souvenir AUP, Patna.pdf

Association of Unani Physicians, Bihar
13th
March, 2022
ONCON-22
ONCON-22
ONCON-22
ONCON-22
ONCON-22
ONCON-22
Auditorium Hall
Indira Gandhi Science Complex -Planetarium
(Taramandal) Patna
SOUVENIR
AUP Bihar
An integrative approach in cancer management

DR. ARVIND KUMAR
DR. ARVIND KUMAR
DR. ARVIND KUMAR
DM (Medical Oncology, AIIMS, Delhi)
MD (Medical – PMCH, Patna)
Consultant Hemato - Oncologist/Oncologist
Specialist In Hematological Malignancy, Solid Tumor,
HSCT/Bone Marrow Transplant
Dr. Arvind Kumar
Dr. Arvind Kumar has accomplished DM in
has accomplished DM in
Medical Oncology from AIIMS, New Delhi.
He is the ﬁrst DM in Medical Oncology in
Bihar who returned to his na ve state a er
comple ng his DM degree. He has the experience
of more than 12 years in the ﬁeld of Medical
Oncology with elaborate experience in trea ng
Dr. Arvind Kumar has accomplished DM in
all types of cancer pa ents.
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Email : buddhacancerpatna@gmail.com
Website: buddhacancercentre.com
https://www.facebook.com/Buddhacancercentre
Mob : 9470000258
8210559809
7361877980

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF UNANI MEDICINE
ि◌◌ो翿 ◌ीगे पा या
मगा ◌ी म न रो, बगलू -560 091 / Kottigepalya, Magadi Main Road, Bangalore – 560 091
(आयुष मं翿 ◌ालय
, भारत स रार ि◌◌ेअधीन िए वाय翿 सं थान)
(An Autonomous Body under Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India)
Email:nium.academic@yahoo.com Tel: 080-23584260
esttnium@yahoo.com Fax :080 -23584180
Message
It gives me pleasure to know that Association of Unani Physicians (AUP), Bihar is going
to organise a one- day seminar ONCON-22 (An integrative approach in cancer management) on
13th March, 2022 at Patna.
The theme of the seminar seems to be interesting and relevant reﬂecting the vision of the
organizers. Life style disorders are major concern for medical science. Cancer, one of most
dreaded diseases, is thought to be life threatening and non-curable. The risk of developing certain
cancers can be reduced by maintaining a healthy life style. Early detection through screening is
useful for certain cancers. The chance of survival depends on the type of cancer and extent of
disease. Organizing regular awareness programs, seminars and workshops on cancer will keep
the physicians, especially Unani physicians and academia updated. It is also need of the time to
highlight Unani Medicine to make the modern scientiﬁc community aware of the treasure of the
system.
I hope that the seminar will surely help in informing people about the real spirit of Unani
Medicine. I extend my best wishes to the organizers and see this event a grand success.
(Prof. Abdul Wadud)
Director
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(Prof. Suleman Ahmad)
Message
I am happy to share my best wishes for Association of Unani Physicians, Bihar who is
going to organise a seminar ONCON -22 (An integrative approach in cancer management) on
13th March 2022, and organisation is also going to publish a souvenir on this occasion.We feel
that Unani doctors have potential to organise such a great event and successful seminar. As I
know that, AUP is continuously working for the right of Unani doctorswhich they have proven
in last decade. They are also promoting the system and this seminar and publication of souvenir
is one the part of it.
Topic of this seminar is most important in today’s scenario. Cancer is spreading
continuously and there is no aw areness regarding cancer and its initial symptom among the
Unani doctor as well. I hope that this integrated programme will be successful to achieve their
goal. I appreciate their nature of work; my best wishes are always with you.
Principal, SUMCH, Darbhanga
06.03.2022

