Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An Phyto - Chemical Analysis of Seedless Amalaki Fruit (Emblica Officinalis) ...inventionjournals
Medicinal plants have bioactive compounds which are used for curing of various human diseases and also play an important role in healing. As Amalaki being an important medicinal herb in Ayurveda. Botanical name of Amalaki is Emblica officinalis belong to Euphorbiaceae family shows antifungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammation, anti cholesterolaemic, anti carcinogenic, anti oxidant & anti Ulcerogenic activities. The present study involve phytochemical analysis on the pulp of Emblica officinalis purchased from Gadagil vanoushada sangraha, Belgaum, Karnataka. Emblica officinalis fruits are selected and seeds are removed. Collected pulp is made to dried under shadow and powdered. The Aqueous extract, alchoholic extract of Amalaki samples were used for the phytochemical analysis to find out the phytochemical constituents . The main objective of the research work was to check the presence or absence of the phytochemical constituents in Amalaki churna. The results of the phytochemical analysis of Amalaki churna showed that the carbohydrates/glycoside, phenol, carboxylic acid, tannin, flavonoids were found to be present. The phytochemical analysis of the Amalaki is very important commercially and has great interest in pharmaceutical companies for the production of the new drugs to cure various diseases.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An Phyto - Chemical Analysis of Seedless Amalaki Fruit (Emblica Officinalis) ...inventionjournals
Medicinal plants have bioactive compounds which are used for curing of various human diseases and also play an important role in healing. As Amalaki being an important medicinal herb in Ayurveda. Botanical name of Amalaki is Emblica officinalis belong to Euphorbiaceae family shows antifungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammation, anti cholesterolaemic, anti carcinogenic, anti oxidant & anti Ulcerogenic activities. The present study involve phytochemical analysis on the pulp of Emblica officinalis purchased from Gadagil vanoushada sangraha, Belgaum, Karnataka. Emblica officinalis fruits are selected and seeds are removed. Collected pulp is made to dried under shadow and powdered. The Aqueous extract, alchoholic extract of Amalaki samples were used for the phytochemical analysis to find out the phytochemical constituents . The main objective of the research work was to check the presence or absence of the phytochemical constituents in Amalaki churna. The results of the phytochemical analysis of Amalaki churna showed that the carbohydrates/glycoside, phenol, carboxylic acid, tannin, flavonoids were found to be present. The phytochemical analysis of the Amalaki is very important commercially and has great interest in pharmaceutical companies for the production of the new drugs to cure various diseases.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of clove mistletoe leaf extr...iosrphr_editor
Clove mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq) is one of the semi-parasitic plants belonging to the Loranthaceae family. Clove mistletoe leaf extracts have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of secondary metabolites in clove mistletoe leaf extracts through phytochemical screening and determine its antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging. Samples were tested include water and ethanol 70 % extracts, as well as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions. Phytochemical screening showed that all samples containing tannins and flavonoids but no alkaloids. The highest total phenol contents was ethyl acetate fraction namely 358.4 mg GAE/ g. The best antioxidant activity was water extract, ethanol 70 % extract and ethyl acetate fraction. Therefore, clove mistletoe leaf extracts are potential source for antioxidant.
Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Jasminum Officinaleiosrjce
Jasminum officinale used as a urinary anti-infective in folk medicine. To validate this use, the in
vitro anti-bacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of different parts( flowers, stems plus leaves and roots) of
J.officinale growing in local gardens was evaluated against four reference bacteria by broth dilution assay and
agar diffusion assay. The MIC value of the ethanolic extracts of flowers and stems plus leaves against all
bacteria was 2 mg/mL and the MIC value of roots against S. aureus, E.faecalis and E. coli was 4 mg/mL and
the MIC value of roots against P. aeruginosa was 2 mg/mL. In agar diffusion assay, the ethanolic extracts of all
parts of the plant showed considerable activity against all bacteria.
ABSTRACT
Azadirachta indica common name Neem is a very useful traditional medicinal plant in the sub-continent and each part of the tree has some medicinal properties. It has many therapeutic properties as it boosts the immune system, beneficial in treating acne, provides relief from bad breath, helps to protect against diabetes, effective in treating malaria symptoms, lowers the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. The plant is native to Asia and its sub-continents. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents present in leaves and bark of neem. The antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents were also evaluated. Neem leaves and bark were collected from the Bundelkhand University Campus, Jhansi. It was cleaned with tap water and finally with distilled water and was air dried at room temperature and crushed. TLC was done for the determination of bioactive compounds present in the leaves. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed and we found that alkaloids, reducing sugar, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins are present in neem leaves and bark. TLC results shown total 8 spots in the methanolic leaves extract having different Rf values. The total antioxidant capacity of A. indica leaves shown the dose dependent activities. The mean values of total phenolic contents and flavonoids are 70 mg GAE/g & 119 mg QE/g respectively. Thus in the present study, the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the neem leaves extract could be considered responsible for conferring antioxidant ability.
Key-words: Phytochemical, Azadirachta indica, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoids Content (TFC)
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRAC...IJSIT Editor
The leaves of the plant Annonareticulata were collected and extracted using different ranges of polar
organic solvents like low (Ethyl acetate), medium (Butanol) and high (Methanol). Qualitative analysis and
antimicrobial activity was investigated. The phytochemical screening of the leaf extract revealed that the
presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and coumarins. The Ethyl acetate and Methanol extracts
showed better antibacterial activity, the significant inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
putida and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and thus displayed highest inhibitory zone of 19.5mm, 19mm and 19mm
when compared to Butanol. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of the Ethyl acetate, Butanol and Methanol extract of
A.reticulata revealed the presence of -CH, -OH, CH-OH and –NH2 bond stretching. The clinical isolates were
collected from patients suffered from different microbial infections. The antibacterial and antifungal activity
was determined by using leaf extracts.
