6. Q. Why testis
descend down in the
scrotum outside the
abdominal cavity??
Ans. Because the
formation of sperm
requires a temperature
lower than that of body
temperature.
8. Spermiogenesis
(Spermatids Sperms)
• 4 Phases
• Golgi phase: Golgi body enzymes form the
acrosomes
• Acrosomal phase: Acrosome condenses around the
nucleus
• Tail phase: Centriole elongates to form tail
• Maturation phase: Loss of excess cytoplasm
12. Q. What is the
effect of
temperature
on testosterone
production??
• Ans. No effect
13. Effect of temperature on sperms
Increase in Temperature will
Decrease sperm production
Increase sperm motility
Increase metabolism
Decrease life span
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19. Motility of Sperm
Seminiferous tubules/Early epididymis
Non motile
Epididymis after 18-24h
‘capability of motility’
(Inhibited by various factors)
Fully motile after ejaculation
Sperm do not become optimally motile until the pH of the
surrounding fluids rises to about 6.0 to 6.5
20. Hormones stimulating spermatogenesis
• Testosterone: + first stage; Growth & division
• LH: + Leydig cells Testosterone
• FSH: + Sertoli cells , + Spermiogenesis
• Estrogens: By sertoli cells, + Spermiogenesis
• Growth hormone: Metabolic functions of testis,
+ Early division of spermatogonia
21.
22. Indications of Semen analysis
• Infertility
• Hypogonadism
• Follow up after vasectomy
• Prior to donations for artificial insemination
• Forensic purposes
• Research
23. Sample collection protocols
• Sexual abstinence of 2-7 days
• 2 samples within 7 days to 3 months
• Urinate & wash hands and the penis to avoid
contamination
• Avoid extremes of temperature (35-40 deg C)
• Should be analyzed within 30-60 min
61. In order to examine sperm abnormalities, WHO 2021
specify the criteria of semen analysis as follows:
• Volume should be equal or more than 1.4
milliliters
• Total count should be equal or more than 39
million
• Motility should be equal or more than 42%
• Viability should be equal or more than 54%
• Morphology should be equal or more than 4%