Presentación para mis alumnos de History 4 ESO bilingüe. Uso educativo.

1. Imperialism,
war and
revolution
Unit 5 – HISTORY 4º bil

2. THE GREAT POWERS IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY
1. AUTHORITARIAN: for example Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
• The King/emperor had nearly all the power.
• Parliaments had very little power.
• Military presence was high in dayly life.
• Ethnic and cultural diversity.
2. LIBERAL: for example Britain and France.
• Separation of powers.
• Many rights.
• Extended suffrage.
• Socialists parties began to be represented.

3. The Russian Empire: autocracy.
• The tsar (emperor) has
absolute power (in politics
and religion).
• Opposition was repressed.
• Until 1861 there was
serfdom, tsar Alexander II
abolished it.
• It was a multiethnic empire
but with a russianisation
policy….

4. The United States: the birth of a new power

5. The United States: the birth of a new power

6. The Meiji Era in Japan
• 1867-1914: Japan changed from
an agrarian feudal society to an
industrialised one.
• In 1867 the emperor recovered
power from the feudal lords, and
this started the Meiji Era.
• Japanese economy and society
were westernised. Traditional
isolation ended.

7. Activities

8. FEBRUARY IS BLACK
HISTORY MONTH!

9. IMPERIALISM
• Imperialism is the policy of extending a
country’s domination (metropolis or mother
country) over other regions (colonies).
• Origin: Modern Era, Spain and Portugal over
South America.
• When they lose territories (colonies) in
America, a new phase started in the
expansion of imperialism: Britain and France
were now the pioneers.
• In 1800 about 35% of the world was
controlled by Europe and the USA, by 1914 it
was nearly 85%.

10. The colonizers were mainly the USA, Japan and European powers (above all
Great Britain and France).
The regions that became colonies during this period under the power of
the colonizers were large areas of Africa, Asia and Oceania.

11. FACTORS FOR
THE RISE OF
IMPERIALISM
• ECONOMIC: Industrialisation:
• Need invest capital for a greater profit
• Cheap raw materials
• Market
• DEMOGRAPHIC: Migration: population grew during the
Industrial Revolution (not enough work).
• RELIGIOUS: missions to convert native people into
christianity.
• POLITICAL:
• Strategic goals: geo-political interests
• Competition
• Prestige
• IDEOLOGICAL: Racism:
• White race was superior…
• Mission: to civilise.
• SCIENTIFIC: Curiosity: scientific expeditions to explore
the unknown…

14. Activities

17. ACTIVITIES

18. Colonial rule
• COLONIES:(Belgian Congo)
• The mother country controlled every
aspect, the colonised nation lost all
sovereignty.
• PROTECTORATES: (Egypt, Morocco)
• Mother country: foreign policy and
wealth.
• Colony: domestic policy.
• SPHERES OF INFLUENCE: (China)
• Independent countries forced to cede
trade advantages to colonial powers.

19. Economic exploitation
• Colonial economies were based on
exploitation of natural resources:
• Plantation agriculture
• Minerals extraction
• No interest in developing industry in
the colonies.
• Natives became cheap labour (poor
conditions, near to slavery).
• Transport infrastructures were built
(just in order to meet their needs).

21. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL EFFECTS
• DEMOGRAPHY:
• Disastrous demographic impact at the
beginning (diseases).
• Later they received improvements
from the mother countries (medicine).
• SOCIETY:
• Traditional society was transformed by
colonisation.
• Natives as inferiors.
• CULTURE:
• Process of acculturation (clothes,
beliefs, languages…).

25. WORLD WAR I.
Context & causes.
• 1870-1914 was a period of uneasy
peace in Europe.
• The Bismarckian Alliance System
(1870-90) was created by German
chancellor Bismarck, its main
objectives were:
• Isolate France (frontier problem
with Germany for Alsace-
Lorraine, 1870).
• Equilibrium in the Balkans:
Austria and Russia had different
interests.

26. WORLD WAR I.
Rivalries continued between
countries and two main opposed
alliances or blocs were the result
of the German pacts:
• 1873 The League of the three
Emperors: Germany, Austria-
Hungary and the Russian
Empire.
• 1882 The Triple Alliance: the
German Empire, the Austro-
Hungarian Empire and Italy.