Dr. Md. Shafat Karim
BUMS (Pat), MD (NIUM, Bangalore)
Assist Professor, GTCH, Patna
Programme President Cum Secretary,
Assalam o Alaikum,
Bihar who were think for the need of any working and lively organisation.
In the name of almighty ALLAH, the most beneficent and most merciful. By the grace of
ALLAH we have travelled almost ten (10) years. In these long ways first time we are publishing
a documentary proof in the form of souvenir, that's why I am trying to conclude the root factors
of initiation of this organisation and also want to reveal the name of thinkers of Unani doctors in
It was early 2012 were thinkers of our system were organise themselves and tried to unite on a
th
common issue. To achieve this goal organise a CME programme in 12 February 2012 under the
banner of well-known Unani doctors organisation of India to celebrate World Unani Day. On the
same day we announces for the need of an independent organisation of Unani doctors in Bihar.
th
After that a meeting announced at New Hostel GTCH, Rajendra Nagar, Patna on 26 August
2012. In this meeting we decided to go for new organisation with name as “Association of
Unani Physicians”. In this first official meeting Dr Md Khursid Alam Ansari was nominated as
president, Dr Wasimul Haque was nominated as vice president, myself Dr Md Shafat Karim
were nominated as secretary, Dr Md Wasim was nominated as joint secretary and Dr Shahzad
Raza was nominated as treasurer. Beside the nominated members Dr Abdul Ali Qadri, Dr
Mahfooz Alam, Dr Ghazali Anwer Hilal and some hostel students were participants.
Officially association of Unani Physician was formed and without registration it was working
for the promotion of the system. For the first time organisation was organised a CME
th
programme on 05 May 2013. Then after this types programme on small scale becomes a part of
it. In 2021 finally this organisation registered under society act. At the time of registration of
Association of Unani Physicians, core members was as follows- Dr Khursid Alam Ansari was
President, Myself Dr Md Shafat Karim was Secretary, Dr Abdullah Ansari was Treasurer and Dr
Wasim Firoz, Dr Shahnaz Bano, Dr Mamta Bharti, Dr Khlid Eqbal, Dr Shakir Saaba and Dr
It is important to share the goal of association, because it was formed especially to achieve the
disparity of our participation in government which was 30%. Dear friends, with my humble write
up I want to share that, till now we didn't achieved it, even we did not trying properly. But we are
always raising voice against the discrimination at departmental level or through print as well as
social media platform. More than three times state health society Bihar was announced certain
post for district coordinator and the knowingly or unknowingly omitted the BUMS from the
criteria. Association raise the voice and reported in SHS Bihar for the discrimination, resulting
they included us. In 2018 central government was created a post of Community Health Officer
and GNM and BAMS was included in basic qualification while BUMS and BHMS were omitted.
Tausif Ahmad Khan were core members.

(Dr Md Shafat Karim)
Association tried to solve this issue at departmental level and failed, finally we decide to go
through judiciary and we win this case. Unfortunately government appealed in second
bench and this matter is in judiciary till now. BUMS doctors from Bihar recently crossed
through a counselling for the post of Unani Medical Officer and Ayush Physician (Unani). I
want to pay your attention that, in 672 post almost 124 post is reserved for SC and ST
candidates and this will remain vacant (except one). Association is trying to de-reserve the
seats in proper manner. We have submitted our queries in department and we will go ahead.
We raised the demand of three new Unani Medical Colleges in Bihar, as you know that there
is only one Government Unani Medical College in Bihar which was established before
Dear friends, besides the protecting our rights, we are promoting the system by Seminar,
Workshop, CME, Health Camps. Now a day we also are planning for publishing
monthly/quarterly Unani journal. In near future we have planned to establish indoor
hospitals and also training centres for attar (person for compounding and dispensing the
drugs at clinic). In far future we will establish Unani Medical Colleges and research and
You should dream, it is dreaming that motivates and prepares you to strive towards fulfilling
that dream. The planning for the future that we have described is a dream as long as we do not
Hon,ble dignitaries, colleagues and dear juniors, It is time for me to express my immense
pleasure to our fraternity that the Association of Unani Physicians Bihar has set a benchmark
with this National Seminar entitled "ONCON-22". None of our medical institutes or
organizations has even talked about this topic at this level. This is a broad topic and needs
constant and integrated discussion. Today we have laid the groundwork for this debate and
Before concluding, I would like to thank Sri Mangal Pandey Sir, Hon'ble Minister of Health,
Government of Bihar for his valuable time. I pay my thanks to Sri Maheshwar Hazari Sir,
Deputy Speaker of Bihar. I also extend my thanks to Dr Shamim Ahmad Sir, MLA, