this talks about the theories of personality. This tackles on how an individual develops their personality and can be utilized in studying personality disorders. These theories address whether personality is a biological trait or one that is developed through a person's interaction with their environment. Each personality type is defined by a set of stable characteristics: such as introversion or extroversion. Personality traits can be found within personality types: such as loyalty or generosity. Robert McCrae and Paul Costa: Introduced the big five theory, which identifies five key dimensions of personality: 1) extraversion, 2) neuroticism, 3) openness to experience, 4) conscientiousness, and 5) agreeableness. The trait theory of personality suggests that people have certain basic traits and it is the strength and intensity of those traits that account for personality differences. The trait approach to personality is one of the major theoretical areas in the study of personality. Learning about personality theories is important as it helps you reflect on your own personality from a different perspective. Understanding different personality theories can provide insight into your own strengths and weaknesses, as well as help you understand others better. Behaviorists do not believe personality characteristics are based on genetics or inborn predispositions. Instead, they view personality as shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism. In other words, people behave in a consistent manner based on prior learning. B. F. Both psychological and physiological: Personality is a psychological construct, but research suggests that it is also influenced by biological processes and needs. Affects behaviors and actions: Personality not only influences how we move and respond in our environment, but it also causes us to act in certain ways. The psychoanalytic theory states that human personality development is the result of a person's unconscious conflicts between the id, ego, and superego; however, this theory has been difficult to prove or disprove. Psychoanalytic theory is based on the work of Sigmund Freud. Personality development plays an essential role not only in an individual's professional but also in personal life. It makes an individual disciplined, punctual, and an asset to his or her organization. In Students, It adds to one's self-confidence and self-esteem. Personality describes the unique patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguish a person from others. A product of both biology and environment, it remains fairly consistent throughout life. Personality Characteristics Consistency: There is generally a recognizable order and regularity to behaviors. One of the most popular methods for understanding personality is to ask people to complete self-report questionnaires or surveys. These measures typically ask individuals to rate themselves on various personality traits or dimensions, such as extraversio

1. TRAUMA- and STRESSOR-related DISORDERS
Etiology
PTSD and Acute Stress Disorder Adjustment Disorder RAD and DSED
1. Psychodynamic Factors
- Trauma has reactivated a previously inactive, yet unresolved psychological conflict
- Results from regression and other defenses
2. Cognitive-behavioral Factors
- Cognitive model: affected persons cannot process/rationalize the trauma that
precipitated the disorder
 They continue to experience the stress and they use the avoidance
technique
- Behavioral model:
 UCS: trauma
 UCR: fear
 CS: physical/mental reminders of trauma
 Instrumental learning: avoiding elicited fear
3. Biological Factors
- Noradrenergic system: nervousness, high blood pressure and heart rate, palpitations,
sweating, etc.
- Opioid system: low plasma β-endorphin concentration
- Corticotropin-releasing factor and the HPA axis
1. Psychodynamic
- Resiliency and vulnerability
2. Family and Genetic Factors
1. Environmental
- Due to social neglect (not all
children develop this disorder)