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia.
This is Sumaiya Nahid hail from Chittagong, Bangladesh.It's my M.Pharm (Thesis) presentation slide. This is the total display of my hard works.I tried my best to summarize my one year enthusiastic workings.Any suggestions and corrections will be cordially accepted. Thank you all.
in vitro study on total phenols and flavonoids content and dpph activity of w...IJEAB
The escalating interest in appraisal of antioxidant power of herbal plant as medicine, the current study was carried out to explore the antioxidant potential of aqueous extracts of Withania somnifera root and Withania coagulan fruit in-vitro. Antioxidant activity; total phenol,total flavonoids and DPPH free radical scavenging assay of Withania somnifera root and Withania coagulans fruit aqueous extracts were determined by using reference standards gallic acid, quercetin and ascorbic acid, respectively. The highest total phenols content (mgGAE/g) and total flavonoids content (mgQE/g) was found to be 33.1±0.82 and 1.86±0.01 respectively in aqueous somnifera root extracts as compared to coagulans fruit extract . The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the both extracts was increased with the increasing concentration and was observed high in aqueous extract insomniferaroot (IC50= 54) than coagulans fruit (69μg/ml) aqueous extract.Thus,Withania somnifera root has potent antioxidant activity and may serve as a good pharmacotherapeutic agent which could be explored to provide affordable medicines to masses.
Determination of Wine Color and Total Phenol Content using the LAMBDA PDA UV/...PerkinElmer, Inc.
Historically, the earliest evidence of viniculture is approximately
8,000 years ago and worldwide it has become increasingly more prevalent in recent years. The expansion of markets and producers has resulted in an escalation in methods used to
guarantee product safety and quality of wine.
Wine contains over 600 nutritional substances including vitamins, organic acids and more importantly polyphenols. The seeds and skin of the grape provide a valuable source of polyphenols, and with increasing interest in their health-enhancing properties as antioxidants, research has gathered pace over the last 15 years. The key benefits found have been aiding age prevention and cardiovascular disease by preventing the oxidation of Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL).1
The versatility of PerkinElmer’s LAMBDA™ 265 and LAMBDA 465 PDA UV/Visible Spectrophotometers allows quantification of the total phenol content in the wines, and also wine color to be measured to determine quality and any potential contamination.
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of clove mistletoe leaf extr...iosrphr_editor
Clove mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq) is one of the semi-parasitic plants belonging to the Loranthaceae family. Clove mistletoe leaf extracts have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of secondary metabolites in clove mistletoe leaf extracts through phytochemical screening and determine its antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging. Samples were tested include water and ethanol 70 % extracts, as well as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions. Phytochemical screening showed that all samples containing tannins and flavonoids but no alkaloids. The highest total phenol contents was ethyl acetate fraction namely 358.4 mg GAE/ g. The best antioxidant activity was water extract, ethanol 70 % extract and ethyl acetate fraction. Therefore, clove mistletoe leaf extracts are potential source for antioxidant.
Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Jasminum Officinaleiosrjce
Jasminum officinale used as a urinary anti-infective in folk medicine. To validate this use, the in
vitro anti-bacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of different parts( flowers, stems plus leaves and roots) of
J.officinale growing in local gardens was evaluated against four reference bacteria by broth dilution assay and
agar diffusion assay. The MIC value of the ethanolic extracts of flowers and stems plus leaves against all
bacteria was 2 mg/mL and the MIC value of roots against S. aureus, E.faecalis and E. coli was 4 mg/mL and
the MIC value of roots against P. aeruginosa was 2 mg/mL. In agar diffusion assay, the ethanolic extracts of all
parts of the plant showed considerable activity against all bacteria.
ABSTRACT
Azadirachta indica common name Neem is a very useful traditional medicinal plant in the sub-continent and each part of the tree has some medicinal properties. It has many therapeutic properties as it boosts the immune system, beneficial in treating acne, provides relief from bad breath, helps to protect against diabetes, effective in treating malaria symptoms, lowers the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. The plant is native to Asia and its sub-continents. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents present in leaves and bark of neem. The antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents were also evaluated. Neem leaves and bark were collected from the Bundelkhand University Campus, Jhansi. It was cleaned with tap water and finally with distilled water and was air dried at room temperature and crushed. TLC was done for the determination of bioactive compounds present in the leaves. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed and we found that alkaloids, reducing sugar, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins are present in neem leaves and bark. TLC results shown total 8 spots in the methanolic leaves extract having different Rf values. The total antioxidant capacity of A. indica leaves shown the dose dependent activities. The mean values of total phenolic contents and flavonoids are 70 mg GAE/g & 119 mg QE/g respectively. Thus in the present study, the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the neem leaves extract could be considered responsible for conferring antioxidant ability.
Key-words: Phytochemical, Azadirachta indica, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoids Content (TFC)
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRAC...IJSIT Editor
The leaves of the plant Annonareticulata were collected and extracted using different ranges of polar
organic solvents like low (Ethyl acetate), medium (Butanol) and high (Methanol). Qualitative analysis and
antimicrobial activity was investigated. The phytochemical screening of the leaf extract revealed that the
presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and coumarins. The Ethyl acetate and Methanol extracts
showed better antibacterial activity, the significant inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
putida and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and thus displayed highest inhibitory zone of 19.5mm, 19mm and 19mm
when compared to Butanol. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of the Ethyl acetate, Butanol and Methanol extract of
A.reticulata revealed the presence of -CH, -OH, CH-OH and –NH2 bond stretching. The clinical isolates were
collected from patients suffered from different microbial infections. The antibacterial and antifungal activity
was determined by using leaf extracts.
