡i Zv‡`i
cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix GjvKv †_‡K weZvwoZ Ki‡Z _v‡K| GgZve¯’vq Pxbv KwgDwbó cvwU©
`‡ji Af¨šÍ‡i evg nUKvix‡`i cÖfv‡e gvI-Gi †Mwijv hy‡×i †KŠkj cwinvic~e©K
KwgDwbó‡`i m¤§yL mg‡i AeZxY© nIqvi wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K†i| gvI-‡K `‡ji †bZ…‡Z¡i
c` †_‡K mvgwqKfv‡e AcmvwiZ n‡Z nq GKB mg‡q| hy‡× DbœZ A‡¯¿i AwaKvix
cvV - 4

16. Gm Gm GBP Gj
ivóªweÁvb-2: ivóªwPšÍv
Pxqvs KvB‡kK evwnbxi nv‡Z KwgDwbó evwnbxi Pig civRq N‡U Ges nvRvi nvRi
jvj‡dŠR g„ZzeiY K‡i| Kz‡qvwgbZvs evwnbxi AvµgY cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q gvI †R
Ws 1934 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m DËi-cwð‡gi †mbwm cÖ‡`‡ki w`‡K jvj‡dŠR‡`i wb‡q
†KŠkjMZ cðv`cmiY ïiæ K‡ib| BwZnv‡m GB AwfhvÎv Pxbv Ôjs gvP©Õ bv‡g L¨vZ|
cw_g‡a¨ miKvix evwnbxi mv‡_ eû msNl© †gvKv‡ejv K‡i cÖvq 12,500 wK‡jvwgUvi c_
AwZµg K‡i Pxbv jvj †dŠR‡`i †mbwk †cuŠQv‡Z GK eQi mgq †j‡M hvq| Aek¨
ûbvb, û‡c cÖf…wZ GjvKv †_‡K jvj‡dŠR‡`i GLv‡b †cuŠQv‡Z Av‡iv GK eQi AwZwi³
mgq †j‡M hvq| Aek¨ ûbvb, û‡c cÖf…wZ GjvKv‡Z †_‡K jvj‡dŠR‡`i GLv‡b †cuŠQv‡Z
Av‡iv GK eQi AwZwi³ mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb nq| gvI cwiPvwjZ GB js gvP© jvj‡dŠR‡`i
†Kej AKvj aŸs‡mi nvZ †_‡KB i¶v K‡iwb, eis Pjvi c‡_ weR‡qi ci weRq
AR©‡bi gva¨‡g Kz‡qvwgbZvs evwnbxi g‡bvej eûjvs‡k †f‡½ w`‡Z mg_© nq| js gvP©
e¨vcK GjvKvi RbMY‡K mgvRZvwš¿K Av`‡k© DØy× K‡i Ges gy³vÂj m„wói gva¨‡g
RbMY I KwgDwbó K¨vWvi‡`i g‡a¨ †mZzeÜb ˆZix K‡i| GB my`xN© c`hvÎv cÖK…Z
KwgDwbó K¨vWvi‡`i g‡a¨ †mZzeÜb ˆZix Ges cÖK…Z KwgDwbó‡`i R‡b¨ GK
AwMœcix¶v wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| m‡e©vcwi, js gv‡P©i ga¨ w`‡q gvI †R Ws KwgDwbó
cvwU©i †Pqvig¨vb I Awemsevw`Z †bZv wn‡m‡e Avwef‚©Z nb| gvI †Mwijv hy× I
iY‡KŠkj D™¢ve‡bi gva¨‡g gvK©mxq wecøe Z‡Ë¡i †¶‡Î GK †gŠwiK Ae`vb †i‡L hvb|
1945 mv‡j gvI RbMYZvwš¿K ivóª cÖwZôvi cÖ¯Íve K‡ib| G c‡e© wecøex KwgDwbóiv
Px‡bi A‡bK A‡j wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv K‡i| wØZxq wek¦hy‡× Rvcvbx‡`i AvZœmgc©‡Yi ci
1946 mv‡ji RyjvB gv‡m Pxqvs KvD‡kK evwnbx Ges KwgDwbó‡`i g‡a¨ M„nhy× ïiæ
nq| GB M„nhy‡× 1949 mv‡j gvI-Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ Px‡bi g~j f‚L‡Û KwgDwbó kvmb
cÖwZwôZ nq Ges Pxqvs KvB‡k‡Ki Kz‡qvwgbUvs miKvi ZvBIqv‡b Avkªq MÖn‡Y eva¨
