The Revolutionary Ideas Of Galileo, Kepler, And Newton

The Revolutionary Ideas Of Galileo, Kepler, And Newton
Throughout the seventeenth century many new ideas were brought about as a direct result of the
Scientific Revolution. These ideas challenged the traditional ways of European thought. . With these
new concepts, the idea that science could explain everything, while religion could not, began to
spread. The revolutionary thinkers of that time altered traditional interpretations of nature and
challenged the established sources of knowledge. Among these intellectuals were Galileo, Kepler
and Newton. When combined, their ideas provided enough evidence to develop certain theories and
conclusions about the universe. Galileo was a philosopher and mathematician. Galileo used the
telescope to study astronomy. He experimented many ideas to support the heliocentric model of the
universe as set by Copernicus, and to introduce facts that may have been overlooked in the bible.
This goes in direct opposition of Ptolemy's geocentric model which was supported by the Church
because Earth was naturally assumed to be the center of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Starting in the year 1600, he formulated the laws of planetary motion. In other words, he was the
first to realize that the motion of all planets is ruled by the same laws. Kepler then went on to
creating 3 laws based on his findings. The first law states that each planet moves around the sun in
an ellipse, with the sun at one focus. According to the second law, planets do not revolve around the
sun at a uniform speed, but they are faster when closer to the sun, and slower when further from it.
Kepler's Third Law states the relationship between the period of motion for a planet and the semi–
major axis of the planet's elliptical orbit. The relationship is that the square of the period is
proportional to the cube of the semi–major axis. Kepler's interpretations were uncommon because he
used mathematics in his determinations of the laws and didn't just believe in God about what
happened in the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Lives Of Galileo And Kepler's Inventions
In ancient Greek there are a few main famous people that are remembered. They are Galileo,
Newton, and Kepler. These men were very intelligent and creative and like to think outside the box
when it comes to math, science, and astronomy. All three men were in a way connect to another
through their works. Let's take a deeper look into the lives of these three men.
We can start with Galileo an Italian astronomer. He is known for a few things such as the
Copernican theory which basically is the theory that supports sun centered solar system. Also
Galileo became interested in astronomy, and after he did he built the first telescope back in 1609.
With this new invention it helped him discover things about the planets. For an example it helped
him discover ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He did other work as well as to improve optics in the refracting telescope and coming up with the
Mysterium
Cosmographicum. He improved the Copernican system and wrote in terms of mathematical of how
planets moved.
The last is Newton from England astronomer. He came up with the three laws of motion not to
confuse them with Kepler's three laws of planetary motion. Newton's three laws were one "every
object in motion stays in motion until acted upon by force, the second is force equals mass times
acceleration, and the third is to every action there is an opposite reaction." He also wrote gradational
theory with the help of Kepler's previous work. He became inspired by the sight of seeing a falling
apple. This got him curious and wanted to know more. He also was known for the first reflecting
telescope, which allowed him to play around with the colors and prism that came from the spectrum
to see. Though he may not have had tons of contributing he did have major findings and that is what
made him famous.
It seems like throughout history that these three men eventually helped each other out from what
they discovered. Since they were in the same field and had

If Genetic Transformation Has The Meaning Of Change Caused...
If Genetic transformation has the meaning of "change caused by genes" and involves the placing of
a gene into an life form in order to modify the organisms characteristic; the progression of placing
genes from one life form to a different is used to assist of a plasmid and the pGLO plasmid codes
the gene used for GFP as well as the gene for resistance to ampicillin. It is used to manage the
expression of the fluorescent protein; hence, the GFP gene is able to be switched on by adding the
sugar arabinose to nutrient medium of the cell, then the bacteria will be able to glow a bright green
underneath UV light when arabinose is within the nutrient agar medium. Hence, then when one
micro test tube +pGLO and –pGLO are labeled and placed into a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
III. Methods
See lab sheets for both electrophoresis and pGLO
IV. Data Bio Rad pGLO
1. Lesson 2 Review questions #1–4 pg.42
i. The plate that I would expect to find bacteria in a large amount that is similar to the original non–
transformed E.Coli colonies is plate that includes –pGLO and LB because this plate is the control
for the experiment. The control plates (–pGLO/LB) will have majority of the bacteria like the
original untransformed E. coli because the bacteria removed from the starter plate didn't contain
plasmids. Therefore, the non–transformed E.Coli colonies will be all over the plate forming a lawn
of bacteria. The pGLO demonstrates that there are no plasmids present living on the plate. Hence,
every cell grows because there is no present on the antibiotic on the plate.
ii. The genetically transformed bacterial cells would most likely be on the plates that have +pGLO
LB/amp or +pGLO LB/amp/ara. The plate with LB/amp, the cells with

A Comprehensive Psychological Assessment At Bradfield...
Julie Coldwell, aged 25, has been referred by her General Practitioner to myself at Bradfield
Hospital Mental Health Unit, where I work as a Clinical Psychologist, due to concerns about her
physical and mental health from her job. Ms Coldwell is a trainee manager in a supermarket.
Recently she has felt that work is taking a toll on her, and hasn't been feeling herself. She has
reported symptoms of extreme fatigue whilst working, and has made mention of difficulty sleeping.
She worries about being fired due to her poor performance at work, which she says has become
progressively worse over time. Ms Coldwell is concerned that her work colleagues are judging her
due to her performance and discussing it when she is not present. Consequently, she is finding it
very difficult to go to work. Ms Coldwell has given informed consent to complete a comprehensive
psychological assessment in order to determine a diagnosis and treatment. Key considerations to be
addressed are her sleeping difficulties, fatigue, worries of how others evaluate her, and her
reluctance to work. As limited information has been issued, additional background information is
required to complete a comprehensive psychological assessment. This includes a request to her
General Practitioner for her medical history, as well as relevant personal history (brief description of
her childhood, adolescence and adulthood, relationships with others, family, educational and work
history, any history of substance use, and

An Investigation Of The Capacity And Lateral Torsional...
Abstract –The study includes an investigation of the stresses, deflections capacity and lateral–
torsional buckling behavior of regular I section steel column of jib crane subjected to a axial
compressive eccentric loading. The lateral torsional buckling is the main failure mode that controls
the design of "slender" column. Different shapes of columns are proposed in this study with
different cross section, web shapes and materials. Finite element analysis and experimental study are
carried out on both types (i.e. Regular and proposed column) to calculate and validate results. An
optimization technique is used to optimize the solution from proposed different designs. The
thickness of the web and thickness of column is constant for all specimens with length 2 to 3 m and
tested for 500, 750 and 1000 Kg load lifting capacity. Structural analysis is done to examine the
influence of the section dimension due to axial compressive eccentric loading on column. Using the
study it is observed that not only the web thickness, but also the shape of web, angle of web and
sectional cross section of steel column influences the resistance to lateral torsional buckling and
bending.
Keywords – Slender, bending, lateral torsional buckling, sectional cross section, web shape.
INTRODUCTION
Today's industry demands versatile, efficient and cost effective equipment while at the same time
providing more flexibility along with significant savings through increased productivity, there are
several