27. WORLD WAR I.
• After Wilhelm I died in 1890,
Bismarck was replaced, and
Wilhelm II favoured a more
agressive policy, starting the
“Armed Peace” (1890-1914).
• As a result, 2 new military
blocs:
• The Triple Alliance (1882)
• The Triple Entente (1907)
• Mutual fears led to an arms
race.

29. Alliances
evolution
• A number of alliances had
been signed by countries
between the years 1879 and
1914. These were important
because they meant that
some countries had no option
but to declare war if one of
their allies declared war first.

31. WWI. The road to war…
• COLONIALISM or IMPERIALISM:
Imperialism is when a country
takes over new lands or
countries and makes them
subject to their rule. By 1900
the British Empire extended
over five continents and France
had control of large areas of
Africa.

36. ANOTHER CAUSE WAS…

41. Ultimatum
• In response to the assassination,
Austria-Hungary (supported by
Germany) issued an ultimatum to
Serbia.
• Serbia rejected some parts of the
ultimatum, and on 28th July 1914
Austria-Hungary declared war on
Serbia.
• Russia supported Serbia, and so
Germany warned Russia to stop,
received no answer and declared war
on Russia (so alliances were put into
practice!...)

44. SUMMARY OF WW1
CAUSES:
• The Bismarckian Alliance System
(1870-90)
• The Armed Peace (1890-1914).
• Military blocs / alliances.
• The arms race.
• Colonialism.
• Nationalism.
• Economic rivalries.
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand
assassination.

45. Activities

46. The course of the war
• The world’s great powers confronted each
other, along with their empires.
• Other countries joined the war over time.

47. SIDES
The Allies, previously
the Triple Entente
The Central Powers, before the
Triple Alliance (Italy didn´t join)

48. Stages of the war

49. Stages of the war

50. Schlieffen plan
• Germany designed a rapid attack
through Belgium (neutral) to
defeat France and them attack
also Russia.
• Russia launched an offensive
against Germany (17 august
1914) so Germany had to move
troops from France to the east…
• France stopped Germany in the
sept’1914 (Battle of the Marne).

52. War of positions / Trenches warfare
• The fronts stabilised.
• Trenches were built in both blocs.
• Very hard conditions.
• Defensive stage.

59. • As the Western front stabilised… the Allies attacked in other regions:

60. • As the Western front stabilised… the Allies attacked in other regions:

61. • As the Western front stabilised… the Allies attacked in other regions:

72. DECISIVE YEAR because of these 2 main events.

76. The treaty of Brest Litovsk was the
treaty that formalised Russia's separate
peace out of WW1 on the 3rd of
March 1918, signed on behalf of the
USSR which was still waging its war
against White Russia but was by far
the dominant power, controlling the
west and majority of Russia's
population.

78. Activities

84. Social effects

85. Activity

88. Consequences
of WW1

89. Human and
material loss
• 15-20 million people died.
• Countless millions wounded.
• Material destruction was worst
in France, Belgium and northern
Italy: towns, crops and mines
destroyed.
• European debt was high after the
war: they borrowed money
abroad (USA).

90. Other
consequences
Economic decline: Europe became in heavy debt
with the USA.
New European states: due to the treaties of peace
Europe's map changed dramatically.
Colonial changes: colonies from the Central Powers
became mandate territories after the war.
Social changes: women became included in the
labour market. Middle classes impoverished, and a
new figure emerged: the old soldier or veteran.

91. The peace
settlement
• After the armistice in 1918, the Allied Powers met at
the Paris Peace Conference (1919) to decide the
conditions that would be imposed to the defeated
Central Powers.
• President Wilson (USA) reconciliation proposal (14
Points) was rejected.

93. The 27 participants in the Peace treaties

95. Peace
treaties
• The main decisions were taken by the
USA, Britain, France and Italy (the Big
Four).
• The main goals were:
• Prevent the resurgence of Germany as a
great power.
• Achieve a balance of power (specially in
the Balkans).
• Isolate Russia (avoid the spread of
communism).

