Failure to thrive in neonates and infants + pediatric case.pptx
امراض الخيول الشائعة والانتقالية التي تسبب العدوى
1. Veterinary Morbid Anatomy
Part One
Equine diseases
•Strangles
•Glanders
•Shigellosis
•Epizootic lymphingitis
•Ulcerative lymphingitis
•Equine infectious anemia
•Equine influenza
Dr. Ameer Al-ganabi
Lecture teacher:- Assist. Prof. Dr. Ameer Al-janabi Al-Qasim green university
Practical lecture of Morbid Anatomy / Fourth stage veterinary medicine
3. Pathogenesis:
Infection occurs when susceptible horses come into contact with
feed, exudate, or air droplets containing the bacterium. that
infected penetrating of mucous membranes in the nose and
mouth then infect lymph nodes where they cause abscesses
which may be can eventually rupture. And caused suppurative
rhinitis and lymphadenitis (mandibular and retropharyngeal)
with occasional hematogenous dissemination to internal organs.
In horses, donkey and mules ( special in young horses
Strangles (equine distemper) is a highly contagious bacterial
disease, that infection upper respiratory tract and lymphoid
tissue caused by Streptococcus equi G+ (not normal nasal flora)
.
Strangles الخيل حمى او الخيل خناق مرض
4. Post mortem findings
1- upper airway compression due to retropharyngeal or peritracheal
abscess formation With mucopurulent
2- The term "bastard strangles" is used in cases where hematogenous
dissemination of Streptococcus equi results in metastatic abscesses in
the mesenteric lymph nodes and in different organs as lungs, liver,
spleen, kidneys, brain, or in the joints. This form of strangles is often fata
.
3- Immune-mediated complications include purpura hemorrhagica,
myositis, glomerulonephritis, and myocarditis.
4- Purulent discharge become Solid masses from the guttural pouch
5- Common sequelae to strangles include bronchopneumonia due to
aspiration of nasopharyngeal exudate.
6- purpura hemorrhagica as a result of vasculitis caused by deposition of
Streptococcus equi antigen-antibody complexes in arterioles, venules,
and capillaries of the skin and mucosal membranes.
5. Diagnosis and clinical pathology
Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
• Bacteriology—swab of abscess wall, enlarged lymph node (CULT),
nasal, pharyngeal or guttural pouch swabs, oropharyngeal pus. or lymph
node abscess pus. To detected S. Equi
• PCR of nasal, pharyngeal or guttural pouch swabs. Serology to detect
exposed horses.
• Leukocytosis.
• Hyperfibrinogenemia.
6. Organ: L.N.
Lesion: Hot painful abscesses of the lymph large
swellings on both sides of the throat latch
nodes.
Etiology: Streptococcus equi
Diagnosis: Strangles (equine Distemper)
7. Organ: L.N.
Lesion: Hot painful abscesses of the lymph nodes with guttural
pouch .
Etiology: Streptococcus equi
Diagnosis: Strangles (equine Distemper)
8. Organ: Equine mesenteric lymph node
Lesion: (A) enlargement of L.N due to abscess. (B) a cut in the same
L.N showed white creamy purulent exudates.
Etiology: Streptococcus equi
Diagnosis: Strangles
9. Organ: Brain
Lesion: Abscess in the brain, cross-sectional view.
Etiology: Streptococcus equi
Diagnosis: Strangles (Distemper)
10.
11. Organ: Solid masses from the guttural pouch
Lesion: Purulent discharge can thicken into masses known as
chondroid. This collection was surgically removed from the guttural
pouch of a horse with a chronic infection.
Etiology: Streptococcus equi
Diagnosis: Strangles (Distemper)
12. A human case of strangles (equine distemper) with
skin lesions on neck and neckline showing
numerous scars and less exudative lesion
14. Glanders السقاوة او َامعُّالر
أو
داء
الخيل
is a bacterial disease of horses, donkeys or mules
characterized by lesions in lymph glands, lymph vessels,
respiratory tract and skin.
caused by the bacteria Burkholderia
mallei, (formerly name
Pseudomonas mallei ) a gram-
negative, nonspore-forming,
aerobic coccobacillus.
Transmission :
Ingestion of food and drinking of water contaminated with
secretions and excretions of sick animals.
Wound infection and the respiratory route in acute glanders,
contaminated needles, grooming equipment, urine, nasal
discharges, purulent skin lesions
15. Postmortem findings :
Pulmonary forms and cutaneous forms :-
1. Inflammation of the lymph nodes. The nodes are enlarged,
fibrotic and abscessed with nasal discharge yellowish –green
2. Ulcers in the nasal mucosa like stares , larynx and trachea.
3. Nodules in lungs scattered throughout the lung tissue. These
nodules have greyish centres.
4. Nodules on the skin and in the subacutis that may be
rapture and lead to ulcer with yellowish exudate
5. Necrosis in the internal organs and testicles
20. Organ: skin
Lesion: Lymphadenitis and lymphangitis that has
ulcerated to this horse's skin.
Etiology: Burkholderia mallei
Diagnosis: Glanders (Farcy).
21. Photograph of excised lungs taken from horse intratracheally
inoculated with B. mallei shows necrosis and pulmonary edema.
Diagnosis: Glanders (Farcy).
22.
23. Organs: Trachea, Lung and Nasal
septum.
Lesion:
1. Trachea, showing earliest stage of
glanderous ulceration (hemorrage).
2, Portion of Lung, showing superficial
nodules of glanders.
3. Section of Lung, showing A,
haemorrhagia or earliest perceptible
stage of pulmonary glanders; B,
extended haemorrhage; C, commencing
caseation; D, cavity filled with caseous
matter; E, fibroid degeneration of
nodule.
4 Ulcerated Mucous Membrane of Nasal
Septum.
Etiology: Burkholderia mallei
Diagnosis: Glanders
24. Organ: Lung
Lesion: Microscopic
appearance showing
suppurative broncho
pneumonia with congestion
and emphysema (H and E
Stain)
Etiology: Burkholderia
mallei (earlier Pseudomonas
mallei)
Diagnosis: Glanders
25. Organ:Human, skin.
Lesion: There is extensive ulceration and sloughing of the skin of the
forearm and hand; the underlying tissues are edematous and
hemorrhagic. Ulcers may be connected by lymphatic vessels (“Farcy
pipes”) full of thick purulent exudate.
Etiology: Burkholderia mallei
Diagnosis: Glanders
27. Definition: Acute infectious disease affects neonatal foals (first
days of parturition), and it affects joints and characterized by
suppurative lesions in many visceral organs special kidney .
Etiology: the causative agent of this disease is a bacteria
Actinobacillus equuli, it was named Shigella equuli, it a
negative gram bacilli.
Colonies
of Actinobacillus
equuli subsp. equuli,
strain
Shigellosis
28.
29. Necropsy finding:-
In foals
1- a peracute forms :- septicemia (rapid death directly after parturition), so that
there is no any gross lesions or small lesions lung
2- acute forms the kidneys, it characterized by small abscesses this refers to it
reach via the blood so that it called (emboli shower)
3- sub acute:- Swelling of infected joints, profuse synovial fluid with normal
color but it may mix with blood or with fibrous or purulent exudate. with
Inflammation renal with capsule is easily removed with hemorrhagic intestine.
In adults horse
is rare and usually acts as a secondary bacterial infection
occur in many organs (small abscesses) with polyarthritis with hemorrhagic
intestine.
Diagnosis:
1- Early death (first days after parturition) in foals.
2- Presence of gray foci in the cortex of kidney.