Electronic Mass Planets Orbiting The Pulsar Psr B1257
irmed detection came in 1992, with the discovery of several terrestrial–mass planets orbiting the
pulsar PSR B1257+12.[31] The first confirmation of an exoplanet orbiting a main–sequence star
was made in 1995, when a giant planet was found in a four–day orbit around the nearby star 51
Pegasi. Some exoplanets have been imaged directly by telescopes, but the vast majority have been
detected through indirect methods such as the transit method and the radial–velocity method.
Early speculations
" This space we declare to be infinite... In it are an infinity of worlds of the same kind as our own. "
–Giordano Bruno (1584)[32]
In the sixteenth century the Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno, an early supporter of the
Copernican theory that Earth and other planets orbit the Sun (heliocentrism), put forward the view
that the fixed stars are similar to the Sun and are likewise accompanied by planets.
In the eighteenth century the same possibility was mentioned by Isaac Newton in the "General
Scholium" that concludes his Principia. Making a comparison to the Sun 's planets, he wrote "And if
the fixed stars are the centers of similar systems, they will all be constructed according to a similar
design and subject to the dominion of One."[33]
In 1952, more than 40 years before the first hot Jupiter was discovered, Otto Struve wrote that there
is no compelling reason why planets could not be much closer to their parent star than is the case in
the Solar System, and proposed that

Nicolaus Copernicus Research Paper
Nicolaus Copernicus was an astronomer who believed the Sun was at the center of the universe
and that the Earth revolved around it. Copernicus was born on February 19th, 1473. He was the son
of
Nicolaus Copernicus who was a merchant, and Barbara Watzenrode who was the daughter of a
merchant
family. After his father died in 1483, he was taken in by his uncle. Copernicus later enrolled in the
University of Cracow and assumed an administrative position just below that of bishop. Copernicus
then
went to the University of Bologna in 1496 to study canon law. Here he lived with an astronomy
professor
named Domenico Maria Novara and he also made his first astronomical observations here. In 1501
he
went to the University of Pauda where ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He moved to Frombork in 1510 and stayed there the
rest of his life. Here he wrote the Commentariolus that shared his new cosmological idea about a
heliocentric universe. He was also working on On the Revolutions. He never saw On the
Revolutions
published until he was on his deathbed and died on May 24th, 1543.
The current idea that people believed in at the time was the geocentric model. The geocentric
model showed the Earth being the center of the universe and the rest of the planets revolving around
it.
This idea was introduced by Ptolemy to explain how the planets moved. However, the geocentric

model
did not follow Aristotle's requirement for the uniform circular motion of planets. Copernicus then
thought
he could follow this requirement by using a heliocentric model of the universe where the distances
of the
planets from the sun had a direct relationship to their orbit size.
His information, however, did not completely invalidate the geocentric model. The contributions
of other astronomers hundreds of years later eventually provided enough information to prove the
Fortner 2
geocentric model wrong. Galileo, by using a telescope, observed that Venus and Mercury went

Nasa's Mission To Mars Research Paper
Mathematically Modeling NASA's Upcoming Insight Mission to Mars
Introduction:
Ever since I was a little boy I've been fascinated with space. Being an astronaut would be out of this
world; however, mechanical engineering has always been a dream of mine. Rockets and satellites
are of great interest to me, and the future Mars missions are exciting. As I can't physically travel to
Mars, the pictures and data collected by the many NASA probes sent there are the next best thing. At
first, I thought that sending a rocket to Mars wouldn't be that hard; you just aim the rocket at Mars
and launch it. However, it is much more complex than that. In my investigation I will
mathematically model the next rocket launch to Mars which is NASA's Insight ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, by having a smaller change in velocity, the trip requires less fuel and costs less as a result.
When comparing this hypothetical journey to Mars to NASA's planned mission, the orbital path is
similar; however, the time to arrive is longer by about 52 days. Although not exactly the same flight
duration, the difference can be a result of the fact that Earth and Mars' orbits aren't perfect circles
and have varying distances from each other which affect travel distance and times. The difference in
time can also stem from Kepler's Third Law: it only factors in the semi–major orbit and the effect of
the sun's gravity to determine speed. However, there was no way to factor in the speed of the rocket
to see its affect on the time. In conclusion, the Hohmann Transfer Orbit is the method of choice for
spacecraft and offers reliable, albeit not 100 percent accurate data of the time and changes in
velocity for an interplanetary

The Physics Of The Solar System
Formally, classified natural satellites or moons include 176 planetary satellites orbiting six of the
eight planets. Of the inner planets, Mercury and Venus have no natural satellites; Earth has one large
natural satellite, known as the Moon; and Mars has two tiny natural satellites, Phobos and Deimos.
The large gas giant planets have extensive systems of natural satellites, including half a dozen
comparable in size to Earth 's Moon. The objects in the solar system are classified foremost by their
dynamics and motion, while size and composition are important for secondary classification. The
solar system itself is, defined by the orbits of its constituent bodies. Classification by motion is more
useful for astronomers. In fact, the dynamics of the solar system were a central issue for early
astronomers such as Ptolemy in the second century and Nicholaus Copernicus in the 16th century. In
what follows, we introduce different classifications of the planetary moons.
1.2. Classification of motion of natural satellites
1.2.1 Classification based on the orbits
The natural satellites may be, classified into three categories according to their orbits (Newburn and
Gulkis, 1973; Burns, 1986) as follows.
Category 1: Regular satellites
The regular satellites move prograde in nearly circular orbits in the equatorial plane of the mother
planet. This sector of satellites represents the four Galilian satellites of Jupiter, the eight classical
satellites of Saturn (from Mimas to Iapetus),

NGC3718: A Qualitative Analysis
The first step in the analysis of the NGC3718 NIR data is to align the J , H , and K S images.
Due to the absence of secondary sources in the FoV, I choose an alignment method based on fitting
ellipses on the isophote contours of NGC3718. For this, the Image Reduction and
Analysis Facility's (IRAF)19 ellipse task was used, which fits ellipses on the iso–intensity contours
of the light distribution of a galaxy. In figure 2.4, I plot the X cent er and Ycent er coordinates, as
indicated by each fitted ellipse versus its semi–major axis (SMA).
With the exception of the J band X cent er coordinate and the K S band Ycent er coordi– nate, the
rest of the curves are close to what would be normally expected20 . The behavior of the J band is,
likely, the result of its lower total flux (i.e. F J ) compared to the fluxes of the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This is mainly because the dom– inant stellar population is comprised of old K/M type stars21 and,
partly, also due to the lower total integration time of the J band (t J = 300 sec, t H = 660 sec and tK S
= 720 sec). In turn, the lower flux leads to noisier isophote contours and, therefore, to higher
uncertain– ties. The dust lane of NGC3718 is not expected to affect the central NIR light distribution
to a large extent, mainly because its projection lies relatively far from the center (see section
2.4 and appendix B). Moreover, both in terms of structural size and illumination, the dom– inant
component seen in the NIR images should be the stellar bulge of the galaxy, which appears to be
largely relaxed, as the absence of large–scale contour deformations and the nearly round contour
shape22

Coordinate Transformation Using Matlab
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study Coordinate systems form a common
frame of reference for description of positions and on the other hand, coordinates are simply an
ordered set of numbers that are used to describe the positions or features in coordinate system.
Transformation parameters are required to move from one system to another. Also, new technologies
like global positioning system have provide new methods of coordinates determination the map
production, update and revision are based on geographical coordinates, map–grid coordinates or
coordinates in an arbitrary system. Some other based on old (local) system. With so many geodetic
datums in current use, it is becoming almost common practice to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The origins and axes of these coordinate systems are different. While the geocentric coordinate
system has its origin at the centre of the mass of the earth and the regional (local) coordinates
system has its centre different from the geocentre. These coordinate systems are associated with the
term 'datum', which uses coordinates referred to the surface of defined ellipsoid of revolution.
(Featherstone and Reit, 1998). Historically, different ellipsoids have been chosen by different
countries of the world in order to simplify surveying and mapping in their region and as such these
ellipsoids are not necessarily geocentric. In Malaysia, the region (local) coordinate system is two old
or classical triangulation networks, namely the Malayan Revised Triangulation 1968 (MRT68) for
Peninsular Malaysia where base on Modified Everest ellipsoid in Kertau and the Borneo
Triangulation 1968 (BT68) for Sabah and Sarawak based on Modified Everest ellipsoid in Timbalai.
With the recent advances in space–based positioning technology, many countries have begun to
implement and subsequently adopted a global geocentric coordinate reference system. In relation to
this, Department of Surveying and Mapping Malaysia (DSMM) itself has embraced in the early
1990s the Global Positioning System (GPS) technology with the eventual objective of adopting a
global unified datum for Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. This later led towards the
establishment of a new geodetic framework

Japan 's Attack On Pearl Harbor Essay
World War Two was a conflict between the Axis powers (Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allied
powers (Great Britain, France, USSR, United States and China). The conflict was sparked when
Hitler took over Poland during September of 1939. This invasion was the last straw for Hitler as the
world had already warned him many times not to invade any more countries. As Germany waged
war on Poland, days later, Britain, Canada and France had declared war on Germany. This was the
official start of what is known as the deadliest war in the history of the world. As the fighting went
on the Germans were doing very well until their ally, Japan, made a fatal mistake that would end up
causing them the war. On December 7th 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. Pearl Harbor was the
United States naval base in Hawaii that housed a large amount of their naval fleet during the 1940's.
Japan 's attack on Pearl Harbor was the breaking point for the United States, so they finally ended
their times of being Isolationists and declared war on Japan and Germany just a day later. This was
the most fatal mistake in the war for the Axis powers, because at the time, the US had immense
wealth, weaponry and allies. If it were not for Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, America may have
never joined the war, however, because they did attack them, the US ended up winning the war for
the Allied powers because of their advanced weaponry and technology. Because of the United States
of America's involvement

Non Gravitational Effects On Jupiter 's Satellites
Non–gravitational effects on Jupiter's satellites The non–gravitational forces affecting on the natural
satellites orbits were studied recently using observations. This effect creates a quadratic term in
orbital longitude and a secular changing of the semi–major axis. Causes may be only hypothetical. It
is assumed that the causes of the effects are in the tides in the body of the planet and in the body of
satellite (Emelyanov 2015; private communication). Lainey et al. (2009) considered an extensive set
of astrometric observations from 1891 to 2007 to study the orbital tidal evolution of the innermost
Jovian satellite Io. They integrated numerically the full equations of motion for the satellite center's
mass. It is noteworthy that Io's tidal heat comes from the orbital energy of the Io–Jupiter system
(resulting in orbital acceleration), whereas dissipation of energy in Jupiter causes Io's orbital motion
to declare. They used a weighted least squares inversion procedure and minimized the differences
between the observed and computed positions of the satellites to determine the parameters of the
model. The solution for the tidal dissipation gives for Io, and for Jupiter, where, is the love number
and is the quality value. The orbital accelerations represent a shift in the orbital positions of the
Galilean satellites Io, Europa and Ganymede of 55 km, –125 km and –365 km over the 116 years
respectively. The fit astrometric residuals range essentially between 0.02 and

How Did Copernicus Heliocentric Model Explain Why The...
1) Suppose this evening here in Montana, you look up at the sky, and you see a bright star low on
the horizon, exactly due East. Where will that star appear to be six hours later? (Hint: It will NOT be
directly overhead.) If I were to look up at the sky and see a bright star low on the horizon, exactly
due East six hours later it would appear at its highest point due North. 2) Suppose this evening here
in Montana, you look up at the sky, and you see a bright star low on the horizon, exactly due East.
Where will that star appear to be 12 hours later? If I were to look up at the sky and see a low star on
the horizon, exactly due East twelve hours later it would appear to be low on the horizon due West.
3) Suppose this evening here in Montana, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ptolemy's geocentric model explained that the planets moved backwards because the planets moved
around in small orbit called the epicycle that revolved in much larger circles around Earth. 17) How
did Copernicus' heliocentric model explain why the planets sometimes move backwards?
Copernicus heliocentric model explained that the planets sometimes move backwards by coming up
with the idea that Earth and all the other planets circled the sun. He also concluded that if a planet
was closer to the sun the great the orbital speed it would have. Kepler's 3rd law, p^2 = a^3, applies
to all objects orbiting our Sun. In this law p is the period of time it takes an object to orbit the Sun,
as measured in years, and a is the semi–major axis of this planet's orbit (its average distance to the
Sun), as measured in AU.Using algebra we can solve for either p = a^(3/2) or a = p^(2/3). 18)
Suppose we discover an asteroid that is 4.0 AU from the Sun. How much time would it takes this
asteroid to complete an orbit? P^2=a^3 8^2=4^3 64=64 It would take 8 years. 19) Suppose we
discover a comet that orbits the Sun every 100 years. What would be this planet's average distance
(semi–major axis) from the

Neptune Research Project
Introduction: Neptune has always been my favorite planet because of its blue color and the fact that
it's named after the god of the sea in Roman mythology. In class, the notes gave an overview of
Neptune in section 12.4 "The Jovian Planets" and I became curious about what things scientists have
discovered about Neptune and its moon, Triton. Science has evolved through the years and I wanted
to learn about the discoveries that new technologies have brought to life. Search Log: First, I typed
Neptune into Google to see what results would be displayed. The first result was from Wikipedia
about information on Neptune such as its mass and distance from the sun. However, Wikipedia is
not a reliable source because anyone can edit information ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In class we learned about how Triton is the only major moon orbiting backwards in our solar system.
Due to the motion of the tides, Triton's orbit is spiraling in towards Neptune, so that Triton's semi
major axis is continuously decreasing. The moon Proteus' semi major axis is continuously increasing
at a much smaller rate. The expansion of the disturbing function leads to the problem that a small
inner satellite can be strongly disturbed by Triton. The disturbing function is a method of calculating
perturbations to an objects' elliptical orbit by calculating the acceleration caused by the gravitational
force of another body. Classical direct expansion is referred to an arbitrary plane, not an orbital
plane and through algorithms derived in Ellis and Murray. The algorithms were changed due to the
retrograde motion of Triton and based on the different numbers a new disturbing function was
created for arbitrary inclination. Testing was done with current inclinations of the inner satellites of
Neptune; however, assumptions were made due to the fact that the inclinations are very small. "The
future dynamics of the Neptune–Triton system may originate a possible 3:1 mean motion resonance
involving Triton and Proteus"(Yokoyama, Nascimento and