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia.
This is Sumaiya Nahid hail from Chittagong, Bangladesh.It's my M.Pharm (Thesis) presentation slide. This is the total display of my hard works.I tried my best to summarize my one year enthusiastic workings.Any suggestions and corrections will be cordially accepted. Thank you all.
in vitro study on total phenols and flavonoids content and dpph activity of w...IJEAB
The escalating interest in appraisal of antioxidant power of herbal plant as medicine, the current study was carried out to explore the antioxidant potential of aqueous extracts of Withania somnifera root and Withania coagulan fruit in-vitro. Antioxidant activity; total phenol,total flavonoids and DPPH free radical scavenging assay of Withania somnifera root and Withania coagulans fruit aqueous extracts were determined by using reference standards gallic acid, quercetin and ascorbic acid, respectively. The highest total phenols content (mgGAE/g) and total flavonoids content (mgQE/g) was found to be 33.1±0.82 and 1.86±0.01 respectively in aqueous somnifera root extracts as compared to coagulans fruit extract . The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the both extracts was increased with the increasing concentration and was observed high in aqueous extract insomniferaroot (IC50= 54) than coagulans fruit (69μg/ml) aqueous extract.Thus,Withania somnifera root has potent antioxidant activity and may serve as a good pharmacotherapeutic agent which could be explored to provide affordable medicines to masses.
Determination of Wine Color and Total Phenol Content using the LAMBDA PDA UV/...PerkinElmer, Inc.
Historically, the earliest evidence of viniculture is approximately
8,000 years ago and worldwide it has become increasingly more prevalent in recent years. The expansion of markets and producers has resulted in an escalation in methods used to
guarantee product safety and quality of wine.
Wine contains over 600 nutritional substances including vitamins, organic acids and more importantly polyphenols. The seeds and skin of the grape provide a valuable source of polyphenols, and with increasing interest in their health-enhancing properties as antioxidants, research has gathered pace over the last 15 years. The key benefits found have been aiding age prevention and cardiovascular disease by preventing the oxidation of Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL).1
The versatility of PerkinElmer’s LAMBDA™ 265 and LAMBDA 465 PDA UV/Visible Spectrophotometers allows quantification of the total phenol content in the wines, and also wine color to be measured to determine quality and any potential contamination.
Biodegradation of phenolic compounds- (Scavenging the Phenols)Saleh Sarwar
You need to a have a skim of the references to understand this presentation in its entirety and to know the effectiveness of arranging it in the way it is arranged.
Similar to Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indonesian Sugar Apple (Annona squamosa L.)Extracted with Various Solvents
The word “banana” is a general term comprising a number of species or hybrids in the genus Musa of family Musaceae. Many studies reported that banana is a good source of phenolic compounds, which are having potential health benefits in human beings. The phytochemical composition of eight banana varieties was investigated. Quantitative estimation of phytochemicals revealed that highest alkaloid and tannin content was noticed in variety Nendran (3.76% and 4.40 mg/100g respectively). Whereas, variety Rasakadali exhibited highest flavonoid content (9.49 mg/100). Total phenol and saponin content was found higher in variety Kadali (0.82% and 11.6 mg/100g respectively).
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of clove mistletoe leaf extr...iosrphr_editor
Clove mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq) is one of the semi-parasitic plants belonging to the Loranthaceae family. Clove mistletoe leaf extracts have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of secondary metabolites in clove mistletoe leaf extracts through phytochemical screening and determine its antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging. Samples were tested include water and ethanol 70 % extracts, as well as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions. Phytochemical screening showed that all samples containing tannins and flavonoids but no alkaloids. The highest total phenol contents was ethyl acetate fraction namely 358.4 mg GAE/ g. The best antioxidant activity was water extract, ethanol 70 % extract and ethyl acetate fraction. Therefore, clove mistletoe leaf extracts are potential source for antioxidant.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
In Ayurveda, the leaf juice of Adhatoda vasica, a shrub native to Asia is incorporated in
many traditional herbal formulations. However, suitable solvent and a suitable extraction
method for phytochemical profiling are not well established, and there is no published mass
spectra structural interpretation of the identified compounds. This has caused a few
problems in herbal formulation research due to the bias derived from different extraction
methods. Therefore, this study used polar and non polar extraction for phytochemical
analysis on Adhatoda vasica, aiming to assess the potential impact of different solvents. This
study included extractive value, total phenol and alkaloid content of the leaves in different
preparations. Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to
study the phytochemical profile of different solvents. Significant differences were observed in
all the parameters such as extract yield, total phenol, total alkaloid and phytochemical
composition. The ethanol extract stood out most for effective extraction of phytochemicals,
especially for the alkaloids. The results highlight the necessity for comparative analyses of
chemical composition in different solvent extractions and careful choice and validation of
analytical methodology in herbal formulation research.
