The Effects Of Alcohol From Utero Into Later Life

The Effects of Alcohol from Utero into Later Life
The Effects of Alcohol from Utero into Later Life
During the ten months of gestation, the ever–growing fetus goes through the stages and changes of becoming a functional human. Unfortunately for
some, these children will not get the full advantages of life because of the choices of another. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) has been calculated to
have an impact on nearly forty thousand infants a year (fasdcenter). To really see the magnitude of the effects of this easily preventable disorder,
researchers followed children from birth into later years to study the deficits placed on these individuals.
The First Years of Life with FAS
Children can have many different physical and behavioral characteristics that can manifest themselves as a direct ... Show more content on
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High school can present a world view that was not clearly visible before and introduce children to either the right or wrong path. Teens suffering with
FAS have an affinity to choose the wrong path, which ultimately can lead to problems such as complications in school due to anger issues, or
depression, drug use, and even trouble with law enforcement (Wood, 2013).
Living with FAS into Adulthood
Complications regarding FAS carry well into adulthood, making normal everyday actions and tasks much more challenging for these individuals. With
regard to the previously mentioned disabilities, people may have issues with their capability to handle money due to their memory discrepancies and
inability to control their compulsions towards things they may want. This makes living on their own problematic because they may not be able to
handle such mundane tasks as paying bills, and even working due to their inappropriate public conduct and absence of management over their own
feelings and reactions (Department of Environmental and Public Health 2003).
Treatment of FAS
FAS isn't a disorder that can be cured. It will be with an individual their entire lives. But there have been publicized explorations that have concluded
early diagnosis and treatment can increase the children's ability to develop in a more efficient way. Some of these advancements include medication to
handles certain symptoms, parental education to better help new parents
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Fetal Heart Rate As A Measure Of Recognition
Being able to reliably detect fetal heart rate as a measure of recognition, and knowing that fetuses develop good hearing by the third trimester allows
many researchers to study fetal response to various aspects of language, beyond just recognizing maternal voice, during this time in pregnancy. The two
ways to study fetal response to maternal voice is by observing their movement and heart rate. By monitoring when a fetus is at rest, then observing their
movement when introduced to a stimuli, researchers can note patterns of recognition (Decasper et al., 1994; Krueger et al., 2015; Marx & Nagy,
2015). The researchers Krueger et al. (2015) used both methods of measurement to study pregnant mothers in their third trimester. The researchers were
interested to know if fetuses would respond differently when hearing their mother's voice live versus when they hear their mother's voice in a
recording. To test this, mothers recited a nursery rhyme two times daily from 28–34 weeks gestational age.
The researchers hypothesized that fetal cardiac response to both recorded and live voice would decelerate, and that fetal movement would vary
depending on the format of the passage (Krueger et al., 2015). The fetuses were tested at 34 weeks for changes in heart rate and movement using a
fetal monitor. The results of the study showed that fetuses experience a cardiac deceleration when they heard their mother reading the nursery rhyme
live, and experienced a cardiac acceleration when they

Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame
Music is another language people use whenever they want to express their feelings. Whether they are angry or passionate, there is always a melody for
that emotion. It is universal and it brings people together. There are so many amazing artists that have a substantial influence on this generation and
past generations. Stevie Nicks was born May 26, 1948, in Phoenix, Arizona. She signed with Fleetwood Mac in 1975, becoming an instant sensation,
she also released solo albums. After years of struggling with addiction, Nicks finally recovered her wellbeing and liveliness. Fleetwood Mac reunified
in 1997 and was welcomed into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998.
Motivating, captivating, innovative, these are some of the words among others that describe the influence Stevie Nicks has had on music and popular
culture. Nicks has continued to charm audiences worldwide with her natural ability to inspire and touch the hearts and minds of fans worldwide. Nicks
' music allows her to reach out to people as if she were their own friend, writing and performing songs with melodies about themes of affection and
suffering. By speaking honestly about her personal hardships, many fans acknowledge Nicks as an encouragement to lifting them to overcome their
own challenges. Nicks ' musical individuality has continued to express her identity to this generation. Throughout her distinctive image and experience
to create and sing wholehearted songs, or using her fame to encourage charitable

The Birth Of The Fetus Essay
Woman all over the world who are expecting a baby handle the life changing journey in diverse ways. Some are single first time mothers who are
striving to find a way to make their predicament work, a few are surrogates who are carrying a baby for a family who are unable to conceive on their
own, and many are families who are trying to broaden their current household. No matter what the reasoning is behind the conception of the infant,
there is always the mystery of how much the fetus really absorbs as they are progressing within the womb. Studies all over the globe have been
administered to uncover how much they obtain. Proving whether or not an infant will react the same way or indifferently outside of the womb when
being presented with the same stimuli. These types of studies help exemplify what an infant actually retains outside of utero , and if all the classical
music and endless conversations to the womb actually played a vital role in the advancement of the fetus' learning capabilities. Between the second
and third trimester it is vital for the baby to continue to grow as much as possible. If the baby were to arrive after 24 weeks, it would be able to
survive, but it would have to remain the NICU. During the six months, the eyelids finally open after being sealed during the entire pregnancy. Also the
fetus has developed taste buds, eyebrows, eyelashes, and a grasping motion. It is during the seventh month period, also known as the fetal stage, that
the fetus

##s Cysteine ( Cys ) And GSH?
2. Results
2.1 Ethanol decreases cysteine (Cys) and GSH in Primary Cerebral Cortical Neurons (PCNs) and fetal brains
Fetal rat cerebral cortical neurons were treated with E (4 mg/ml) for 24 h and pregnant dams were treated with the "Binge" model as detailed above.
Both of these regimens elevate Nrf2 expression as well as induce enhanced apoptotic death of neurons [5, 7]. To gain a better understanding of the
E–induced GSH loss, we first assessed the levels of cysteine, which is one of the key substrates involved in de novo synthesis of GSH. Illustrated in
figure 3, both in vivo maternal exposures and the in vitro PCNs treatment with E reduced Cys with a concomitant decrease in the GSH content. Cys
was decreased in PCNs and fetal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These data suggest that E can impair EAAC1 protein expression and its surface presentation reflecting reduced Cys transport by this system. Figure 3.
Effect of ethanol on Cys and GSH levels in PCNs and fetal brain cortices. A representative HPLC chromatogram of Cys in Control and E–treated PCNs
(A); The concentration of Cys quantified using standards in PCNs (n=4) (B); Quantification of GSH concentration in control and E–treated PCNs
using standards as measured by HPLC (n=4) (C); HPLC–based determination of Cys concentration in fetal brain cortices of binge alcohol exposed
pregnant rats (n=7) (D); Fetal brain cortex GSH content following binge alcohol gestational exposure using HPLC (n=4) (E). Values represent the
mean В± sem. * p < 0.05 was considered significant for ethanol alone.
2.3 Ethanol–induced reduction of EAAC1 protein is associated with a decrease in its transcript levels
To assess whether the E–induced EAAC1 dysregulation occurs at the transcriptional level, we performed real time qPCR analysis for EAAC1 mRNA
expression in E treated PCN and in fetal cerebral cortices exposed to E in utero. Figure 5A illustrates that E exposure (4mg/ml) reduced the EAAC1
transcript expression levels by 27% (p<0.05) as early as 6 h in PCNs. This was further reduced to 49% (p<0.05) at the end of a 24 h exposure (Figure
5A). Similarly, a significant decrease by about 36% (p<0.05)