If Genetic Transformation Has The Meaning Of Change Caused...
If Genetic transformation has the meaning of "change caused by genes" and involves the placing of
a gene into an life form in order to modify the organisms characteristic; the progression of placing
genes from one life form to a different is used to assist of a plasmid and the pGLO plasmid codes
the gene used for GFP as well as the gene for resistance to ampicillin. It is used to manage the
expression of the fluorescent protein; hence, the GFP gene is able to be switched on by adding the
sugar arabinose to nutrient medium of the cell, then the bacteria will be able to glow a bright green
underneath UV light when arabinose is within the nutrient agar medium. Hence, then when one
micro test tube +pGLO and –pGLO are labeled and placed into a foam rack and the tubes are open
and using a sterile pipet used to transfer 250 micro liters of transformation solution (CaCl2 ) in each
tube, position the two tubes on ice, pick up 2–4 colonies of bacteria with a loop, submerge the loop
into the +pGLO tube, repeat steps for –pGLO, put in to ice, and put plasmid DNA into the pGLO;
after the pGLO's need a heat shock by placing the cold tubes into the 42 degrees Celsius hot bath for
50 seconds and back into ice for 2 minutes, later insert the 250 micro liters of LB nutrients broth
into the tube and then placing 100 micro liters into the 4 plates, each individual plate contains
+pGLO LB/amp, +pGLO LB/amp/ara, –pGLO LB/amp or –pGLO LB). If bacteria that contains
+pGLO plasmids is resistant to

Potatis And Its Effect On The Rate Of Osmosis
When osmosis, a specialized process of water moving across a semi–permeable membrane from a
higher concentration to a lower concentration, occurs, scientists can understand the events that occur
when solute is mixed with water (Readel 2000).
Many factors account for the varying ways that osmosis can change during the process. One factor
is temperature, in that the higher the temperature, the quicker rate the rate of osmosis whereas, the
lower the temperature, the slower the rate of osmosis. Osmosis occurs quickly in high temperatures
because the membrane becomes more permeable (as in can pass through more easily) and molecules
move faster as heat increases. On the other hand, Osmosis occurs slowly when it is cold because the
membrane becomes less permeable and the molecules move slower as heat decreases (Traxler
1927). Osmosis is different than diffusion in that while a diffusion can occur in a variety of
mixtures, osmosis can only occur when there is a semi–permeable membrane. Particles are more
limited during osmosis because only water molecules can move, whereas any particle can move
more freely during diffusion (Anne Marie 2017).
With gained knowledge from this experiment, our group performed another experiment and tested
how certain amounts of solute concentration impacted the rate of osmosis. We hypothesized that
high solute concentrations affected the rate of osmosis. Tubes with high solute concentrations were
bound to show higher rates of osmosis than tubes with

Kepler 's Laws Of Planetary Motion
Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion Johannes Kepler was a German mathematician and astronomer.
Best known for his laws of planetary motion, Kepler was a key figure in the scientific revolution in
the 17th century. His laws illustrate the fundamental properties of the orbits of the planets and were
also a precursor to the formulation of Newton's law of gravitation. Biography: Kepler was
introduced to astronomy in his early years and developed a passion for it, which would span his
entire life. At age six, he observed the Great Comet of 1577. At age nine, he observed another
astronomical event, a lunar eclipse in 1580. While in school, Kepler had proven to be an excellent
mathematician and earned a reputation as a skillful astrologer, being able to cast horoscopes for
fellow students. He also learnt both the Ptolemaic system and the Copernican system of planetary
motion and, similar to Copernicus, believed that the sun was the centre of the solar system. He
became a mathematics and astronomy teacher at a school in Graz, despite his desire to become a
minister, but soon left to Prague and met Tycho Brahe. Tycho Brahe: Brahe, from a rich Danish
noble family, was fascinated by the vast solar system and the universe. Disappointed with the
accuracy of the data for the motions of the planets at the time, he decided to dedicate his life and
resources to recording planetary positions, which proved to be far more accurate than the best
previous work. After some early successes, and

The Scientific Revolution: Galileo, Kepler, And Newton
During the Scientific Revolution, in 1543, scientist had broken out from the past and began to create
their own thoughts/ ideas. They spread their newfound ideas around so everyone would know what
they discovered. The main purpose of this was to prove that the old ideas were wrong and their ideas
were correct. During this time three well known scientists made a big impact on the science world.
Those scientists are Galileo, Kepler, and Newton. All of them altered the traditional interpretations
of nature and challenged traditional sources of knowledge.
Galileo altered traditional interpretations of nature by doing the experiments multiple times to make
sure his ideas were true. This thinking had an influence on what is known as the scientific method.
In physics, he applied this method in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These laws include that the orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci, that
a line joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time, and that the
square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of a semi–major axis of its
orbit. Kepler changed the traditional interpretation of nature by uniting astronomical philosophy and
mathematics. He united these by using mathematics to prove his findings of a sun–centered system
rather than just using it to prove planetary movement as Copernicus had done. This new astronomy
brought an entirely new theory of the cosmos. He challenged the source of knowledge when he
eliminated the work of Aristotle and Ptolemy, and came close to the idea of universal gravitation
with his third law. He also finished Brahe's Rudolphine Tables in 1627 which were used by
astronomers for many years. His ideas became more widely read and accepted after his death. Once
Newton derived Kepler's laws from a theory of universal gravitation, they become part of the
Scientific

Building : The Basilica Of Sant ' Ambrogio
PART 1: THE GOTHIC (10%) Question 1A: (1 mark per answer, total of 4 marks) Identify the
building in each of the Figures 1.1 – 1.4. Describe one key aspect of its architecture below. Figure
1.1 Building: The Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio Architect: St. Ambrose Key Aspect: The Basilica of
Sant'Ambrogio's layout acquires a semi–circular apse, and a couple smaller semi–circular chapels at
the end of the buildings aisles with no transept in the buildings design at all, which is unusual for a
Gothic style church. Figure 1.2 Building: The Salisbury Cathedral Architect: Elias of Dereham and
Richard Poor Key Aspect: The use of the Cathedrals light grey Chilmark stone as the walls
accompanied by dark Purbeck marble for the columns establish its visual accentuation and is
amplified through its unusually tall and narrow nave. Figure 1.3 Building: Duomo di Siena
(Cathedral of Siena) Architect: Giovanni di Agostino Key Aspect: The most impressive feature of
the Siena Cathedral is the detailed work of the facades. Each cardinal point attains its own distinct
facade work with the West facade by far being the most prominent and picturesque. The west facade
is the main face of the Cathedral and possesses three entry points with the central entry point
acquiring a bronze sun above the opening. Figure 1.4 Building: Duomo di Milan (Cathedral of
Milan) Architect: Antonio da Saluzzo first began construction. Key Aspect: The Cathedral of Milan
has the highest Gothic Vault of a completed