nq| GKB eQ‡ii 1 A‡±vei gvI †R Ws Pxb‡K MYcÖRvZš¿x Pxb †NvlYv K‡i wb‡R †m
miKv‡ii †Pqvg¨vb c` MÖnY K‡ib|
¶gZv MÖn‡Yi ci gvI †R Ws RvZxq cªwZi¶v e¨e¯’v mymsnZ Ges RbM‡Yi ¯^v_© i¶vi
D‡Ï‡k¨ RbM‡Yi ivóªhš¿‡K my`„p Kivi cwiKíbv †bb| wZwb cÖ_gZ Px‡b ‡mvwf‡qZ
BDwbqb auv‡Pi mgvRZvwš¿K mgvR Movi j‡¶¨ fzwg ms¯‹vi, fvix wkí KviLvbv ¯’vcb
Ges AvgjvZvwš¿K †K›`ªxKi‡Yi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvMx nb| wKš‘ mvbwS Ae¯’vbKv‡j K…lK‡`i
mv‡_ mskª‡ei wfZi w`‡q Px‡bi ¯^Zš¿ ˆewk‡ó¨i cÖwZ wZwb g‡bv‡hvMx n‡q D‡Vb|
djkÖæwZ‡Z †mvwf‡qZ g‡W‡ji weKí wn‡m‡e Pxbv mvg¨ev` M‡o †Zvjvq wZwb Zrci
nb| A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î wZwb AvaywbK wkívwqZ mgevq c×wZi PvB‡Z ¯’vbxq D‡`¨v‡M kªg
wbf©i ¯^wbf©i Kg©m~Pxi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡‡ivc K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î mgvRZvwš¿K
wecøeB h‡_ó bq, ivRbxwZ I Av`‡k©i †¶‡ÎI Abyiƒc c~b©v½ mgvRZvwš¿K wecøe
m¤úv`b Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| Avi †m j‡¶¨ cwiPvwjZ msMÖvg AZ¨šÍ `xN©Kvj a‡iB Ae¨vnZ
_vK‡e e‡j Zuvi aviYv|
ivR‰bwZKfv‡e wZwb †h RbMYZvwš¿K wecø‡ei aviYv weKwkZ K‡ib Zv‡Z eyw×Rxwe,
K…lK, †Mwijv †bZv mevB Av_©-mvgvwRK †KŠk‡ji mv‡_ GKvZœ n‡q mgvRZ‡š¿
†cuŠQv‡bvi j‡¶¨ `ªæZZg c_ D™¢ve‡b m¶g n‡e e‡j Zuvi aviYv| 1956 mv‡j
†mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b ÷¨vwj‡bi cÖwZ AeÁv cÖ`k©‡bi bxwZ Abym„Z n‡j Gi cÖwZwµqv
wn‡m‡e gvI †R Ws Px‡b ÔkZ dzj dzU‡Z `vIÕ bxwZi AvIZvq eyw×Rxwe‡`i KvQ †_‡K
AvgjvZš¿ I cÖkvm‡bi mgv‡jvPbv Avnevb K‡ib| wKš‘ Pxbv eyw×Rxweiv G my‡hv‡M
AvgjvZ‡š¿i mgv‡jvPbv Avnevb K‡ib| wKš‘ Pxbv eyw×Rxwe‡`i KvQ †_‡K AvgjvZš¿ I
cÖkvm‡bi ‡hŠw³KZv GgbwK gvI-Gi e¨w³MZ mgv‡jvPbvq g~Li n‡q D‡V| Gi
cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z 1958 mv‡j wZwb Ôe„nr Djøõb Kg©m~PxÕ bxwZgvjvi gva¨‡g AvgjvZvwš¿K
ivóª‡K ¯’vbxq ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ KwgD‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwZ¯’vwcZ Kivi D‡Ï¨vM MÖnY K‡ib|
KwgD‡bi mKj m`m¨‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g Ges Zv‡`i B”Qvi wfwˇZ ¯’vbxq
Drcv`b, eÈb Dbœqb, cÖkvmb cÖf…wZ cwiPvjbvi e¨e¯’v M„nxZ nq| wKš‘ cÖkvmwbK
¯’weiZvi Kvi‡Y gvI - Gi Ôe„nr Ges RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ gZ‡f` †`Lv †`q| A‡b‡K gvI I