Personal Narrative: The 2nd Trimester Stage Of Development
I decided to discuss the second trimester stage of development because for me, with both of my pregnancies, that is when I started to get really
excited about having a baby. There is the whole scare of losing the baby in the first trimester but also that's when I started to feel the baby move,
both times in the 16th week, when the baby, and myself, grew the most (I gained 8 pounds in the 5th month with both pregnancies), and when I got
so heavy I had to walk instead of run, it was actually faster from about 18 weeks on. Babycenter.com says that the fetus of 14 weeks of age is the size
of a lemon, 3 ВЅ inches long and weighing 1 ВЅ ounces, while parents.com says it's the same weight and length but the size of a peach. At 27 weeks
both sites said the babies are at 2+ pounds, 9.25–14 inches long and either the size of a head of cauliflower or a sock monkey (which wasn't fun to
look at when your trying to picture a cute little baby). On page 96 of the textbook in Figure 5.8 it is confirmed that after the 16th week the mother may
start to feel the baby move. The fetus is also forming small hairs all over the body, including the scalp, and the lungs are beginning to... Show more
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This is really fascinating research but as a mother I think I knew a lot of this. I knew my daughter could hear sounds from the second trimester on
because a loud noise would make her jump inside me. I figured if she could hear what was going on outside she must be able to learn. It's nice to
have my suspicions confirmed. Although I wasn't one to listen to classical music or read books to her in utero we did speak with her a lot. It also
makes sense that if the baby is developing so quickly once they are born, as chapter 5 clearly states, that the infant must also be developing at incredible
rates in utero as

Congenital Condition Of Congenital Heart Defects
Congenital heart defects are problems intrinsic to the heart that present at birth. They develop during fetal growth in utero mainly due to genetic
malformations, environmental factors, and multifactorial reasons. The environment within which the fetus develops (the uterus) is a very crucial
contribution to normal fetal growth and development. It is common to find disruptions within this microenvironment; the consequent effect being the
disruption of normal growth and organ developments. The timing is, however, important as well. During the first trimester, organs are being crafted
from primitive cells and tissues. Internal and external factors, therefore, take the opportunity to cause disruption. The most common congenital
anomalies are... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cardiac output refers to the amount of blood ejected by the heart per unit time while peripheral resistance is the resistance to blood flow exerted by
arterials in the systemic circulation.
Zidovudine exposure in utero and heart anomalies
Zidovudine is an antiretroviral drug that is part of HIV/AIDS regimen. It is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; blocks the action of the
enzyme used by HIV virus in forming its DNA template. Studies have linked the use of Zidovudine during pregnancy or exposure by any other means
to the development of congenital heart defects. The article below discusses a research conducted by physicians in 9 clinical centers.
Title: In utero exposure to zidovudine and heart anomalies in the ANRS–EPF French Perinatal Cohort and the nested PRIMEVA randomized trial.
Authors: Sibiude J, Le Chenadec J, Bonnet D, Tubiana R, Faye A, Dollfus C, Mandelbrot L, Delmas S, Lelong N, Khoshnood B, Warszawski J,
Blanche S.
Publication date: 1st April, 2015
The study was done using a prospective approach. HIV–infected women on zidovudine in 10 clinical centers were examined, and their children
followed up thereafter. The follow–up was extended to a period of two years. Control of the study was women on ARV regimen excluding nucleoside
reverse transcriptase inhibitors. From the study, the researchers concluded the following findings; among those exposed to zidovudine in the first
trimester,

Nirvana, By Kurt Cobain
If the words "alternative" and "rock" are uttered together, chances are, Nirvana immediately comes to mind. Nirvana, lead by Kurt Cobain, intend to
push messages that oppose the mainstream through their music and image. Even though, at the height of their popularity they could certainly be
considered rock stars, in an interview with MTV in 1993 Kurt famously says "we're not rock stars", he truly doesn 't wish to be categorized as one.
Nirvana made a conscious effort to be seen in a completely different stream than the commercially successful bands of their time. By examining
different Nirvana texts like music, lyrics and band photos, it is clear that Nirvana wanted to be decoded as different and oppositional.
Beginning with the purest ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Beginning with album title, Kurt originally wanted to name the album "I Hate Myself I Want to Die" (28). This title would certainly have worked in
order to scare off the bands commercial fans. But I think this title could have been decoded on multiple levels depending on how well you know the
band, same with the final title In Utero. "I hate myself I want to die" denotes that this album would have been depressing, personal and a reflection
of Cobain's inner psyche. But as a true fan you might be able to decode it as ironic as Cobain constantly claims his music is not personal. Which is
why this title could have worked to warn off the commercial fans. The potential title "I hate myself I want to die" is definitely not a typical title for an
album. It feels personal, almost too personal and also very depressing, certainly not upbeat. Which definitely conveys how alternative Nirvana is,
because music listeners only interested in popular music probably would not want to listen to an album about someone wanting to die.
The title and album artwork of In Utero denotes a see–through woman with blonde hair with wings. In Utero defined is, "in the womb". The title an
artwork, could possibly be connote as the mother of his child, Courtney Love. The title being In Utero, than could symbolize that the music on this
album has been impacted by the birth of his daughter. "I hate myself I want to die" would have been a strong title to

Persuasive Essay On Abortion
From 1973 to now, abortion has become more and more popular. Abortion is the deliberate destruction of a fetus, a developing human. The main jump
of abortions happened after the court case, Roe v. Wade, that was in 1973 because of the decision that the jury made, was that abortion would now be
legal ("Should Abortion Be Legal?"). Because of this, there was a major spike in abortions since 1973 and since then there have been roughly 59
million abortions in the United States of America alone ("Abortion Statistics United States Data and Trends"). Abortion is immoral on many levels and
should be illegal. It should be illegal because it is murdering future babies, it causes pain to the fetus, and it takes away the future lives of the
individuals.
Murdering a child or grown up is illegal so why is murdering a developing baby not? Many people believe that since it is a fetus and not fully
developed, that it is not a human. Just because you cannot see them, they are still human, "...the term `unborn child' means a child in utero, and the
term `child in utero' or `child, who is in utero' means a member of the species homo sapiens, at any stage of development, who is carried in the womb"
(Unborn Victims of Violence Act of 2004). Lawyers tried to make abortion legal by saying that a fetus is not a human, but it is a human from the
minute it is conceived. This means that it is a human from day one and anything that happens to it. The constitution states that murder is illegal, and it

Kurt Cobain Analysis
"Representation is the description or portrayal of someone or something in a particular way." How have the texts you have chosen provide a
representation of the person you have researched? What element/s of bias have affected this representation?
Artist, poet, american musician and for the most part an influential icon of grunge this was who Kurt
Cobain was, as he was an inspiration to many for his talent, passion and beliefs around social constructs. The representation of a person effects the way
they influence other people and in Kurt's case the world. Some of the factors that contributed to Kurt's influence was his lyrics in his music, the impact
on his audiences both at live performances and interviews.
Personal differences is shown in Kurt Cobain's documentary as they use the technique of exposition which is used at the beginning the film. The
documentary uses specific segments to persuade us and gives us a chance evaluate and develop our own understanding of who he was.
This documentary shows that although Kurt was a musician, his music was an acquired taste, a blend of punk, metal and grunge music. He talked
about many controversial topics such as drugs, alienation, death and even sexual violence. The many parents of the youth questioned if their children
should not listen to those types of topics in songs whereas other parents were more open to the education Kurt's songs were giving. This was not
generally your love song genre but it represented kurt as a

Effects Of Water Pollution In Nigeria
Access to clean water is a right that should be entitled to all people. The harsh reality is that this is not always the case. Contaminated water comes in
different forms such as physical (appearance), chemical (natural/man–made compounds or elements), biological (organisms), and radiological (emitting
ionizing radiation). Both developed and developing countries have polluted water, and it just may be more apparent in developing countries because of
the lack of resources. Water pollution has a negative effect on the growing population involving a fetus and a child's physical development. The
ingestion of contaminated water through a maternal mother or young child may have serious implications. This includes short and long–term effects,
along with the difference between the location of in the United States and Nigeria having contaminated water.
Exposure to polluted water for a certain length of time and at what stage a fetus or child is at can vary the physical deformities. In a study, pregnant
women from Zaria, Nigeria were serologic screened for toxoplasma gondii, a single–celled parasite, to determine the relativity of certain antibodies and
the risk factors of infection. Throughout the research, it was found that women who were drinking well water had a 41.6% higher risk of infection.
Toxoplasma gondii during pregnancy could have serious risk on the fetus by passing on the infection (Ishaku et al., 2009). The physical defects that are
caused by toxoplasma gondii

Radiation In Utero
Introduction
Understanding the effects of radiation in utero is an important area of research. Expectant mothers may require examinations involving exposure to
radiation to diagnose or treat a medical condition (Nguyen & Goodman, 2012). Radiologists are exposed to radiation each day at work, which is
particularly concerning when health professionals become pregnant. In utero development involves massive proliferation and organization of new cells.
Ionizing radiation pulls electrons away from atoms and can be particularly harmful for humans in utero (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
2014; "Ionizing Radiation", n.d.). Studies designed to determine the effects of radiation are crucial to helping mothers protect themselves as well ...
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Since exposing animals to radiation can be ethically administered and controlled, researchers are able to explore detailed questions about the effects of
radiation on development. In a study involving pregnant mice, embryos demonstrated increased apoptosis in the brain following exposure to radiation
(Verreet et al., 2015). Exposure to radiation in utero led to decreases in cortex thickness, brain volume, and ventricle area, as well as damage to the
process of neurogenesis (the creation of new neurons) in the hippocampus (Verreet et al., 2015). Interruptions to the neural connections in the
hippocampus may be devastating because the hippocampus controls functions of the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, and metabolic
system (Scarborough, 2015a). Another study involving embryonic mice also found that radiation exposure in utero resulted in increased apoptosis in
the brain (Benekou et al., 2001). The study also discovered that although apoptosis increased, radiation simultaneously reduced factors that stop
apoptosis (Benekou et al., 2001). Interestingly, the CNS responded to the injury by emitting growth–promoting effects in response to apoptosis, which
increased cell proliferation (Benekou et al., 2001). The physical damage that radiation causes to the brains of mice are clues to damage that might

Kurt Cobain's Influence On The Music Industry
Kurt Donald Cobain was born on February 20th, 1967 and died on April 5th, 1994. In his lifetime, he gave a voice to many young people who didn't
think they had one, contributed most to the popularization of the Grunge genre, and had a lasting impact on the music industry. Known as the
"spokesman for a broken generation", he was looked up to by many young people around the world. It was him that sparked the wave of many
underground, local or well–known grunge bands all across America and Europe that goes on until today. As for the music industry; Kurt Cobain
basically made alternative rock into a sub–genre that had its own niche which made Billboard recognize it as what brings independent music together.
Kurt Cobain was most known for his social ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was without a doubt their most successful album and what brought the experimentation and untraditional loud noise–making to the masses. It was
only as successful as it was because it was perceived to be unique and it was perceived to be its own brand of catchy. "Hard rock today still relies a
good deal on drawing crude sonic inspiration from Nirvana's dynamic and emotionally volatile output" (Ramirez, 2014, par 5). However, it was their
debut album Bleach that established the loud random noises as their trademark. After it was released, many garage bands began to do so much as
noises of screeching pickups on their instruments to knocking over amplifiers at their live sets. "Kurt Cobain's success had been a breakthrough for
bands in Portland, Chapel Hill, Omaha, and countless other places that had been off the radar of the industry." (Cross, 2014, p.22). The energy still
fuelled concert acts such as moshing and crowd–surfing, but it also served as a different kind of outlet for personal frustration. "This is the one aspect
that isn't given enough stature: How Nirvana and co. helped reclaim the inclusiveness of music. Going to a show and being yourself, or realising you
could start a band without having to wear a bandana and bike shorts, or dress in the wildest hair–metal way possible in order to 'shock' people, Nirvana
conferred a real sense of belonging" (Levin, 2014, par

The Music Of Grunge Music
Grunge Music
Grunge music was one of the most popular genres in the 1990's, bringing a new style of rock with gritty distortion and new styles of hair and
clothing. One band some may know that was a popular grunge band in the 90's was Nirvana, which consisted of lead singer and guitarist Kurt Cobain,
drummer Dave Grohl, and bassist Krist Novoselic. This band was most popular for their hit album "Nevermind". "One of their most popular songs on
this album, 'Smells Like Teen Spirit', has been and always will be a rebellion anthem for adolescents, empowering them. This message and it's meaning
make this one of the most popular songs by this band to date."
"Another popular grunge band from the 90's, Soundgarden, is infamous for their album, "Supermassive Black Hole", which included the hit "Black
Hole Sun". This band included members singer Chris Cornell, drummer Matt Cameron (before going to Pearl Jam), lead guitarist Kim Thayil, and
bassist Hiro Yamamoto."
However, grunge music was not appreciated by everyone. Most adults or elders at that time thought it was too loud, or that it was devilish music. Even
metal and rock bands disapproved of grunge, including some bands that helped build the genre's popularity. Grunge bands fought for popularity, which
made matters worse. Nirvana's late frontman, Kurt Cobain, made a cruel statement about Pearl Jam in an interview. He hated the band with a passion.
Not because of their popularity, but the style of their