How Time Is Important For People During Different Periods?
I. Introduction
Time is always an interesting topic for people during different period. What is time? It is the thing
that is measured as seconds, minutes, hours, days, years, etc. From Mayan to modern scientists like
Einstein, they all tried to study and find the way to determine an exactly time. Nowadays, if people
want to know what time is it, they only need to raise head and have a look at clock on the wall. In
addition, to ensure a global society with order, people even found a way to measure the time which a
standard time ––– Greenwich Mean Time. However, for ancient people, they did not have
opportunities to determine time due to the limitations of technology. Sun, thus, could provide them
with a chance to find time. The first was created about 4500 years ago. It is a cycle disk equipped
with a needlelike metal tube on the top of it. Based on the shadows appearing on the surface, people
could observe and read an exactly time. This measure equipment called sundial. Although sundials
all look the same, they still have different categories such as equatorial, horizontal, and vertical
sundials. An interesting point I found is that sundials may look differently in different countries. At
very beginning, I considered that it is the reason of different designing thoughts. However, after I
found two different sundials in one same country, I began to realize that locations must have a
certain effect on sundials' settings.
Figure 1. Sundial in Beijing Palace Museum
Thus, I

Daylighting In Architecture
Daylighting in architecture has been a constant adaptation and a very influential aspect of design. Le
Corbusier states "Architecture is the masterly, correct and magnificent play of masses brought
together in light. Our eyes are made to see forms in light: light and shade reveal these forms." He
also states "The history of architecture is the history of the struggle for light." In the early age of
architecture dating back to the Egyptian and classical period, different methods of daylighting were
established and these practices were further developed throughout the years. Egyptians would use
clerestories at the top of buildings to get light into interior or open plans and have a series of
columns to take advantage of shading control. In ancient Greece the strategy of orientation on site
was incorporated and would typically have buildings on an east–west axis so the morning sun would
illuminate the deity being worshipped. To further the adaptation of daylighting, typically it was
minimized or concentrated to bring attention to a certain statue or figure in the ancient Greek times,
creating a feeling of holiness or divinity. The Parthenon especially was constructed so that on
Athena's birthday, daylight would enter the cella during the morning so the sun would shine on the
statue in the building. Once Romans had advancements in architecture, new innovations were
created and skylights and clerestories became larger. Innovations such as the barrel vault and dome
allowed

Weapons In The Odyssey
The way that weapons were depicted in the book is that they were a destructive force to be reckoned
with. They were portrayed as something bad people, aka the Japs, Nazis, and Italians, used.
Airplanes, on the other hand, were given a good rep at the beginning of the book when they went
out and did destructive damage for the Allies. But when they were used to shoot at the Allies, they
were thought to be the weapons of Satan himself. Resolving at the end of the book though, they
were finally thought of life–savers when they went to rescue Louie, Allan, etc. Weapons, on the
other hand, were always depicted as gruesome killing objects, and that they were, are, and will be,
but the way they were shown they were only used by the Axis. I'm not saying or even suggesting
that what the Nazis did was morally correct, acceptable, or even somehow conceivably right. I'm
only saying that the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This series included the B–17C through the B–17H. The differences between the different types
were enough so that the crews from a B–17E couldn't be transferred to B–17G. That is not to say
they didn't rotate certain positions in times of need. The C was upgraded into the D before Pearl
Harbor. So get that in your mind. We were already mass producing planes to send into a war which
we had not officially joined. The Boeing B–17 was this plane. We had only constructed 42 D's
before Pearl Harbor. The F was the first major change in the line of Flying Fortresses. With over 400
modifications on the interior and only a change in the style of bubble top in the cockpit, the Japs and
Nazis received a nasty surprise when they were trying to chase these down. With all of these interior
changes and only a minor tint change on the outside, you think you're chasing a B–17E and you end
up getting shot down by the B–17F. The G had quite a few changes, but most were to the artillery
measures and not to the weight or

Kepler 's Laws Of Planetary Motion
Kepler's Laws Johannes Kepler formulated the Three Laws of Planetary Motion. The first is the Law
of Orbits, stating that all planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus. The second law
is the Law of Areas. This is the idea that a line that connects the planet to the sun sweeps out equal
areas in the plane of the planet's orbit in equal time intervals. Last is the Law of Periods which states
that the square of the period of any planet is proportional to the cube of the semi major axis of its
orbit. It is simple to just accept the laws and memorize them, but take it a step further. What are the
explanations to these laws and how did Kepler come to those conclusions? The results that Kepler
published actually began with Tycho Brahe. Brahe was interested in reforming astronomy, and
wanted to prove his idea that planets circle the sun which then move around the stationary earth. He
made several observations with advanced instruments that still to this day have been proven by
calculations done with modern computers to be quite accurate. All of Brahe's observations were very
useful and interesting to Kepler who became Brahe's assistant in 1600. Some propose that Brahe
only continued making observations because he was unsure of what to do with them or how to apply
them, so it was left up to assistants such as Johannes Kepler to put the information to use (J.V.
Field). Kepler had been engaging in finding an orbit of Mars, and Brahe's observations

Geographic Center Of The United States
GEOGRAPHIC CENTER OF THE UNITED STATES
MATH 166
Ian Gilley, Kelvin Brandl, Kayla Muehlhauser, Nathan Koehler, Justin Ebnet, Kylie Bentz Our
method for determining the center of mass of each state is split up into five steps. The first two, file
conversion and sorting, gave a huge amount of raw data, and then condensed it into a workable
form. The third step converted latitude and longitude coordinates into kilometers. The fourth step
took the trapezoids formed by the previous steps and calculated their moments with respect to the x
and y axis's. Finally, the conversions were reversed to give the center of mass. All of the states were
downloaded as shapefiles from the National Boundary Dataset maintained by the USGS. Then then
the .shp files were converted to .kmz with ArcMap10.4, and then converted to .kml with Google
Earth. Then the approximately 30,000 latitude and longitude coordinates for each state were saved
as a .txt file and imported into Excel. The shapefiles gave a coordinate approximately every 400
meters along straight edges of states, and approximately every 200 meters along rivers and other
curved features, and went out to the eighth decimal place. The territorial seas of costal states which
extend three nautical miles out from the low water mark, and the state boundaries that extend into
the Great Lakes and other bodies of water were included in the laminar sheet. Small islands such as
the Florida Keys and those off the coast of California were assumed to

Renegades on Strategic Group Map Essay
A key component to finding a firms place in a market is closely associated with the "strategic group
map" created by McKinsey consultants in 1996 (CITE). Using the strategic group map a company
can identify competitors and positioning against rival venues. After analyzing within a 50–mile
radius, 8 Movie theaters, two malls, ice cream shops and Splash Down Water Park were found to be
main competitors. Positioning on the map consisted of Duration of Expenses on the vertical axis and
expense, respectively low to high. Among other competitor' The Hudson Valley Renegades were
places at mid expense with a high duration of experience deeming it an overall attractive market to
consumers. When evaluating potential success of an innovation, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Reversely, buyer power is deemed to be low. Ticket prices are relatively cheap, as the Renegades
have exhausted many options leaving little room available alternative products. Barriers of entry
directly correlate with proximity and profit. As the Renegades have become an established minor
league team, it's in another's teams interest to locate where a Minor League team isn't situated. A
team situated in close proximity to Dutchess stadium would not obtain the same profit as it would be
directly competing against an already well established company. The new entrant would fiscally be
making a better decision if it were to locate a highly dense population area with few barriers of entry
unlike Dutchess County. There are three towns with substitutes that are main competitors to the
Renegades. Wappinger Falls, New York holds two locally owned parks and a Fun Central, a game
entertainment geared towards families. Poughkeepsie, New York holds the Poughkeepsie Galleria
Mall, a recreational Walkway over the Hudson, and Empire Cruise lines for day trips. Fishkill hold
SpalshDown Beach water park, and the Van Wyck Museum. In further analyzing there are two sport
substitutes the Renegades should be aware of. The Rockland Boulders are a Canadian–American
Baseball team from Pomona, NY roughly thirty minutes from Dutchess

Orbital Parameters Of Earth And Mars
Question 5
It is assumed that Earth and Mars are in Circular orbits. The initial relative phase angle is stated to
be 30o. Calculate the transfer orbit of a time of flight (TOF) 120 day. The orbital parameters such as
ΔVs must be calculated. In addition, the propulsion considerations must be evaluated for the case
when mission is to be Evaluate the orbital parameters, ΔVs and propulsion parameters when the
mission is to be executed by a 500 kg spacecraft, which utilizes 450 s specific impulse propellant.
Assumptions:
Orbits are coplanar. Initial position of earth is taken as reference direction and epoch of the mission
Data:
2The total Time period of Earth = 365 days
1Hence, the time period of Mars = 365 x 1.881 = 686.565 days
3Distance of Earth from Sun = 149.5 x 106 kilometers
4Distance of Mars from Sun = 227.8 x 106 kilometers
5Initial position of planets: 7After 120 days position of planets:
8Change in position of Earth = 120/365 = 0.32876 = 32.876% of the complete orbit.
Change in angular position of Earth = 0.32876 x 360o = 118.356o
Final position of Earth with reference direction = 118.356 + 0 = 118.356o
Change in position of Mars = 120/686.56 = 0.17478 = 17.478% 0f the complete orbit.
Change in angular position of Mars = 0.17478 x 360o = 62.9219o
Final position of Mars with reference direction = 62.9219 + 30 = 92.9219o Transfer ellipse:
Now the transfer ellipse will be such that initial position of Earth will be the point of launch and
perigee of the

Final Exam Questions On Osmosis
Michelle Leeman Final Exam: 1) Fill in the blanks using the appropriate directional term: (in the
anatomical position) (5 pts) a) The heart is posterior to the sternum b) The manubrium is medial to
the gleno–humeral joint c) The dura mater is anterior to the spinal cord d) The cranium is superior to
the sacrum e) The calcaneus is posterior to the toes 2) What is osmosis? Is osmosis a passive or an
active process? Describe how osmosis occurs across the cell membrane. How can the solute
concentration of the interstitial fluid affect cell shape? Be specific. (5 points) Osmosis is the
movement of water molecules through a semi–permeable membrane into a region of higher solute
concentration to equalize the solute concentrations on both sides. Osmosis is a passive process and
does not require energy like an active process would. A semi–permeable membrane is a membrane
that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through, water being one of those molecules, thus
allowing water to freely flow in and out of a cell. The cell must have equal concentrations on either
side of the membrane to allow it to function, therefore water will pass in and out of the cell to
equalize the concentration of ions of both sides. Solutions of different concentrations will pass water
from the side with lower concentration to the side with higher concentration, thus changing the cell's
shape. A cell that is placed in a hypertonic solution (solution concentration that is lower than cell's

The Application Of Wind Turbine
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Bhavesh Purohit, 12226, student of B.Tech in ASET (Department) has
carried out the work presented in the project entitle "Design of Wind Turbine" as a part of Second
year programme of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical and Automation Engineering from Amity
School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh under my
supervision. Mr. Sonu Sharma Dep't. Of Mechanical and Automation Engineering ASET, Noida.
ACMNOWLEDGEMENT
I feel grateful towards our MAE department who has solved my every query from time to time. I
wish to extend my sincere thanks to my guide Mr. Sonu Sharma for his informative and illuminative
guidance. I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude and whole hearted thanks to
my teacher for his valuable guidance and support.
At last my sincere thanks to all those who have directly or indirectly helped me during the making
of the project.
ABSTRACT
This project investigates the current available designs of wind turbine and examines the predicted
future advancements of the same. The project also allows us to perform certain tests not only
verifying the efficiency of the various wind turbine designs but also the efficiency of a 'pulley belt
type dynamometer'. This report explains the very basics involved in the study of Wind Turbo
machinery. The report commences with a very brief introduction of the project aim and of all the
other elements

Borderline Personality Disorder ( Bpd )
The Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB–R) was designed to reliably diagnose
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). It is not a global diagnostic assessment. Rather, the purpose
of the DIB–R is to distinguish Borderline Personality Disorder from other clinical diagnoses
(Gunderson, Kolb, & Austin, 1981).
Development John Gunderson, M.D. and Jonathon Kolb, M.D developed the Diagnostic Interview
for Borderlines (DIB) in 1976 (Hurt, Clarkin, Koenigsberg, Frances, & Nurnberg, 1986). The
purpose of the DIB was to address the diagnostic issues associated with Borderline Personality
Disorder by developing reliable, uniform diagnostic criteria (Gunderson et al., 1981). In fact, the
DIB was used to establish the DSM–III diagnostic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Based on studies showing that the social adaptation section did little to boost the discriminant power
of the DIB, it was excluded from the revision (Zanarini et al., 1989). Reworking the psychosis
section further modified the DIB. In the revision, the psychosis section was now called the cognition
section. This section was changed to include not only psychotic thoughts, but those that would be
considered disturbed though nonpsychotic. The third modification to the DIB changed the scale
weight of several sections in the interview. Studies showed that the impulse action patterns section
and the interpersonal relations section had more discriminant power than the affect section and the
cognition section so the scaled weighting was adjusted accordingly (Gunderson et al., 1981). In yet
another modification to the DIB, the reference time frame for all questions in the interview was
changed to the past two years of the client's life. In the DIB, the reference time frame for the
interview questions ranged from 3 months to 3 years. This change allowed the instrument to more
accurately distinguish trait phenomena (Zanarini et al., 1989). The revised DIB saw three summary
statements transferred to sections that were more fitting. This change moved "demanding, entitled
behavior" from the affect section to the interpersonal relationship section (Zanarini et al., 1989). It
also moved "chronic feelings of helplessness/guilt" from the cognitions section to the