Zuvi Abymvix‡`i mgv‡jvPbvg~Li n‡q D‡Vb | c¶všÍ‡i, ga¨cš’xiv GB e¨_©Zvi Rb¨
Ô`j I miKv‡ii Af¨šÍ‡i jywK‡q _vKv abZš¿x I wePz¨Z‡`i `vqx K‡ib| Aek¨, 1957
mv‡j RbM‡Yi ga¨Kvi ؇›Øi mwVK cwiPh©vÕ welqK e³…Zvq gI mgvRZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri
Af¨šÍ‡i GB ai‡bi msNvZ‡K Awbevh© I BwZevPK wn‡m‡e gZvgZ cÖ`vb K‡ib|

17. evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
BDwbU-6 c„ôv-175
1959 mv‡j gvI †R Ws ivóª cÖavb wn‡m‡e Aemi MÖnY K‡ib Ges miKvi I KwgDwó
cvwU©i wbqš¿Y Kvh©Z: wb‡Ri nv‡ZB †i‡L †`b| mgvRZvwš¿K mgvR MV‡bi Ø›Ø I
¯^weiZvi †cÖ¶vc‡U gvI †R Ws 1965 mv‡j wjb wcqvI-Gi †bZ…Ë¡vaxb wccjm
wjev‡ikb Avwg©i mnvqZvq cvwU, miKvi, wk¶v cÖwZôvb I wkí cÖwZôvbmn mKj ch©vq
†_‡K weiæ×ev`x‡`i D‡”Q` Awfhvb ïiæ K‡ib| GB AwfhvbB Px‡bi BwZnv‡m
Ômvs¯‹…wZK wecøeÕ bv‡g L¨vZ| 1966 mv‡ji gv‡S GB wecøe mgMÖ Px‡b Qwo‡q c‡o|
gvI †R Ws Gi wPšÍvaviv m¤^wjZ †QvÆ Ôjvj †bvU eBÕ G mgq Pxbmn Z…Zxq we‡k¦i bvbv
†`‡k Mm‡c‡ji gh©v`v cvq| gvI‡qi wPšÍvaviv Av‡jv‡K Zuvi mg_©K ey‡R©vqv gZev`cyó
I wecøex wPšÍvavivi cwicš’x wn‡m‡e Kw_Z AmsL¨ †bZv-Kg©x I Kg©Pvix G mgq
Kg©Pz¨Z, GgbwK wbnZ nq| †¶Îwe‡kl †iW MvW©iv e¨w³¯^v‡_© I e¨w³MZ Av‡µvk
†gUv‡bvi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e mvs¯‹…wZK wecøe‡K e¨envi K‡i| 1968 mv‡j Px‡bi ivóª
cÖavb, js gv‡P©i mgqKvi Ab¨Zg ZvwË¡K †bZv, ÔnvD Uz we G ¸W KwgDwbóÕ MÖ‡š’i
cÖ‡YZv wjI kvI wP-‡KI GKB Awf‡hv‡M ivóª I `‡ji mKj c` †_‡K AcmviY Kiv
nq | GB mg‡qB ewn®‹…Z nb †`s wRqvs wcs-mn Av‡iv A‡bK †bZ…e„›`|
1969 mv‡ji mvs¯‹…wZK wecø‡ei cÖavb †bZv wjb wcqvI‡K gvI-Gi DËivwaKvix
g‡bvbxZ Kiv nq| 1970 mv‡j gvI-‡K mv‡e©v”P KgvÛv‡ii c‡` emv‡bv n‡j wZwb Zvi
DMÖcš’x I D`vicš’x Abymvix‡`i g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ Avbvi †Póv K‡ib| wKš‘ Zv‡`i m¤úK©
gbKlvKwli ch©v‡qB †_‡K hvq| 1971 mv‡ji g‡a¨ wjb wcqvI ¶gZv †_‡K AcmvwiZ
nb Ges †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b cvjv‡bvi c‡_ wegvb `yN©Ubvq wbnZ nb| 9 †m‡Þ¤^i
1976 mv‡j gvI †eBwRs -Gi g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| gvI‡qi gyZz¨i ci ¶gZv `LjKvix †`s
wRqvI wcs cš’xiv mvs¯‹…wZK wecø‡ei Zxeª mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| bZzb miKvi wjI kvI
wPmn mvs¯‹…wZK wecø‡ei d‡i wbM„nxZ mevB‡K mm¤§v‡b cybe©vmb Ges mvs¯‹…wZK wecø‡ei
gš¿bv`vZv Pvi †bZv‡K ÔPvi KyPµxÕ wn‡m‡e kvw¯Í cÖ`vb K‡i|
mviK_v