ABSTRACT- The invitro anti-inflammatory activity of various solvent fractions of Parkia biglobosa fruit bark was investigated using human red blood cell membrane stabilization, heat-induced hemolysis and protein denaturation methods. All the extracts of P. biglobosa fruit bark showed a concentration dependent increase in anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the crude extract (60.8%, 58.3%, 78.2%) and last remaining aqueous extract (61.1%, 54.1%, 77.2%) have the maximum membrane stabilization, protection against hemolysis and albumin denatura-tion respectively which was comparable to Diclofenac sodium (61.4%, 60.6%, 100%) at 400μg/ml concentration. This study suggests that P. biglobo-sa fruit bark posses enough potential to reduce inflammation, hence directs the importance of further research and development of novel anti-inflammatory agents. Key words- Invitro anti-inflammatory, fruit bark, HRBC membrane stabilization, hemolysis, protection
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities of Organic Extracts from Ammodaucus ...CrimsonAlternativemedicine
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities of Organic Extracts from Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss & Dur Fruit Part Harvested from the Algerian Sahara by Imad Abdelhamid El Haci in Advances in Complementary & Alternative medicine
Aromatic and medicinal plants are a good source of natural preparations containing effective bioactive compounds which can be used for different applications. This work aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of some organic extracts of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss & Dur fruit part. The whole plant was collected from the region of Beni Abbas (Bechar-Algeria).
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open access Complementary Medicine journals please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/acam/
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities of Organic Extracts from Ammodaucus ...CrimsonAlternativemedicine
Aromatic and medicinal plants are a good source of natural preparations containing effective bioactive compounds which can be used for different applications. This work aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of some organic extracts of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss & Dur fruit part. The whole plant was collected from the region of Beni Abbas (Bechar-Algeria). Five organic extracts were obtained and the evaluation of the antioxidant activity was performed by six conventional methods. Polar organic extracts exhibited more antioxidant power then non polar extracts. The level of phenolic compounds was moderate in all extracts. The investigation of the antioxidant activity of organic extracts from fruit part of Ammodaucus leucotrichusrevealed a moderate activity tested by six conventional methods.
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open access Complementary Medicine journals please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/acam/
Extraction of Secondary Metabolites from Roots of Acanthus Ilicifolius L and ...inventionjournals
The root extracts of Acanthus ilicifolius L finds a prominent place in folk medicine. In this study, we
extracted alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin and total phenols in benzene, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and
ethanol, their antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity was evaluated. The antioxidant activity is executed
by FRAP assay and agar well diffusion method is done to study the antibacterial activity against Enterobacter
aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus
pyogenes. The antibacterial activity of all the extracts was compared with standard antibiotic gentamicin.
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC] was determined by serial dilution method. Alkaloids are rich in
acetone and Flavonoids are high in methanol extracts. The acetone extract showed higher antioxidant activity,
while benzene extract was identified to contain lower antioxidant activity. The extent of inhibition by the root
extracts diverge between the solvents used, among them ethanol extracts exhibited higher level of inhibition
against the gram positive test cultures compared to gram negative test cultures employed. Whereas, the acetone
extracts efficacy is more on gram negative test cultures than the gram positive cultures. The MIC was found to
be between 1mg/100µl to 5mg/100µl. This study gives the source for purification and characterization of
bioactive principles that possess antioxidant and antibacterial action from the root of Acanthus ilicifolius.
Phytochemical screening of orange peel and pulpeSAT Journals
Abstract The oranges were purchased from the local market of Bela. The orange peel and pulp were subjected to successive extraction with solvents in increasing order of their polarity viz. Acetone, hexane, methanol and distilled water. Orange peel and pulp powder was extracted separately by aqueous extraction. Phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of tannins, saponins etc. Anthraquiones were completely absent in both the citrus peel and pulp. Keywords: orange, alkaloids, anthraquinones, saponins.
Similar to Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indonesian Sugar Apple (Annona squamosa L.)Extracted with Various Solvents (20)
Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
“Hemodynamic and recovery profile with Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in intrac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Correlation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor expression in Breast Canceriosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Analytical Study of Urine Samples for Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection...iosrphr_editor
The current study was carried out in District Abbottabad aimed to determine the common urinary
tract infections in local community to determine the epidemiology of significant diseases in asymptomatic patients
of renal disorder. In this study a total of 1000 urine samples were examined during 3rd February to 1st April 2015
from patients attending Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad by using dipstick and microscopic analysis of urine.
There were 638 females and 362 males patients examined during this period. The range of age groups is between
1.5 years to 80 years. Results of this study was reported as Pyuria 11%, Proteinuria 21.1%, Hematuria 10.4%,
Epithelial Cells 8.2%, pH 7.8 %, Granular casts 7.3%, Triple phosphate 6.6%, Calcium oxalate 6.4%, Glycosuria
6.3%, Bacteria 6.2% and mucous 4.1%. This study concludes that routing urinalysis should be performed for all
individuals to diagnose the asymptomatic diseases that will help in simple therapeutic measurements as urinalysis
is a simple step to determine the root of Urinary tract disorders.
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
sonography was performed as and when necessary. Sonography image was graded and correlated with chest
xray and clinical picture
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Sulphasalazine Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis A Case Reportiosrphr_editor
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) is a rare and life threatening mucocutaneous reaction
characterized by extensive necrosis and detachment of epidermis. The Worldwide incidence of TEN is 0.9 to 1.4
per million populations per year [1]. Here we have discussed a case of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis secondary
to Sulfasalazine managed with fluid replacement, analgesics, anti-infective therapy aggressive nutritional
support and intravenous high dose steroid therapy.
Keywords- Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, Sulfasalazine
Evaluation the efficacy of IVIgG in treatment of Hemolytic Disease of Newborniosrphr_editor
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) is an important cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the
neonatal period,and delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to permanent brain damage. Traditional
neonatal treatment of HDN is intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion.Intravenous
immunoglobulin(IVIgG) has been introduced as an alternative therapy to exchange transfusion. This study was
conducted to assess the effect of IVIG in HDN .