3- Bacterial isolation. PCR. Culture , mother diagnosis from uterine
30. Foal Kidney – multifocal embolic bacterial nephritis
with microabscesses
31. Figure 1. Actinobacillus equuli ssp. equuli valvular endocarditis in a horse.
A. Organized thrombus in the right jugular vein (arrows).
B. Vegetative mass on the right AV valve of the heart (arrow).
C. Unusual hemorrhagic on the small intestinal serosa.
D. Colonic ulceration and edema (arrows).
32. kidney with embolic nephritis resulting from
septicemia caused by Actinobacillus equuli.
Diagnosis: Shigellosis
34. مرض
الرعام او السراجة
الكاذب
Epizootic lymphangitis
it is a chronic, infectious granulomatous disease occur in
1-skin.
2-lymph vessels, and lymph nodes of the neck and legs of horses.
That caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum, a dimorphic fungus known
as Histoplasma farciminosum.
Post mortem findings: -
1. The affected skin and subcutaneous tissue is (thickened, fibrous, and firm).
2. Several purulent foci may be apparent on cut section.
3. Lymphatic vessels are distended with pus. Regional lymph nodes are swollen, soft,
and reddened and may contain purulent foci.
4. Arthritis, periarthritis, and periostitis .
5. The nasal mucosa may have multiple, small gray-white nodules or ulcers with
raised borders and granulating bases.
6. Nodules and abscess may occur in internal organs, including the lungs, spleen,
liver, and testes.
7. A pyogranulomatous reaction with fibroplasia and a predominance of macrophages
is the characteristic histopathological lesion.
37. Organ: Skin (Head)
Lesion: Cutaneous lesions on the face of horse
Etiology: Histoplasma capsulatum variety farciminosum
Diagnosis: Epizootic lymphangitis
38. Organ: Skin
Lesion: There is many ulcerative
lesions on the leg of the horse.
Etiology: Histoplasma capsulatum
variety farciminosum
Diagnosis: Epizootic lymphangitis
43. Ulcerative lymphangitis "Pigeon Fever",
اإللتهاب
الليمفاوي
التقرحي
Definition
Ulcerative lymphangitis is a chronic disease that characterized by
progressive inflammation of the subcutaneous lymphatics,
pustules and ulcers formation. Regional lymph nodes not
affected but it may be slightly enlarged.
Etiology:
Corynebacterium
pseudotuberculosis.
Gram positive, not acid
fast bacilli.
44. Post mortem findings:
1- swelling in one or both hind limbs in the fetlock region
and extending to hock like pigeon breast .
2-The abscesses can reach adiameter of 10 to 20 cm, with a
surrounding area of edema, before they rupture 1 to 4
weeks later.
3- Affected lymphatic vessels are thickened, hard, cords -
like shape, and doughy smooth appearance.
4- Regional lymph nodes not affected but it may be slightly
enlarged.
5-Internal abscesses occur at a variety of sites but
predominantly in the liver and can occur in horses.
45. Ulcerative lymphangitis
Differential diagnosis:
In the differential diagnosis of ulcerative lymphangitis, glanders,
sporotrichosis, pythiosis, mycetoma, epizootic lymphangitis, and
mycobacterial infections should be considered.
Diagnosis:
The definitive diagnosis is based on the history, physical
examination, cytology of impression smears from the skin
abscess, and culture of the exudates. Biopsy of the skin lesions
shows superficial to deep perivascular dermatitis or diffuse
dermatitis.
46. Organ: Skeletal muscle
Lesion: lesion on the breast
muscle showing typical pigeon
breast form of the disease,
with ulcer draining yellowish
white pus.
Etiology: Corynebacterium
pseudotuberculosis
Diagnosis: Ulcerative
lymphangitis
47. Abscesses draining on the ventrum of a horse-caused by
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and the lymphatic
vessels are thickened, hard, cords - like shape.