Moons Of The Terrestrial Planets
Moons of the Terrestrial Planets
2.2. Moons of Mars
2.2.1 Introduction
Mars orbits at a distance of 1.52 AU from the Sun. Mars has two natural satellites, discovered by
Asaph Hall in 1877. The innermost of these, Phobos, is about 22.2 km in diameter (27.0×21.6×
18.8) and orbits the planet with a period far less than Mars 's period of rotation 7.7 hr. (only one
quarter that of Deimos), causing it to rise in the west and set in the east(Born & Duxbury 1975).
Thus, it makes more than 3 orbits in a single Martian day. As it orbits, it slowly spirals in towards
the Martian surface. Phobos is drawing closer to Mars by 2 meters every one hundred years, and it is
predicted that it will collide with the planet /or destroyed in the atmosphere. Phobos has a semi–
major axis 9376 km (2.76 Mars radii), eccentricity 0.0152 and orbit mean inclination 1.1o (relative
to Mars' equator).
The outer satellite, Deimos, is about 12.6 km in diameter (15.0×12.2× 11.0) and orbital period about
30 hr. In fact, Deimos is the smallest known moon in the Solar System. Like our own Moon, Deimos
orbits far enough away from Mars that it is being, slowly pushed farther and farther away from the
planet. Deimos has a semi–major axis 23463.2 km (6.92 Mars radii), eccentricity 0.0003 and orbit
mean inclination 2.4o (relative to Mars' equator).
Both Deimos and Phobos have very circular orbits, which lie almost exactly in Mars 's equatorial
plane. They are both small, irregular objects comparable in size to the

Perihelion Distances
Space is extremely vast, and planets are tiny specks by comparison to the distance between them,
which means that a random object flying through the solar is extremely unlikely to collide with
Earth, and only a small number of the objects in our solar system even have the possibility of
coming near Earth. First, it is necessary to understand how astronomical orbits are defined. Three
key terms, as explained by WSU's introductory astronomy course, are the semi–major axis, the
perihelion distance, and the aphelion distance. The semi–major axis is half of the elliptical orbit's
main axis, and is also the object's average distance to the sun, the perihelion distance is the closest
distance the object ever gets to the sun, and the aphelion distance is the farthest. It is ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The remaining objects are all referred to as near Earth asteroids, and are classified as either Atens,
with a semi–major axis less than 1 AU and an aphelion distance greater than 0.983 AU, Apollos,
with a semi–major axis greater than 1 AU and a perihelion distance less than 1.017 AU, or Amors,
with a semi–major axis greater than 1 AU and a perihelion distance between 1.017 AU and 1.3 AU
(Dunbar, 2004). Dunbar (2004) also describes one final classification for near Earth asteroids, which
are potentially hazardous asteroids, defined as having a minimum orbit intersection distance of 0.05
AU and having a minimum diameter of around 150m (Dunbar 2004). All of these classifications are
necessary in order to look at the objects in our solar system, and to determine which objects pose a
serious risk and need to be monitored, as well as objects which could become dangerous if their
orbit is slightly changed by an unexpected collision or gravitational

The Solar System
1.1. Natural satellites
Formally, classified natural satellites or moons include 176 planetary satellites orbiting six of the
eight planets. Of the inner planets, Mercury and Venus have no natural satellites; Earth has one large
natural satellite, known as the Moon; and Mars has two tiny natural satellites, Phobos and Deimos.
The large gas giant planets have extensive systems of natural satellites, including half a dozen
comparable in size to Earth 's Moon. The objects in the solar system are classified foremost by their
dynamics and motion, while size and composition are important for secondary classification. The
solar system itself is, defined by the orbits of its constituent bodies. Classification by motion is more
useful for astronomers. In fact, the dynamics of the solar system were a central issue for early
astronomers such as Ptolemy in the second century and Nicholaus Copernicus in the 16th century. In
what follows, we introduce different classifications of the planetary moons.
1.2. Classification of motion of natural satellites
1.2.1 Classification based on the orbits
The natural satellites may be, classified into three categories according to their orbits (Newburn and
Gulkis, 1973; Burns, 1986) as follows.
Category 1: Regular satellites
The regular satellites move prograde in nearly circular orbits in the equatorial plane of the mother
planet. This sector of satellites represents the four Galilian satellites of Jupiter, the eight classical
satellites of Saturn

Kepler's Laws
In the earlier 17th century, a German astronomer, Johannes Kepler (1571~1630) discovered three
major laws of planetary motion; Kepler's 1st, 2nd and 3rd Law. These three golden eggs gave a very
big effect for the later scientists; Issac Newton (1642~1726) submitted the universal gravitation was
because of Kepler's laws. The three Kepler's laws also could be name: the law of ellipses, the area
law and the harmonic law.
Kepler discovered these point of view was effected by the earlier scientist, Nicolaus Copernicus
(1473~1543). Copernicus's heliocentric theory let Kepler investigated the orbit that planet moved
around the sun, this let him found the orbit was in ellipse shape not in circle. After Kepler found the
planets moved in an elliptical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2 Δt
As knew that when Δθ divided by Δt, it was angular velocity; the velocity that the object moved in
an angle per unit of time, the ω, was the symbol represented the angular velocity. Therefore, the
final 1
Formula would be ─r2 ω. 2 So the formula showed before also could present in another formula, the
relationship showed below:
ΔA πab 1
─── = constant value (──) = ─ r2 ω
Δt T 2
Generally, when an object was moving, most of time did not use angular velocity to solve it. Usually
used velocity to know the object moved. There was a relationship between angular velocity and
velocity. In circular motion, the velocity was rω, but this could only happen in circular motion; the
velocity in circular motion was vertical with r. Therefore, if the velocity was rω, the velocity needed
to perpendicular with r. The formula showed below: 1 1 1
─r2 ω = ─ r r ω = ─ r v┴ 2 2

Kepler's Laws Essay examples
Kepler's Laws
In today's world, we have very advanced technology. There have been many new technological and
medical advancements as we entered the new century. The Internet allows us to shop, talk, and find
valuable information on very scarce topics, and even check stocks with a simple click of a button.
Medical advancements had recently been discovered on "The Human Genome Projects," the first
gene was mapped and within a short period of time we will have mapped out all the genes in a
human chromosome. This is absolutely amazing because we will now be able to reveal the many
causes of serious deadly diseases. Throughout the years, we have gained the technology to send
astronauts into space to gather new information about our ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Brahe did not trust Kepler and worried that Kepler would surpass him and become more well known
than him. So Brahe assigned him the job of understanding the orbit of Mars because it gave Brahe
much difficulty, and would keep Kepler occupied while Brahe worked on his theory of the solar
system. Brahe also kept other data from Kepler hoping that he would be the one to discover the
orbits of the planets before Kepler did. In 1601, when Brahe died Kepler received all of Brahe's
data. Whether he obtained this data legally or not is still in debate today, however, it is fortunate that
he obtained this data. (Silverberg, 160)
When Kepler first began his work on the orbit of Mars he was under the assumption, as many
scientists were, that the planetary orbits were circular, and that the Sun was at the center of the
orbits. This type of system is called a heliocentric system. Also at this time only six planets were
known. When Kepler obtained Brahe's data he discovered that the orbits were not perfect circles, but
instead were ellipses that were only slightly flattened. The reason nobody else realized this was
because the orbits were so slightly elliptical that extensive investigation and data would be needed
to show this. It also turned out that the reason the orbit of Mars was very difficult to understand was
because its orbit was more eccentric than the other planets that Kepler and Brahe had data about. To
understand a lot of Kepler's work you must first