Pxbv KwgDwbó †bZv gI †R Ws MYcÖRvZš¿x Px‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb ¯’cwZ| Kvj©
gvK©m I †jwb‡bi cvkvcvwk Zuv‡K gvK©mev`x `k©‡bi Ab¨Zg gnvb ZvwË¡K
wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| Gwkqvi cwiw¯’wZ‡Z K…lK‡`i wecøex kw³ Avwe®‹vi I
†Mwijv hy‡×i Kiv-‡KŠkj D™¢ve‡bi gva¨‡g gvI †R Ws gvK©mev`-‡jwbbev`x
wecøex ZË¡‡K ev¯Íevq‡bi †¶‡Î me©vwaK mvd‡j¨i ¯^v¶i iv‡Lb| `xN© 27 eQi
MYcÖRvZš¿x Pxb kvm‡bi gva¨ w`‡q wZwb wesk kZvãxi c„w_ex‡Z Ab¨Zg †bZvi
Avm‡b AwawôZ nb|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
‰be©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k¦© () wUK wPý w`b|
1| gvI †R Ws KLb gvK©mev`x wPšÍvavivi ms¯ú‡k© Av‡mb?
K) Pvskv wk¶K cÖwk¶Y GKv‡Wwg‡Z covïbvKv‡j;
L) Pvskv cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q wk¶KZv Kivi mgq;
M) †eBwRs wek¦we`¨vj‡q mnKvix MÖš’vMvwi‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjbKv‡j;
N) Px‡bi RvZxqZvev`x †bZv mvb Bqvr †m‡bi mvnP‡h©|
msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ
1| Pxbv js gvP© wK?
2| ÔkZ dzj dyU‡Z `vIÕ Gi Zvrch© wK?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| GKRb Pxb KwgDwbó †bZv wn‡m‡e gvI †R Ws Gi DÌvb I weKvk ch©v‡jvPbv Kiæb|

18. Gm Gm GBP Gj
ivóªweÁvb-2: ivóªwPšÍv
mwVK DËi :
1| M
mnvqK MÖš’
1| gynv¤§` Av‡qk DÏxb, ivóªwPšÍv cwiwPwZ, †gŠmygx cvewj‡Kkb ivRkvnx, 1998
2| AvjvDwÏb Lvb, ivóª I wLjvdZ, B, dv, evsjv‡`k, XvKv, 1986
3| G †RW Gg kvgmyj Avjg, Bmjvgx ivóª, †Lvk‡ivR wKZve gnj wj., XvKv
1981
4| ˆmq` gyKmy` Avjx, ivRbxwZ I ivóªwPšÍvq Dcgnv‡`k, evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv
1998
5| gvIjvbv Devq`yjøvn wmÜx, kvn Iqvjx Djøvn I Zvi ivR‰bwZK wPšÍvaviv,
BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, XvKv 1992
6| Wt Gg û`v, gymwjg `k©‡bi g~jZË¡ BD‡iKv eyK nvDm XvKv 1996
7| gIjvbv gynv¤§` Avãi inxg, Avj KziAv‡b ivóª I miKvi Lvqiæb cÖKvkbx
XvKv 1995
8| Wt GgvRDwÏb Avn‡g`, ivóªweÁv‡bi K_v, evsjv‡`k eyKk K‡c©v‡ikb, 1985
9| cÖvY‡Mvwe›` `vk, ivóªwPšÍvi BwZe„Ë, KwjKvZv 1988
10| Aveyj nvwmg, Bmjv‡gi gg©K_v BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, XvKv 1981
11| †K, we, †gv¯Ídv, Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm, nvmvb eyK nvDm, XvKv 1993
12| Aa¨vcK BDbym Avjx †`Iqvb, Aa¨vcK Avãyi iv¾vK, ivóªweÁvb cwiwPwZ,
c~e©‡`k cvewj‡Kkb, XvKv 1998