FIBROLIPOMATOUS HAMARTOMA OF ULNAR NERVE: A RARE CASE REPORT.iosrphr_editor
Nervous fibrolipomatous hamartoma is said to be a rare tumor-like condition involving the peripheral
nerves,in which the epineurium and perineurium are enlarged and distorted by excess of fatty and fibrous tissue
s that infiltrate between and around nerve boundaries. The median nerve is more likely to develop a hamartoma
than other nerves with a predilection for the carpal tunnel.
A fibrolipomatous hamartoma – is a rare, benign, congenital lesion most commonly found in the median nerve,
usually at the level of the wrist or hand.
We report a case of this rare condition in ulnar nerve.
SELF MEDICATION PRACTICES FOR ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTAL PATIENTS IN B...iosrphr_editor
Introduction: Self‑ medication is commonly practiced all over the world. Self-medication is defined as the use
of medication by a patient on his own initiative or on the advice of a pharmacist or a lay person instead of
consulting a medical practitioner. The present study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-medication for
oral health problems among dental patients in Bengaluru city; to identify triggering factors that could influence
self-medication practices; to identify sources of medications used; to identify sources of information about
medications used; and to identify reasons for self-medication.Study Design: A Cross sectional Study.Methods:A
survey was conducted among 175 subjects among dental patients in Bengaluru city. Data were collected
through a specially designed proforma using a closed‑ ended, self‑ administered questionnaire containing 15
questions, in five sections.
Results: The prevalence of
Clinico-haematological Profile of Falciparum Malaria in a Rural Hospital of T...iosrphr_editor
Aim: To study the clinico-haematological profile malaria in a rural hospital of Tripura.
Material and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was done from at Kulai District
Hospital,Tripura. This hospital based cross sectional study was done on 60 confirmed cases of falciparum
malaria (either by peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic test) admitted in Kulai District Hospital. A case sheet
proforma was prepared and data (demographic profile,clinical feature, investigation, treatment, and
complication) from all indoor patients was collected and analyzed.
Result: Out of 60 patients, 40(66.6%) were males and 20 (33.4%) were females. Most of the patients were
between the age group 21-40 years with the highest prevalence between the age group of 21-30. Fever was the
most common symptom. Anemia was present in 42(70%) patients, out of which 6(10%) patients had severe
anemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 36(60%) patients.Abnormal liver function tests were observed in
26(43.3%) subjects while abnormal kidney function tests were observed in16(26.6%) patients. All the 60
patients received Artemisinin based antimalarial drugs.
Conclusion: Early detection, prompt management, and adequate supportive therapy may reduce mortality due
to falciparum cerebral malaria.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
Lempuyang gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith), lempuyang pahit (Zingiber amaricans BL.), and
lempuyang wangi (Zingiber aromaticum Vahl.) are used as traditional medicine (jamu) in Indonesia. It is also
used for treatment of microbial infections, helps to increase appetite and stimulate digestion in chickens.
Information on their uses are available, but only limited in the scientific data on their bioactivity. The study was
conducted on the antibacterial effect of organic extracts of these plants with Mycoplasma gallisepticum as the
agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens. Juice and extracts of fresh and dried rhizome are evaluated
through the disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration. Oxytetracyclin (30 µg) are used as
standards. All extracts are individually exhibited as antibacterial activity against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (7
± 0.11 mm to 21 ± 0.86 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of plants extracts are
ranged from 7.8 mg/ml to 31.2 mg/ml. The preliminary results suggested promising antibacterial properties of
wild ginger from Indonesia, and probably could be used in management of chronic respiratory disease in
chickens.
A case of allergy and food sensitivity: the nasunin, natural color of eggplantiosrphr_editor
Abstract: Allergies and food sensitivities can both be considered as "adverse reactions individualistic" to food.
Are pathological and individual forms because they affect a few individuals in way rather serious; immediate
or delayed reactions occur instead with simple effects histamine, or, in severe cases with respiratory and
anaphylactic shock
The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is known to cause food allergies in some Asian countries, but detailed
studies on allergies caused by eggplant are lacking, however, it was highlighted the presence of allergens in
edible parts of eggplant with preponderance in the peel .
The purpose of this study was to propose an extraction method rapid, efficient and cost of natural dye from
waste products from the food industry, such as the peels of eggplant, from which it was extracted, isolated and
purified the nasunin,a colored molecule in red-fuchsia.
Nasusin was tested on 58 patients to evaluate the potential sensitizing effect on the skin. The results demonstrate
that allergenic effects are negligible and therefore the nasunin can be used as a colorant in various industrial
sectors with a certain safety margin
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulgel as a Topical Formulationiosrphr_editor
: Nanoemulsion is referred type of emulsion with uniform and extremely small droplet size in the range
of 20-200 nm. Nanoemulsion provides numerous advantages over other carrier such as polymeric nanoparticle
and liposomes, including low cost preparation procedure, high hydrophilic and lipophilic drug loading system
to enhance the longer shelf live upon preserving the therapeutic agents. Incorporating the preparation of
nanoemulsion with hydrogel matrix to produce nanoemulgel exhibited by the two separate systems that forming
it. Nanoemulgel possesses the properties of thixotropic, non-greasy, effortlessly spreadable, easily be removed,
emollient, not staining, soluble in water, longer shelf life, bio-friendly, translucent and agreeable appearance.
Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Methotrexate in Egyptian Children with Acute Ly...iosrphr_editor
Aim:Since several factors have been shown to influence the clearance of methotrexate, the purpose of this study
was to identify potential relationships between patient covariates and the methotrexate clearance estimates and
deduce a pharmacokinetic model for the estimation of methotrexate clearance in Egyptian pediatric ALL
patients that may help dosage adjustment and achieve target steady-state plasma concentrations in a similar
sittings.
Patients and methods: A total of 94 pediatric patients with B-cell ALL, of whom 70 were the studied population
and 24 were the test population, were treated with four courses of HDMTX doses 2.5 gm/m2
(low-risk arm) or 5
gm/m2
(standard-/high-risk arm) given every other week by intermittent intravenous infusions over 24 hours as
a part of their treatment protocol. Patients were monitored for the 24 hour MTX concentration and the systemic
methotrexate clearance was calculated for each methotrexate dose
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (TB) in Albania 1998-2009iosrphr_editor
Abstract : In Albania, many people erroneously think that tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of the past-an illness
that no longer constitutes a public health threat. Surveillance is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) control.
Albania has a highTB notification rate and there are doubts about underreporting. The evolution of the
incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures over the period 1998-2009. These
figures were obtained by the monthly forms (called 14/Sh) compared with the individual notification data.
Objective: To examine the distribution and sources of increased tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and reporting
system deficiencies in the Albania from 1998 through 2009. Metodology: The study is descriptive one conductet
during the period 1998-2009. The statistical analysis is based on data reported from regional level (regional
epidemiological departments) to the central level (Public Health Institute). Results: The main findings were:
discordance between the collected data (individual form) and reported data (monthly form); tuberculosis
incidence rate shows little oscillations which ranges from 6.67 to 9.2 cases/100.000 population; 50% of the
regions show a lack of information on the confirmation of diagnosis and laboratory examination type used for
confirmation. Conclusion: TB disease in high-risk populations where it is difficult to detect, diagnose, and treat;
limitations of current control measures and the need for new tests and treatments, including an effective
vaccine; improving information system, regulation of individual form and personnel training.
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validationiosrphr_editor
When analytical method is utilized to generate results about the characteristics of drug related samples it is essential that the results are trustworthy. They may be utilized as the basis for decisions relating to administering the drug to patients. Analytical method validation required during drug development and manufacturing and these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. To comply with the requirements of GMP pharmaceutical industries should have an overall validation policy which documents how validation will be performed. The purpose of this validation is to show that processes involved in the development and manufacture of drug, production and analytical testing can be performed in an effective and reproducible manner. This review article provides guidance on how to perform validation characteristics for the analytical method which are utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...iosrphr_editor
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used "over the counter" medication all over the world despite their complications in different major organs. Present studies envisaged for knowing the occurrence and severity of adverse drug reactions from NSAIDs in different ethnic communities of Sikkim. A cross sectional study was undertaken in the medicine outpatients department of a secondary and tertiary care hospital. The patients belonging to Nepalese, Bhutias, Lepchas ethnic communities and others community (settlers from other parts of India) were included to analyzed the data based on the age and gender, ethnicity and ADRs, drugs and ADRs. Severity assessment was done using Hartwing and Siegel scale and causality assessment by Naranjo scale. Total 109 cases of ADRs, predominating in female were detected. Nepalese were the most affected and Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being the most affected organ in them. Diclofenac showed maximum number of ADRs in all the communities. Maximum number of cases occurred on single day use (40.36%) of drugs. All the cases were belonging to the "possible category" and the maximum being the mild (72.48%) in nature. It is advisable to consider the ethnic/racial differences equally with other factors, to improve the safety and efficacy of a drug.
Hematological and biochemical alterations in malaria and their correlation wi...iosrphr_editor
Malaria is a major health problem in India with 1.04 million cases reported in 2012 leading to 504 deaths. The clinical spectrum depends on the infecting species, level of parasitemia and the immune status of the host. Malaria pathogenesis is based on extensive changes in hematological and biochemical parameters. The objective of this study was to study the clinical features, hematological and biochemical parameters in malaria patients and correlate them with the parasitic index (PI). Material and methods: We conducted a study on 300 malaria patients. The frequency of various symptoms and signs of malaria caused by various plasmodium species were determined. The degree of anemia, WBC count, platelet count serum bilirubin, liver enzymes and serum creatinine levels were studied and their variation depending on the parasitic index was documented. Results: 197 patients had vivax malaria, 76 patients had falciparum malaria and 27 patients had mixed infection. 171 patients had a PI of less than 2%, 100 patients had PI between 2 to 5%, 23 patients had PI between 5 to 10% and only 6 patients had PI of more than 10%. 72.3% of patients had thrombocytopenia, 46.66% had anaemia, 25% had increased bilirubin 29.66% showed increased liver enzymes and 7.66% had increased creatinine levels. Conclusion: There was a correlation between degree of parasitemia and severity of malaria in majority of cases. Derangements in hematological and biochemical parameters were more frequently seen in patients with higher PI. Hence PI can be used as an indicator by the clinician to know the severity of infection and plan appropriate treatment.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indonesian Sugar Apple (Annona squamosa L.)Extracted with Various Solvents
1. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy
(e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219
www.iosrphr.org Volume 5, Issue 10 (October 2015), PP. 20-25
20
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and
Unripe of Indonesian Sugar Apple (Annona squamosa
L.)Extracted with Various Solvents
Deva Krisna Kadarani1
, Setyadjit2*
, Djarot Sasongko Hami Seno3
,
Ermi Sukasih4
1,3
(Department of Biochemistry, Bogor Agriculture University, Indonesia)2,4
(Indonesian Center for Agriculture
Postharvest Research and Development)*
(Coresponding author)
Abstract : Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits,
and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and
50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products
of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was
determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-
picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon
total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration
than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The
best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone
50%.
Keywords –antioxidant, sugar apple, ripening, solvent, total phenol
I. INTRODUCTION
Sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.) was one of many fruits in Indonesia. The pulp of ripe sugar apple
can be processed into juice or other processed products. By products of sugar apple processing are seeds and
peels still have many bioactive compounds [1]. The by products utilization are used to zero waste approaches
that is environment friendly. Utilization of by product study of oil seeds content from sugar apple fruits showed
that it can produce biodiesel by transesterification method [2]. Sugar apple fruits also have some other uses such
as cytotoxic, antitumour, antiparasites, pesticide, and immunosuppresive activity [1]. Ethanol and methanol of
sugar apple leaves extract have insecticidal activity against Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus [3].
This fruit has a few amino acids such as arginine, glutamine, serine, isoleucine, leucine, methinonine,
phenilalanine, tyrosine, and triptophan [5]. Bark of sugar apple has phytochemical compounds such as alkaloid,
tannin, protein, saponin, phenolic compound etc. These compounds have antioxidant activity that scavenging
free radical and important for pharmacology [6]. In the fabrication of sugar apple extract it is required
information such as the best solvent, degree of ripening and the parts have to be used. Solvent normally used for
bioactive compounds extraction are water, ethanol, methanol, chloroform, ether, and acetone. Best ratio between
powder samples and extraction solvent was 1:10 [7]. The previous study showed solvent for phenolic
compounds extraction on pulp of sugar apple fruits from highest into the lowest were acetone, methanol, water,
and ethanol, respectively [8].This study purposed to know influences of various solvent, part of fruits, and level
of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.) fruits.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Plant materials
Fresh fruits of sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.) werecollected from Cimanggu, Bogor, West Java
Province, Indonesia. Fresh fruits were separated i.e.between seeds and peels to be dried with tray dryer at
temperature of 55o
C constantly for 72 h. Seeds and peels of fruits were used for proximate analysis. Dried seeds
and peels werechopped with blender to produce powder samples. The powder samples was packed and stored at
temperature of 20o
C in the dark storage room beforechemical analyses were done.
2.2 Extraction
Extraction was done with maceration for 24 h at room temperature with various solvents. Comparison
between the powder samples and extraction solvent was 1:10 (w/v). The solvent used was 80% methanol (v/v),
50% acetone (v/v), boiling water, and 50% ethanol (v/v). After maceration was done, filtrate was filtered and
centrifuged at speeds of 3000 rpm for 15 mins. Supernatant was taken and residues was not used. Supernatant
was used for chemical analyses.
2. Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed …
21
2.3Proximate Analysis
Proximate analysis was done by using method of AOAC, 2005.
2.4 Phytochemical Analysis
Alkaloid Test. Samples extract were diluted on chloride acid for filtration and get filtrate to test. The
filtrate was added with reagen Wagner (1.27 g iodium powder and 2 g potassium iodide were mixed on 100 mL
aquadest). Positive alkaloid showed by brown reddish precipitates on the samples test.
Quinone Test. Samples extract as much as 1 mL were added with 1 mL ofsulfate acid (H2SO4)
concentrated. Positive quinone showed by red colour on the samples test.
Terpenoid Test. Chloroform as much as 2 mL were added with 1 mL of samples extract and followed
by 3 mL sulfate acid (H2SO4) concentrated. Positive terpenoid showed by red brownish on samples test.
Saponin Test. Samples extract as much as 1 mL were mixed with 5 mL of aquadest. Mixtures were
shaken vertically. Positive saponin showed by stable foam on samples test for 5 minutes constantly.
2.3 Total Phenol Analysis
Analysis of total phenol started by adding 0.1 g of gallic acid into 100 mL of aquadest and it was
homogenized. And then, it was diluted to concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm. Sodium bicarbonate
(Na2CO3) 7% was made with dissolved 7 g of Na2CO3 powder in 100 mL of aquadest. Samples extract or
standard or blanko (aquadest) as much as 0.5 mL were poured into test tube then followed by addition of 0.5
mL Folin Ciocalteau reagent. After 5 mins, 5 mL of Na2CO3 7% was added into the mixture and it was
incubated for 30 minutes in the dark room. Then, the absorbance was measured using a spectrophotometer UV-
Vis at 750 nm. Total phenol content of samples were expressed as mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g fresh
sample.
2.3 Antioxidant Analysis
Analysis of antioxidant activity was started byweighing 0.1 g of ascorbic acid powder as standard in
100 mL of aquadest. It was homogenized then, diluted to concentrations of 50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm. Samples
extract or standard or blanko solution as much as 0.1 mL was poured into test tube. Then, it was followed by
addition of 5 mL of 0.002% (w/v) 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals solution. The mixture was
incubated for 30 minutes at the dark room at room temperature. Finally, the absorbance was measured using
spectrophotometer Uv-Vis at 517 nm.