Diagnosis: Ulcerative lymphangitis
48. external abscesses located in the pectoral region, seen in the picture below.
ulcerative lymphangitis. C. pseudotuberculosis is commonly known as "Pigeon Fever",
49. Lesions of ulcerative lymphangitis in a horse, showing typical pattern of
invasion of the lymphatic vessels affecting the entire forelimbs from
elbows to hooves and head. Note: concentration of lesions round the
mouth commissare
50. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis on the
pectoral muscles of a horse showing typical
“pigeon breast” form of the disease.
Diagnosis: Ulcerative lymphangitis
51. Lesions of ulcerative lymphangitis in a horse, showing
typical pattern of attack on the lymphatic vessels which
may affect the entire limb
54. is caused by equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), that
transmitted by bloodsucking insects and characterized by
fever, anemia, swelling and weight loss
horse-fly
Equine infectious anemia (EIA or Swamp Fever)
Ethology
caused by infectious anemia virus
(EIA) a virus of the Lentivirinae
subfamily (Retroviridae family)
which is closed to the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
55. NECROPSY FINDINGS
In the acute stages
may be subcutaneous edema, jaundice, and petechial or
ecchymotic subserosal hemorrhages.
enlargement of the liver, spleen, and local lymph nodes.
The bone marrow is reddened as a result of increased
amounts of hematopoietic tissue and may contain focal
infarcts.
In the chronic stages
emaciation and pallor of tissues are often the only gross
findings.
Heart muscle is pale, flabby and friable.
56. Histologic examination
Is helpful in the diagnosis, even in asymptomatic chronic
carriers. Characteristic lesions include hemosiderosis,
perivascular infiltrates of round cells in many organs, and an
extensive proliferation of the mononuclear phagocytic cells
throughout the body.
Glomerulitis, probably caused by the deposition of virus–
antibody complexes on the glomerular epithelium, may be
present.
Lesions in the brain are a lymphohistiocytic periventricular
leukoencephalitis. Lesions of interstitial pneumonia are
common in horses with EIA.39 Culture of this virus is time-
consuming, and the diagnosis is usually confirmed on the basis
of a positive serologic test and typical microscopic lesions.
57.
58.
59. Organ: Horse, heart.
Lesion: Pale cardiac muscle,
focal white areas of
myocardial degeneration, and
reddened hemorrhagic areas
(possible hypoxia during
death).
Etiology: equine infectious
anemia virus (EIAV),
Diagnosis: Equine infectious
anemia
60. Organ: Bone (Horse)
Lesion: Replacement of bone
marrow fat with dark red
hemopoietic tissue (erythroid
hyperplasia).
Etiology: equine infectious
anemia virus (EIAV),
Diagnosis: Equine infectious
anemia
61. Organ: Liver (Horse)
Lesion: Enlarged grey red liver showing lobular pattern and hemorrhage under the
capsule.
Etiology: Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV).
Diagnosis: Equine infectious anemia
63. Equine Influenza (EI) is a highly contagious
respiratory disease of horses, donkeys and mules
and other equidae it is rarely fatal. Outbreaks of
equine influenza are characterized by a sudden
onset and rapid spread of disease. The disease has
been recorded throughout history, and when horses
were the main draft animals.
Etiology: EI is caused by two
subtypes of influenza A viruses:
H7N7 and H3N8, of the family
Orthomyxoviridae. They are
related to but distinct from the
viruses that cause human and
avian influenza.
65. Section of trachea from horse 18 (a 10 day-old foal) showing subacute
proliferative tracheitis with loss of cilia, individual epithelial cell
necrosis, epithelial hyperplasia and light lymphocytic infiltrate (¥400;
H&E).
66. Samples for Postmortem
Confirmation of Diagnosis
• Nasal swabs in viral transport media, and sections
of lung and trachea should be submitted for virus
isolation or demonstration by fluorescent antibody
or PCR testing.
• Formalin-fixed nasopharynx, trachea, and lung
should be submitted for light microscopic
examination.