98. War reparations

99. This was the only
proposal accepted
from the Wilson 14
Points!!!
However, Germany, Russia
and the USA (!) didn’t join =
ineffective

101. Territorial changes after WW1

103. ACTIVITIES

105. The Russian
Revolutions
THE ORIGINS: Tsarist Russia in the early 20th century.
• OLD REGIME:
• Absolute monarch: tsar (Nicholas II)
• Supported by: nobility, orthodox church, army,
bureaucracy
• Parliament (Duma): very limited power
• No political freedom / no individual rights /
opposition persecuted
• ECONOMY:
• Still agrarian: 80% peasants (almost feudal)
• Rudimentary tools & low productivity = poverty
• Little industrialisation (small bourgeoisie;
proletariats appeared):
• Railway construction
• Heavy industry

107. Political opposition

108. ACTIVITY
• Describe the portrait.
• What effect does it create?
• Why do you think the tsar and his
wife decided to dress in this way?

109. The Revolution of 1905
• In 1905 Russia lost a war against
Japan, and consequently they
suffered an important economic and
social crisis.
• After that, there were protests
against the tsar's absolutist regime,
but they were violently suppressed
by the government.
• A revolutionary council (soviet) was
formed in response, and protests
and strikes continued.

110. Bloody Sunday
• 9th january 1905 people
marched peacefully to the
Winter Palace (St
Petersburg): they
demanded improvements
in life and politics (not the
end of tsarism…)
• But… there was a violent
repression!

112. Bloody Sunday
• The following months there
were strikes and protests.
• People organised soviets
(popular assemblies).
• The tsar made concessions to
clam them: the October
Manifesto, 1905: election of
Duma via universal suffrage (it
seems more democracy…).
• But… the tsat didn’t call the
Duma…

113. Activities

114. The
Revolution of
February
1917

115. The Revolution of February 1917
• 23rd February 1917, Petrograd (later St. Petersburg): Demostration
“Peace, bread and land” general strike + mutinies among the
soldiers.

116. The Revolution of February 1917
• The Revolution succeeded: a Provisional Government was formed
led by Kerensky.
• Tsar Nicholas II abdicated.
• SOVIETS continued to be formed all over the country own armed
militias: the Red Guard.

117. The failure of the
Provisional Government
• The Provisional Government didn’t abandon
the war (defeats continued…).
• LENIN was in exile from the 1905 revolution,
but he came back in April 1917 and proposed
a new program based on the April Theses:
• Abandon the war
• Distribution of land
• Factories for workers
• Autonomy for minorities
• Soviets’rule

119. The failure of the
Provisional
Government
• July 1917: popular
insurrection in
Petrograd.
• September 1917:
failed coup by the
conservatives.

120. The Revolution of
October 1917
• 24th october 1917 Lenin
joined the Petrograd
Soviet.
• 25th october the Soviets,
controlled by the
Bolsheviks, stormed the
Winter Palace and
detained the Provisional
Government: the October
Revolution had begun.

121. The
Revolution
of
October
1917
The Revolution was successful: new
Bolshevik government, led by Lenin.
CHANGES / MEASURES:
• Withdrawal from WW1: Treaty of Brest-
Litovsk (1918).
• Redistribution of land to the peasants.
• Factories under workers’ control.
• The different nationalities were granted the
right of sovereignty.

124. Civil War (1917-1922)
• Lenin lost the elections (november 1917)… even if he won in urban
areas… He didn’t accept it so… a civil war broke out.

125. Civil War
(1917-1922)
• 2 combatant groups:
• The Red Army: the Bolsheviks (Lenin + Trotsky)
• The White Army: the Counter-revolutionaries
(heterogeneous group, including tsarists,
landowners, military commanders, Orthodox
Church, and those who favoured a liberal political
system). They were supported by other countries
who feared the Revolution.
• The Red Army won the war using “war
communism”.
• The Bolsheviks now became the Communist
Party and established a communist
dictatorship.

126. Communist dictatorship

127. The impact of the
Russian Revolution

129. Activities

130. Revision activities