2.3 Statistics Analysis
The statistical usedwas Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test
which 3 replicates. Significant probability value used was P<0.05.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Proximate
Proximate analysis indicates that sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.) fruit has high moistures, minerals,
amino acids, and antioxidants. High moisture content of fruits cause possibility of microbial or fungal growth on
fruit during storage. Ash content determines total mineral on fruits [11]. Level of ripening of fruits affected
production of secondary metabolites. Ripe sugar apple fruit have higher amino acids than unripe [Table 1]. The
sugar apple fruits have various amino acids such as arginine, glutamine, serine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine,
phenilalanine, tyrosine, and triptophan [5]. Leucine, valine, and phenilalanine are the amino acids that are the
precursor of secondary metabolites such as flavonoid, alkaloid, etc [9].The concentration of vitamin C (ascorbic
acid) showed its ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species and free radicals to prevent tissues damaged [10].
This study showed that the highest concentration of vitamin C was at peels of unripe sugar apple fruits [Table
1].
3.2 Phytocemical
3.2.1 Alkaloid
Alkaloid was the largest secondary metabolites on the high level plant. Alkaloid constitued of few
ammonia compounds. Nitrogenous compounds on alkaloid have their roles as pharmaceutical, stimulant,
narcotic, and poison [17].Biosinthesis alkaloid from amino acid involved decarboxylase enzymes [4].Some
alkaloid were alcohol soluble and the other were water soluble [17]. Previous study reported that type of
alkaloid on sugar apple seeds were annonaine and samoquasine A [6].
3.2.2 Quinone
Quinone was secondary metabolites that have colored compounds with two ketone substitutions in
aromatic ring. Quinone was reactive phytochemical [18].
3. Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed …
22
3.2.3 Terpenoid
Type of terpenoid on Annona squamosa were a kaurene diterpenoid 16ß and reported has anti virus
HIV activity. Terpenoid also have other biological activity as anti platelet [6].
3.2.4 Saponin
Saponins were phytochemical who soluble in polar solvent likely alcohol and water. Saponins were
therapeutic agents with hypolipidemic and anticancer activity [17].
3.3 Total Phenol
Phytochemicals on sugar apple fruits were alkaloid, protein, amino acids, carbohydrates, phytosterol,
tannins, and phenolic compounds [12]. This study has measured of phenolic compounds that expressed as gallic
acid equivalent (GAE) by Folin-Ciocalteau method. Gallic acid standard regression was y=0.0047x + 0.0023
with R2
=0.9984. Phenolic compounds are both groups that have both aromatic and non aromatic rings. That
groups were hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), and methoxyl (-OCH3) [13]. The various solvents used on
this study were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Each solvent
haswater content with various percentages. Because addition of water in the organic solvent will form a polar
medium for best extracting polyphenol compounds. Based on previous study, 60% (v/v) ethanol was optimum
solvent to extract polyphenols [14]. This study showed that the highest total phenol concentration was ethanol
extract from seeds of unripe sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.) [Figure 1]. The solvent that have higher polarity
can extract the total phenol better [8]. This study also showed that level of ripeningaffectsconcentration total
phenol of samples. Unripe sugar apple fruit has higher total phenol concentration than ripe fruits [Figure 1].
3.4 Total of Antioxidant
Sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.) fruits have antioxidant activity because it has phenolic acid, phenol,
and its derivatives compounds [12]. Phenolic compound is primary antioxidant and act as free radical terminator
[15]. Total antioxidant was expressed as ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE) and quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-
picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Ascorbic acid standard regression was y = 0.0016x – 0.0017 with R2
= 0.9658.
DPPH was stable free radical that can delocalization free electron into molecules until the molecules cannot do
dimerization with another radical. That reaction formed purple colour. DPPH solution mixed with substances
that donates hydrogen atom to reduction and decolourization purple colour becomes yellow due to pycril
groups. Radical reacts on stoichiometry and amount of reduction of DPPH molecules was measured as
antioxidant activity [16]. Based on this study, the highest total antioxidant was acetone extract from peels of
unripe sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.). Peels of sugar apple fruits have higher total antioxidant than its
seeds. Unripe of sugar apple fruits has higher total antioxidant than ripe[Table 2].
Inhibition of free radicals can be seen on rate on decolorization of purple color to yellow that happens
on potent antioxidant substance [16]. Percentage of total inhibition of free radicals based on capability of solvent
which arranged from the highest until lowest are methanol, acetone, ethanol, and water, respectively. The
highest percentage of inhibition of free radicals based on part of fruits was peels then seed. The highest
percentage of inhibition of free radicals based on the level of ripening was unripe fruits, then the ripe one
[Figure 2]. This study showed that various solvents, parts, and ripening stage have influenced on percentage of
inhibition of free radicals.
IV. FIGURES AND TABLES
Figure 1 Structures of alkaloides OH [18]
Figure 2 Structures of quinone [18]
5. Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed …
24
Acetone 50% 1365.46c
241.92a
Boiling water 272.48a
231.27a
Ethanol 50% 518.22b
260.67a
n=3, Superscrift characters (a,b,c,d) showed the result significantly different (p<0.05)
Figure 4 Comparison of total phenol concentrations of samples. Number at aboves bar showed total phenol
concentrations and superscript characters (a,b,c,d,e,f) showed the resultsignificantly different (p<0.05)
Figure 5 Comparison of total of free radical inhibition samples. Number at aboves bar showed total free radical
inhibition and superscript characters (a,b,c,d,e) showed the result significantly different (p<0.05)
V. CONCLUSIONS
Based on this study, the difference in solvent, part of fruits, and level of maturity influenced total
phenol and antioxidant activity of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of
this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruits. The best solvent
for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%, but the best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
VI. ACKOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank to Indonesian Agency for Agriculture Research and Development (IAARD) for
providing KKP3N research grant.
6. Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed …
25
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