Down Syndrome: Article Analysis
The incident that led to this article was the first woman with Down syndrome to walk down the runway. Jamie Brewer is an actress in American
Horror Story who started the path for women with Down syndrome to become a model. Her disability is the centerfold of this article and it
discourages the belief system of history.
In the past, Down syndrome had been considered one of the most devastating disabilities. There were people who believed that it this disability was a
death sentence, and how aborting these children was actually a service. They believed that life would be so horrible for someone with down syndrome
that it's best to terminate the pregnancy. This condition can be seen in utero because it is a genetic disorder, and there is a mutation within the genetic
code. This can be seen in–utero, and is one of the reasons people check on their child in the womb. There was nothing that could be done for these
children, and that is why many believed that termination was the best option. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That even though they have a shorter lifespan than others, that lifespan can be full of hope, love and benefitting the world. This article show proves
that people are people no matter their condition. Jamie Brewer is an actress, also a runway model, who has shown the world that she is capable of
anything. She walks the runway with her head held high and gives the entire world something to believe in. The article encourages inclusion and
creates a conversation that would never have been created without the help of this individual. She created the foundation for models to become real role
models, and not just what society deems

The Effects Of Prenatal Drugs On Children 's Central...
Prenatal cocaine use is a severe issue that can cause children many health problems from the moment of conception to birth and even well after.
Cocaine is a teratogen, which means that is extremely problematic to lifelong child development. The use of cocaine while being pregnant can cause
a detrimental effect to a child's central nervous system. Prenatal cocaine use is one of the leading causes of children born at a lower birth weight than
average, this then causes even more developmental issues later on in the child's life. It has been also shown that children exposed to cocaine use in
utero have shown signs of attention deficit in their later years of development. Developmental concerns due to the prenatal use of cocaine are matters...
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One of the results showed that there – in fact – was no huge statistical difference between those who were exposed and not exposed. They also
separated the exposed children into the categories of lightly exposed and heavily exposed and there still was no difference between them. These
children did not differ in the verbal part of the tests, but there was a big difference in two of the performance tests. Interestingly, those children who
were more heavily exposed to cocaine prenatally had scored much higher on this section of the exam. Article 2 Annamaria Aguirre McLaughlin and
Sonia Minnes (2011) evaluated three hundred thirty–two adolescents of which one hundred seventy were exposed to cocaine prenatally and one
hundred sixty–two were not exposed to see if there are issues regarding mental health in nine year–old children who were exposed. The subjects were
divided into groups of positively cocaine exposed (PCE) and negatively cocaine exposed (NCE). Those who abused other drugs as well were placed
in both the PCE and NCE groups. The mothers in these groups were of lesser economic and social standing, and the vast majority of them were
African American. They were evaluated at several different times throughout the nine years. The researchers were not aware of which children were
and were not affected by cocaine exposure. Maternal interviews were part of this study, and they made an effort to keep the interviewers and the
researchers who administered

Psychotropic Medication Use During Pregnancy Case Study
In addition to physical defects, psychological and developmental outcomes are another important aspect to consider when discussing psychotropic
medication use during pregnancy. Research by Malm et al. (2016) aimed to clarify the effects of SSRI exposure in utero on psychiatric disorders by
examining the outcomes of 64,754 singleton pregnancies. Data was gathered from several Finnish registries, such as the Drug Reimbursement
Register, which contains data on drug purchases, the Medical Birth Register, which contains maternal demographics and health information, the
Hospital Discharge Register, which contains information on somatic and psychiatric diagnoses, and information gathered from yearly examinations of
the children included in the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The outcomes of 135 pregnancies exposed to psychotropic drugs and 275 control pregnancies. The women who participated in this study completed a
detailed survey to gather information on each patient's history. At birth, each newborn was examined for health issues and was followed up with during
a two–year time period. Results showed that the drugs most frequently used were the SSRIs escitalopram, sertraline, and paroxetine, along with the
SNRI venlafaxine and the anticonvulsant sodium valproate, along with twenty–one other drugs. The most common diagnoses were major depressive
disorder, followed by anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, epilepsy with a psychiatric diagnosis, and others. 81% of those studied were
exposed to drugs during their first trimester, with 11% continuing use of drugs through all three trimesters. Interestingly, the rates of elective abortion
were higher in the exposed group. This disparity may reflect the perception of psychotropic drug use during pregnancy as being unsafe for the fetus.
Two pregnancies in the drug exposure group resulted in major congenital defects, compared to three in the control cohort. No significant differences
were found between groups in regards to birth defects, rates of miscarriage, or preterm births. Synergistic effects of other drugs in compound with
psychiatric medications must also be taken into account.

Introduction:. Epigenetics Studies The Biological Information
Introduction:
Epigenetics studies the biological information that can be inherited in addition to the DNA, through biochemical changes such as methylation and
histone modifications that can affect gene expression and lead to a particular phenotype [9]. Epigenetic plasticity can be influenced by internal and
external factors, such as the in utero environment of early development [9]. The intrauterine environment can have short and long term effects on the
health and future disease state of offspring. To look into the effects of the intrauterine environment, several factors need to be taken into account. This
discussion will include the effects of maternal environmental conditions on the health of offspring, including type 1 and 2 diabetes, ... Show more
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The outcomes of gestational diabetes can be studied by looking at the health of offspring of these mothers over time. In one study, intrauterine exposure
to gestational diabetes mellitus was related to metabolic syndrome in children of mothers with and without GDM and with conditions such as
large–for–gestational–age (LGA) and appropriate–for–gestational age (AGA) [2]. Through biochemical testing of the experimental groups of children,
components of metabolic syndrome could be detected, such as obesity by BMI, blood pressure, and glucose levels [2]. It was found that, in a
controlled study, the LGA/GDM group correlated to maternal obesity environments by having higher occurrence of insulin resistance, which would be
expected with weight gain and exposure to diabetes [2]. This suggests that metabolic factors due to the intrauterine environment contribute to disease in
later life through epigenetic changes.
Many research studies have looked into the mechanisms that lead offspring exposed to GDM to be at higher risk for diseases, metabolic and chronic
[13]. It was found through research that the mechanism with GDM exposure evaluated the methylome of the offspring using epigenetics [13]. In this
study, 30 out of 44 newborns were exposed to GDM and their DNA methylation was measured at more than 485,000 CpG sites with over 3000 genes
from placenta and cord blood samples [13]. Though the results were not

One Drink Too Many
One Drink Too Many
Imagine the delivery room in a hospital. A new baby has just been born, and the parents are overjoyed until they see the stone–cold stare on the doctor's
face. The doctor notices that something is not quite right. The baby is then taken for further testing, where unfortunately Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
is the final diagnosis. Tears are shed and questions quickly become answered. This is a reality that many parents face daily. A lifetime of problems
diagnosed within minutes of what is supposed to be the happiest day of a parent's life, thanks to just one drink. Fetal Alcohol syndrome is an ever
rising epidemic that causes an extensive number of developmental disorders and a variety of primary and secondary disabilities. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
These disabilities can be broken down into alcohol related birth defects (ARBD) or alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND). Primary
disabilities include a "high risk of premature birth, low birth rate, and are more likely to be affected by Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)"
(Hankin 59). At birth they are often extremely irritable and hypersensitive to their surroundings. Prenatal alcohol exposure may also result in poor
sucking, disrupted sleep states, low levels of arousal, tremulousness, body orientation, excessive mouthing, abnormal reflexes, hypertonia, and poor
habituation to redundant stimuli (Williams 3). It is also shown that along with the primary mental disabilities, there are physical abnormalities such as
facial dysmorphia, shortened palpebral fissures, a smooth philtrum, and a thin border of the upper

Maternal Obesity Induce Offspring with Risk of...
Maternal obesity induce offspring with risk of cardiovascular disease
Introduction:
The rate of obesity for the human population has shown to be increased expeditiously in the past decades. It has continuously raised health concerns
among the world, and is likely to remain in times to come. This phenomenon is primarily due to the lifestyle changes resulting in high–energy intake
coupling with decreased physical activity (Cameron et al. 2003).
Obesity is identified by the high adipose tissue, resulting in the body mass index (BMI) equal to or greater than 30kg/m. The high BMI is responsible
for many cardiovascular diseases (CVD), considered as a major contributing risk factor.
Figure 1. Prevalence of obesity at first prenatal visit ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2006), potentially due to an increased maternal nutrient availability of lipid that alters fetal growth. The outcome is mainly subjected to the high
percentage of body fat rather than lean body mass. This excess weight gain during birth predicts the potential of overweight during childhood, which
increases the risk of adolescent obesity. This finding is consistent with many cohort studies, which also indicate a lower high–density lipoprotein
cholesterol levels, high serum triglyceride and fatty acid levels in offspring leading to the relative high body mass, resulting in a strong association
between maternal BMI and childhood BMI (Gaillard et al. 2014 & Cianni et al. 2005). However, the outcome may partly be associated with lifestyle
and genetic factors.
Diabetes
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are both classified as metabolic syndrome resulted from metabolic dysregulation. Both the obese mothers and the fetuses
have shown a higher serum insulin and glucose concentration, which contribute to the high insulin resistance (Catalano et al. 2009 & Boney et al. 2005).
However, the high exposure to insulin during utero development encourages fat deposition in the utero to serve as an the energy substrate for the utero,
suggests a positive correlation to adiposity, hence, expressing a close association between diabetes and obesity in contributing to the development

Pregnancy: the Effects of Alcohol and Substance Abuse on...
Pregnancy: The Effects of Alcohol and Substance Abuse on Fetal Development
Natalie Fontanella
Liberty University Online
Abstract
This paper examined the effects of alcohol and substance abuse on fetal development in expecting mothers. The critical periods of fetal development
during pregnancy are reviewed and discussed in order to determine the effects alcohol and substance can cause during certain stages. In order to gain a
more efficient understanding of the effects different substances can have on fetal development the following substances were studied: (1) alcohol, (2)
cocaine, (3) opioids, (4) nicotine (smoking), and (5) cannabis sativa (marijuana). Each substance (previously listed) examined was provided with
supporting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
environmental toxins and substances) during this period can cause major defects in the structure of developing organs (i.e. brain cellular structure,
lungs, heart, kidney, and etc.), and other important structures (i.e. bones and muscles). This may result in the death of the fetus or cause severe
physical malformations (i.e. congenital abnormalities) or mental impairments (i.e. disorders) (Office of Children's Health Protection, 2003). As the
stages of prenatal development progress, exposure to environmental toxins and substances can result in the fetus developing an array of defects and
deficiencies that can continue after birth and up through adulthood (i.e. physical, mental, and behavioral) (Office of Children's Health Protection,
2003). It is clear that expecting mothers need to be conscious of what they expose their fetuses to in utero so they develop properly. It is imperative
that expecting mothers avoid the use of any alcohol or other drug substances during their pregnancy. Each period of development for a fetus is critical
and exposure to alcohol and substances can significantly reduce their chance of being born and living a healthy life (Office of Children's Health
Protection, 2003).
The Effects of Different Substances on Fetal Development Expecting mothers need to be cautious of what they expose their growing fetus to
throughout the entire pregnancy. Disruption of proper fetal development can cause severe deformities in the fetus physically, mentally, and

The Unborn Victims Of Violence
When it comes to fetal rights and homicide it is not a new issue in legislative terms. "The Unborn Victims of Violence Act has been vehemently
attacked by pro–abortion groups such as NARAL, Planned Parenthood, and the ACLU. Even though this law deals with acts of violence other than
abortion, the pro–abortion lobby's ideology apparently compels it to deny the very existence of unborn human beings in any area of the law" (The
National Right to Life Committee, 2000). Between pro–life and pro–choice advocates the upper hand in which everyone wants to claim has become a
continuous issue. Over the years the debate in which a fetus is killed by a violent act against a pregnant woman has grown over time, in regards as to
what philosophies there are as to the start of life. In some areas the penalties have grown more significant, viewing them as fetal homicide. Where
others refuse to do anything in which a fetus is recognized as a separate individual, stating that a fetus has no rights. There have been various
arguments to the different sides of the situation in regards to the separation of a woman and her fetus and whether or not it is appropriate to ignore the
harm to the pregnant woman and unborn child. "Those who were allied with these groups, offered "single–victim substitute" proposals. These bills
would have codified the doctrine that a crime against a pregnant woman has only a single victim, while also creating a new federal crime of
"interruption to the normal course of the

Uma Thurman Allusion
In my personal opinion, the grunge and energy obnubilated deep within the lyrics of the revered composition "Uma Thurman" seems to be about an
adolescent man aspiring to one day get together with his celebrity crush Uma Thurman, and how far he would go to enter a relationship with her.
Shown through the lyrics "I can move mountains/I can work a miracle, work a miracle" depicts that the man acknowledges that Uma Thurman is a
truculent and wild woman, and even states that he would accomplish the infeasible to match her extreme vigor and strength.
Furthermore, allusions of the man's excruciating love and commiseration are dotted throughout the song, the puerile gentleman declaring "Oh, oh, keep
you like an oath/May nothing but death do us apart."