Temple of Heaven
The layout and architecture of the Temple of Heaven is filled with symbolism. According to
symbolic tradition, Heaven is round and the earth is square. Therefore, all of the buildings in the
temple complex are round in shape, while their retaining walls and the axis are square. The
surrounding walls of the complex also reflect these traditions. The southern side of the wall is square
and the northern is round. The emperor would enter the temple complex from the south and this
would symbolize his transition from earth to heaven.
The glazed roof tiles of the major buildings in the temple complex are blue, symbolizing heaven.
Other buildings have green or yellow roof tiles. The green tiles represent Buddhism and the yellow
represent the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Twice a year, the emperor, along with thousands of eunuchs, ministers, and princes would proceed
to the Temple of Heaven. The emperor would fast in the Hall of Abstinence located near the Hall of
Prayer for Good Harvests for several days. He would live in the complex during the ceremonies.
The entire country relied on the emperor for good harvests and weather. The ceremonies were
prepared for months in advance and it was believed that it had to be perfectly performed because the
smallest mistake would be a bad omen for the coming year. If there was a year of flooding or
famine, the people would believe that the emperor had fallen out of favor with heaven, so it was of
extreme importance for the emperor to ensure everything went perfectly. Outside of the Hall of
Prayer for Good Harvests, the emperor would personally use oxen to plow a few rows to symbolize
the first plowing and planting of the season. At the Imperial Vault of Heaven, the emperor would
pray to the Emperor of Heaven and his ancestors, and on the Circular Mount altar, he would pray to
heaven for a year of good weather and luck. All of these rituals ensured that the emperor and the
empire would be prosperous.
Currant Usage For centuries, no commoner was allowed to look inside the Temple of Heaven. Today
it is open to the public and has become a beautiful park that is as popular with locals as with tourists.
The complex is very large and the areas around the temples are large and filled with

Taking a Look at Orbital Mechanics
Orbital mechanics is the application of ballistic and celestial mechanics to motion, especially
pertaining to rockets and spacecraft. Many famous physicists and mathematicians have helped
develop equations, formulas, and laws to understand different aspects of orbital mechanics; such as
Newton with centripetal force and the gravitational constant (GM) and also Kepler and his three
laws of planetary motion. Though my interest did not sprout from who was involved with orbital
mechanics, but the orbital mechanics themselves. I've always had an interest in astronomy and
physics, and this seems like the perfect combinations of both. There are six general aspects of orbital
mechanic elements eccentricity (e), semi–major axis (a), inclination (i), argument of periapsis (ω),
time of periapsis passage (T), and longitude of ascending node (Ω).
[I will help define these with use of a diagram put I do not have the diagram drawn this is also the
diagram of observations of an object in orbit talked about in the outline]
Though these are not the only important elements of orbital mechanics, there is also the period (P)
and true anomaly (v) which is "the angular distance of a point in an orbit past the point of periapsis.
Conic sections and conics are use in orbital mechanics to determine the type of orbit and defining
the eccentricity of the conic section and the hyperbola or parabola formed within the right cone
depending on the angularity of the section. All

Gj436b Research Paper
So is GJ436b worth the journey to maybe become a second or alternative human home? With
current technology, resources, and knowledge the answer is maybe. It is said that the surface may
have rock and ice but with current technology it is difficult to tell. However, on May 16, 2007
scientists calculated that GJ436b's diameter is 3.95 +/– 0.35 Earths diameter. These measurements
allowed the scientists to deduce that the planet could sustain "exotic ice" based on size, mass and
location relative to its star. In describing the location of GJ436b, it orbits its star at a distance of
roughly 0.02887 (+/– 0.00095) AU. That amounts to less than a tenth of the distance between the
Sun and Mercury in our solar system. This means that the surface temperature is very hot with
scientific ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A red dwarf star is considered to be a great spot for life because of its potential for long term
habitability. For earth, the habitable zone it resides in lasts only about 7 to 10 billion years. Compare
that to a red dwarf, where a habitable zone can last for for a span almost five times greater than that
for earth. Thus making a red dwarf a good candidate for life to grow, develop and become advanced.
Another point to consider is that many planets orbiting M dwarf, red dwarf stars are highly likely to
have large amounts of water which suggests the idea that there could be many habitable planets
surrounding a red dwarf star. However, red dwarf stars have a few big problems. Due to the low
luminosity of a red dwarf, planets have to be relatively close for it to be in the known habitable
zone. And by being so close, planets face hostile conditions. One condition is the barrage of stellar
wind, which could strip a planets atmosphere. Another is that the planet could be tidally locked, so
only one side would face the star. Lastly, is that red dwarf stars are emit extreme EUV and X ray

Mosquitoes In Ww1
Over seventy years ago the world was tossed into a war that touched every corner of the globe. The
war would take the lives of over sixty million people from it's start in 1939 to it's end in 1945. Over
those six years each side would develop new technologies to kill and destroy the enemy. However,
the Allies biggest advantage would be their advancements in medicine that allowed more men to
return to the front. The main instrument of war has always been the weapons used in it, and in the
case of world war two both the Allies and the Axis were armed to the teeth with firearms of all
types. However, at the beginning of the war the weapons used were weapons from a bygone era
particularly from the previous war, world war one. For example on the side of the Allies,the standard
issue rifle for Americans was the M1903 Springfield rifle developed in 1903.The British were armed
with the Lee Enfield ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most well known and documented disease comes the mosquitoes that lived in the Pacific. These
mosquitoes though tiny and irritating were thought to harmless by soldiers encountering them on a
daily basis. However, unknown to them millions of these mosquitoes were infected with the Malaria
virus. Once a person was infected they became a carrier of the disease and any mosquitoes who bite
the carrier continue the cycle. Though the virus would only kill in extreme circumstances without
medical attention the disease would causes "violent chills, fever, and weakness, and malignant, a
form much more likely to cause death. The disease had the potential to turn a battle–ready soldier
into a bedridden hospital case in a very short period of time"("The Other Foe,",2016). Malaria
would give both sides many issues through the war, and would grow as the Pacific islands battles
were fought were the perfect breeding ground for the

The Revolutionary Ideas Of Galileo, Kepler, And Newton

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Stephanie Clark

More from Stephanie Clark (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

The Revolutionary Ideas Of Galileo, Kepler, And Newton