Uhl's Anomaly Essay
Abstract Uhl's anomaly, an extremely rare form of heart disease. In 1952, founded by Dr. Uhl after conducting an autopsy on a seven month old
infant. He had founded that there was little to no myocardium in the parietal wall of the right ventricle. Most often resulting in the death of the patient.
Even with the turn of the century and advances in medical science, less than 100 cases has been found since his first discovery. Even in cases that are
found, it is usually misdiagnosed for other heart diseases. Thankfully, with those medical advances, if Uhl's anomaly does exist, it can be more
quickly diagnosed and either save or prolong the life of the patient. Unfortunately, the reasons why it happens and how it can even be prevented is still
unknown to the medical community. More cases will need to be found and more studies will need to be performed in order to understand more about
this very rare disease. Uhl's anomaly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In older children and teenagers, it can be cyanosis, shortness of breath, or syncope. It has been researched that congestive heart failure is most common
with Uhl's anomaly.
Congestive cardiac failure is by far the most frequent symptom. It may be associated with massive peripheral edema or massive pleural effusion leading
to cardiac tamponade. It may rarely mimic other congenital cardiac malformations such as Ebstein's anomaly or functional pulmonary atresia.
Arrhythmias and conduction disturbances are not a predominant feature of Uhl's anomaly, probably due to absence of residual foci to initiate or
transmit anomalous electrical activity. (Gerlis 2003)
Even when these patients are brought in exhibiting these symptoms, due to the rarity of Uhl's anomaly, all other possibilities are researched first. Often
after echocardiography, chest x–rays, and EKG's are done, and treatment is administered, there is usually minimal or no

Nursing Case Study
Polen KN et al.,(47) in an earlier study suggested a relation between prenatal venlafaxine exposure and congenital anomalies as cardiac anomalies and
anencephaly which agreed the findings in the present work. Moreover, a population–based study of more than 2,000 exposed pregnancies was parallel
with the results in the present work and stated that overall maternal use of SSRIs in early pregnancy was associated with a 1.7–fold increased risk of
congenital cardiac malformations. (48)
Another population–based cohort study by Wogelius P. et al., (49) concluded an increased risk of congenital malformations after exposure to SSRIs in
early pregnancy. There was significant increase in the number of children with congenital malformations who was... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The use of SSRI was assessed. They identified 546 fetuses with congenital heart anomalies (519 livebirths, 12 stillbirths, 2 miscarriages, and 13
termination of pregnancy) and of these were 11 exposed to SSRIs in the first trimester of pregnancy. The risk estimates for the association between
SSRIs and respectively Ebstein's anomaly were statistically significant. They concluded that maternal use of SSRIs during first trimester increases the
risk of congenital heart diseases.
Furthermore, a population based cohort study done by Pedersen et al.,(53) agreed with the findings of the present work. There was an increased
prevalence of septal heart defects among children who were exposed in ureto to SSRI.
Another population based study by Colvin et al.,(54) included 123,405 pregnancies from 2002 to 2005. The study results showed an increased risk of
cardiovascular defects and confirmed that in utero exposure to SSRI leads to increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular defects.
A previous cohort study by Vasilakis–Scaramozza(55) disagreed with the result of the present work and suggested that the exposure to tricyclic
antidepressants (TCAs) and SSRIs during the first trimester of pregnancy was not associated with a significant increase of the risk of congenital
anomalies in the offspring of mothers exposed to these drugs. The lack of association between in utero exposure to SSRI and congenital

In-Utero Brain Development Book Report
Having a child for the first time can be overwhelming for a woman. With pregnancy comes an array of unexplained emotions and fears we were
otherwise unaware of. How much should I eat? What should be the optimum body weight to keep my child healthy? How can I ensure that my child is
getting sufficient nutrition?... and the list goes longer and longer each month.
Babies have an active in–utero brain development. The growth rate of a human baby is probably the fastest during the 9 months of pregnancy, the little
one's pre–brain makes out more than 8000 cells per second, it pumps out neurons at the rate of approximately 500,000 cells a minute. To ensure the
proper neural development at this stage, it is crucial to leave the baby alone. During the first half of the pregnancy, the baby grows its neurological
structure at an astonishing rate. Through a process called Synaptogenesis, the baby brain makes over 15,000 neural connections and continues to grow.
During the second half of pregnancy, the fetus starts to grow sensitivity of the world through his semi–developed neural connections. It is at this stage
that they become subject to external influences – they react to sounds and feel the touch. Medina even cited examples where kids could actually
remember their in–utero experiences long after their birth. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are sensitive to their parents', especially the mother's behaviors, thoughts, and perceptions. Pregnant women who are over–stressed often give
birth to offsprings with a genetic vulnerability to emotional responses. Such kids are always on the verge of being stressed and in extreme cases can
also have stark disabilities like Dyslexia or

The Effects Of Sex Hormones On The Development Of...
Abstract
Gender differences have been recorded by researches from single neurons in the cell to system level processes (Cahill 2006), and certain scientists
proposed that sex hormones influence the development of prefrontal cortex, and this is supposed to be the cause of the differences in working memory
performance (Duff & Hampson, 2001). This study further investigated the existence and nature of this gender difference. A sample of 497 Monash
University psychology undergraduates (385 females and 112 males; ages 18 – 64) were recruited for this study. Working memory performance was
tested with online 'spatial working memory ' test, and 2D:4D finger length ratio was used as an indirect measure of sex hormone levels. The results
revealed no sex differences in the working memory performance, but variance in 2D:4D ratio – females had a larger ratio than males. Memory reaction
time was negatively correlated with 2D:4D ratio, thus, females had a quicker reaction time.
Introduction
Differences related to gender in spatial memory are most widely described and studied of cognitive sex differences. In 1974 Maccoby and Jacklin
established that males usually perform better than females in measures of spatial performance, and this discovery has been constantly replicated in
multiple studies covering various developmental stages (McGivern et al. 1997; Lewin et al. 2001) and spatial tasks (Dabbs Jr. et al. 1998; Driscoll et
al. 2005).
While many researches proved the

The Negative Effects Of Marijuana
Throughout a person's life, there are many times, whether on purpose or not, they are exposed to marijuana. Some people will suffer consequences
due to no fault of their own when their mothers consume marijuana while pregnant. Some people will experiment in highschool without knowing the
full consequences, and some people consume daily for a plethora of reasons of their own. In today's day and age, society seems to be focused on
finding positive effects of marijuana to ensure the eventual legalisation of recreational use. With so many people using marijuana as a short term
coping method for pain, anxiety, and illness, it is so important that we educate them of the long term damage they are causing in their body. Marijuana
has the ability to control cell survival, particularly in cells of the central nervous system (Guzman, Sanchez & Galve–Roperh, 2002). When the effects
are sometimes starting in the womb, cell survival is absolutely crucial. Since the long term effects are so detrimental, it is imperative that the public are
educated on the damages that consuming marijuana can have on the body at all stages of life.
Pre–Natal
While many may argue that marijuana has nothing but good side effects, the research on marijuana exposure to babies in utero proves quite the
opposite. The following research shows that gestational exposure to marijuana has extremely destructive effects on the development of the brain. When
marijuana is inhaled during pregnancy, one third of the

Prenatal Stress Research Paper
Rebecca
Prenatal stress is an important topic to me; both our daughters are adopted from the same birth parents. The birth mother was addicted to heroin and
was prescribed suboxone to help her with the addiction. Of course, she became addicted to suboxone, it is considered a wonder drug to combat opiate
addiction. Suboxone is readily available as a street drug. My daughter experienced a great deal of stress in utero, not only from the drugs, but also due
to abusive relationship between the birth mother and the birth father. The birth father beat the birth mother so severely in her 7 month ofpregnancy, the
state moved her to a hospital several hours away as a Jane Doe in order to protect the baby. It is probably the best possible outcome for my
daughter as her health was monitored daily for the last 45 days of gestation. However, she was born addicted and required morphine for the
withdrawals, she was in the NICU for thirty days in Seattle, I was with her during this time. My point to her history is that until the age of two she
startled easily with any loud sound, and to this day if anyone speaks loudly or with an angry tone she becomes upset. Also, if anyone approached her
unexpectedly she would flinch as if shielding herself. According to a 2012 Forbes article stress in utero can lead to ADHD and anxiety disorders. She
has outgrown the flinching and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The birth mother had reduced her daily suboxone intake by 80% however, she was smoking marijuana every couple of hours throughout her
pregnancy, and the relationship between the birth parents had improved to the point that they married. Research regarding the use of marijuana during
pregnancy is not conclusive. However, there is some evidence that marijuana can have and effect cognitively and on memory. Yve was also in the
NICU for almost a month, though she was born seven weeks early and had to still learn how suck, swallow and breathe before she could be

Persuasive Essay On Abortion
Many people believe that women should be able to do what they want with their body, including aborting their unborn child. Abortion is the killing
of an fetus before its live birth. I believe that women should be able to make choices for their body on their own, but aborting a child isn't their
choice because it isn't their body that they are effecting. If women are allowed to abort their unborn child, then why is murder illegal? They both
contain the same principle of taking someone's life, while one is legal and one is not. Taking someone's life should be illegal in all cases. Every year in
America 18.9% of pregnancies are ended by abortion. This means that in 2016, 751,935 children were aborted. In the year 2016, 751,935 children
lost their chance at living. We don't know what those children would have grown up to be and we never will know because they were never given
their fair chance at life. An abortion is the killing of a premature fetus, and if we continue this practice in the United States of America, we are
practicing something that is unconstitutional. In the American Bill of Rights, everyone has the right to live. By having abortion legalized, we are
taking people's right of living. Fetuses in the womb are able to react to stimuli at 10 weeks in utero. This means that there is a very good chance that
the fetuses can feel the pain that is being put upon to them during an abortion. Many forms of legal abortions are done by crushing the skull of the
fetus, and

Zno Nps And Silica Based Nannomaterials : The Human Case...
Nanomaterials including ZnO NPs and silica based nanomaterials can enter the body through different routes via intraperitonial, intravenous,
intradermal, subcutaneous, oral or by inhalation. After entering inside the body, NPs can cause pulmonary toxicity (Kaewamatawong et al., 2006;
Jacobsen et al., 2015), hepatotoxicity (Mansouri et al., 2015; Watson et al., 2015), immunotoxicity (Kim et al., 2014), neurotoxicity (Karmakar et al.,
2014), renal toxicity (Ben–Slama et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2015) and reprotoxicity (Xu et al., 2014). Due to their nanosize range, nanoparticles can
cross the blood–testis and blood–brain barrier, and also have the trans–placental ability (De Jong et al., 2008; Lankveld et al., 2010). After crossing the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
No deaths occurred in the offsprings exposed in utero with 50 or 100 mg/kg BW of ZnO NPs, 100 mg/kg BW of bulk ZnO or even for a high 250
mg/kg BW of MSN. Developing foetuses are more sensitive to the environmental toxins than the adults and it has been reported that many
chemical toxins in the air, water and food can induce pregnancy complications (Korenet al., 1998; Tardiff et al., 2006; Wigle et al., 2008). In the
current study and very importantly no change in the number of litters was observed for any of the nanomaterials tested and that too at any
concentrations. Therefore we can safely say that ZnO NPs, bulk ZnO or very high MSN exposure did not affect the live birth rate compared with
the control. However, miscarriages were observed in the pregnant mice treated with only a single dose of 300 mg/kg BW of ZnO NPs, and we did
not get any live offsprings in this group. Dysfunction of the placenta is related with the miscarriage and fetal growth restriction (Gasperowicz and
Otto, 2008). Our results are indicating that ZnO NPs at higher dose (300 mg/kg BW) can cause adverse effects on the developing fetus, and may
cause placental dysfunction (Table 1). In the present study, gross macroscopic changes were observed in the ZnO NPs exposed offsprings when
compared with the control. No change in the body weights was observed in both treated and non–treated mother mice. Increased testicular weight in the
100 mg/kg BW of ZnO NPs

Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame
Music is another language people use when they want to express their feelings. Whether they are angry or passionate, there is always a melody for that
emotion. It is universal and it brings people together. There are so many amazing artists that have a real influence on this generation and past
generations. Stevie Nicks was born May 26, 1948, in Phoenix, Arizona. She signed with Fleetwood Mac in 1975, becoming an instant sensation, she
also released solo albums. After years of struggling with addiction, Nicks finally recovered her wellbeing and liveliness. Fleetwood Mac reunified in
1997 and welcomed into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998.
Motivating, captivating, innovative, these are some of the words among others that describe the influence Stevie Nicks has had on music and popular
culture. Nicks has continued to charm audiences worldwide with her natural ability to inspire and touch the hearts and minds of fans worldwide. Nicks
' music allows her to reach out to people as if she were their own friend, writing and performing songs with melodies about themes of affection and
suffering. By speaking honestly about her personal hardships, many fans acknowledge Nicks as an encouragement to lifting them to overcome their
own challenges. Nicks ' musical individuality has continued to express her identity to this generation. Throughout her distinctive image and experience
to create and sing wholehearted songs, or using her fame to encourage charitable causes, Nicks

Development Of A Womb Is A Remarkable Period Of Rapid...
Development of a fetus in the womb is a remarkable period of rapid growth and creation for the young life to be. There are a myriad of outside forces
that can influence the advancement of the zygote in its journey from fertilized egg to blastocyst, embryo and fetus. These outside forces can have
profound implications for the mind and body of the young life both immediate and throughout the lifespan. Exposure to these environmental hazards
can come from many different sources, some known and predominantly understood, others are not. These all can lead to vastly different outcomes for
the child while in utero and after birth. To be able to fully understand the mechanics of fetal development, the outside hazards that can influence its
growth... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
FAS is a group of physical and mental defects that develop due to high consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. FAS is typically referenced by three
classes of changes; the appearance of facial features that are prevalent with FAS, such as a thin upper lip, in addition to marked growth deficiency
measured by height and weight measurements at birth compared to national average, and Central Nervous System (CNS) abnormalities. These
disruptions to CNS development are categorized in 3 ways. Structural impairments that can observed and while in utero, Neurological impairments
which can be seen as diagnosable signs such as epilepsy, or soft symptoms such as hearing loss, and functional impairments such as learning disability
or cognitive deficits (Stratton, 1996). These signs and symptoms for FAD are a combination of diagnosable observations that can be found while the
child is in the womb and others such as functional impairments that must be later diagnosed after birth during child development. This broad range of
diagnosable characteristics found with fetal alcohol effects have led to wider term to encompass them all Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders.
FASD is a more broad term referring to the range of effects that an individual can have due to the mother drinking alcohol during pregnancy. This
disorder contains a spectrum of presentations that includes FAD, but also refers to the broader observation of neurodevelopmental disorders

The Effects Of Maternal Alcohol Use On A Fetus
Even though there are many studies that highlight the damaging effects of maternal alcohol use on a fetus in utero, there are a multitude of other
substances that are used by pregnant mothers that have similar and even, in some cases, more extreme repercussions such as marijuana, heroin, and
cocaine. When speaking about pregnancy and drug use, the most common drug that comes to mind is alcohol. During 12 years of schooling, most
people are exposed, at one point or another, to the idea of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and the detrimental effects of alcohol on a fetus in utero. The effects
of maternal use of the aforementioned illicit drugs is less studied, partially because they are used less frequently. It is important, however, that as a
population, we become more educated about these drugs and the potentially life threatening outcomes for babies in utero. Four percent of women in the
United States have reported using drugs during pregnancy (Jutras–Aswad, DiNieri, Harkany, & Hurd, 2009). According to records, marijuana is the
most commonly used drug during pregnancy (Jutras–Aswad et al., 2009). Of the four percent of women who claimed that they used a drug during their
pregnancy, 75% of those individuals labeled marijuana as their drug of choice (Jutras–Aswad et al., 2009). The percentage of users during pregnancy
jumps to 7% when users included the times they used marijuana while breastfeeding (Hayatbakhsh et al., 2011). Genetics plays a role in how maternal
cannabis intake can

The Death Of A Pregnant Woman
When it comes to executing crimes against a pregnant woman, many believe that there should be proof beyond a reasonable doubt that a member of
the Homo sapiens, existed and was carried in the womb before and at the time of the attack. They also believe that there should be proof that the
defendant acted with the criminal malice toward the victim of violence, which pertain to at least one of the federal laws in regards to the different
crimes of violence. As well as, verify that the actions carried by the criminal conduct caused the death of the child in utero. Even the possibility or
even a strong likelihood that the criminal actions caused the death to the child in utero would meet to the law requirements as proof that it was the
cause of the child's death (The Natural Rights to Life Committee, 2004).
Before the Public Law 108–212 was ever put in place, the unborn child was not recognized as a separate victim when involved in violent acts of crime.
As stated before, for years now, many unjust cases in the United States have been brought forth in the fight for the rights of an unborn child to be
recognized as a loss of human life. In turn this has led to many cases being unjustified, as many people have put forth the action to fight for the rights
of the unborn child to be recognized as a loss of human life. In 1989, the Weber versus Roe reproductive health services and the other groups of
pro–choice supporters declared that, "'the life of each human being begins at

Ex Utero Intrapartum Treatment
The ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure is a partial delivery of the fetus with the fetal placental circulation maintained. This allows for
management of the obstructed fetal airway by direct laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy, tracheostomy, or surgical intervention. The EXIT strategy has
converted a potentially catastrophic problem during delivery of the fetus to a controlled environment. There has been about 100 procedures performed
in the US to date. Advances in prenatal diagnosis of fetal congenital malformation of the airway such as fetal neck masses, lung or mediastinal tumors,
congenital high airway obstruction syndrome, conjoined twin separation, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The procedure in the article was
performed

Famine 's Effect On Child Growth And Development : Great...
Famine's Effect on Child Growth and Development: Great Chinese Famine case study
Abstract
The causes of famine are inherently anthropogenic including social unrest, abrupt policy changes, war, and sharp declines in production. These factors,
along with other natural causes form the perfect sequence of events for famine to strike. Aside from plummeting the economy, famine has deep–rooted
consequences for children's growth and development, especially those in their crucial developmental stages, including in–utero. In this paper, I will
discuss the events that led up to the Great Chinese Famine, including the Great Leap Forward economic and social reform movement during the Mao
Zedong era and the consequences this famine had on growth and development, specifically discussing in–utero effects and long–term effects.
Introduction
The Great Leap Forward social and economic reform movement was specifically characterized by a collapse in grain production, and caused
widespread famine in China between 1959 and 1961 (Li and Yang 2005: 840). The Great Leap Forward movement was launched in 1958; the official
newspaper of the Chinese Communist Party, The People's Daily, proclaimed that this social and economic reform movement would allow China to
surpass Great Britain in industrial production in 15 years and the United States in 20 or 30 years (Li and Yang 2005: 841). At this time, the Soviet
Union was heavily involved in the economic development of China. Not only because they were

Nirvana Nevermind Case
This website includes entries about Nirvana from the author Nick Soulsby, who presents evidence in a way in which the reader can come to their
own conclusion and he uses data to analyse and explaining events. The following two charts I thought possessed an interesting way of looking at why
Kurt could have been responsible for holding Nirvana's success back. Pro An interesting and unique angle of looking at Nirvana's journey, shows their
gigs per year since 1988 and how the least productive years being 1992–1994. Which was after the success of 'Nevermind', suggests productivity
seemed to decrease and this could be due to not producing as good an album as 'Nevermind' or Kurt Cobain's struggle with drug addiction. Con The
information is provided... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So after Nevermind in 1991, Kurt's statistics would have been significantly less than the bands and he would have only spent 18 days in the studio.
Because of this, it implies that Kurt could have put a strain on Nirvana's productivity post 'Nevermind'. Con The information is provided with
unverified sources.Pros Excellent resource for an insight behind the scenes of Nirvana's songs. The description of each song is technical, including
methods of technique used in recording the songs eg using a "click–track" on the song "Lithium" , where the music was recorded, producer Butch Vig's
involvement on the successful "Nevermind" album. Cons As detailed and insightful as the article is, exploding with information, it seems the Author
James Jackson Toth has come to his own conclusion as to why these are Nirvana's 10 best songs with no factual evidence. However, upon further
research it is not "All Apologies" which was the most popular track but in fact "Smells Like Teen Spirit" with 2,250,000 sales in

Why Is Manslaughter Wrong
In the AGs refernce (no.3 of 1994), The defendent stabbed his pregnant girlfriend, who was to his knowledge pregnant with his child. However, no
injury to the foetus was detected at the time he stabbed her. He pleaded guilty to the charge of intent of causing grevious bodily harm.
A few weeks after the stabbing and as a result of the stabbing, the woman went into labour and birthed a grossly premature child who was considered
to have only 50% chance of survival. At the time of the birth it was clear that, contrary to earlier belief, the knife had penetrated the foetus and the
child died 121 days later from a lung condition due to its premature birth.
The Defendent was then charged with murder. At trial, the trial judge directed an acquital on the grounds that no conviction for either murder or
manslaughter was possible in law. The attorney generals reference was subsequently filed which challenged the decision... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Provided the defendant intended to stab his pregnant girlfriend, it was not necessary for him to show that his act was likely to injure the person who
died as a result since in this case, the defendant intended to stab the childs mother and that qualifies as an unlawful and dangerous act. It followed that
the requisite mens rea was established and although the child was a foetus at the time, on public policy grounds, it was regarded as falling within that
mens rea when it became a living person. Accordingly, the fact that the childs death was caused solely as a consequence of injury to the mother rather
than an injury to the foetus did not remove any liability for manslaughter provided the jury were satisfied as to causation I.e that it was the appellant
who had caused the death of the

The Effects Of Alcohol From Utero Into Later Life

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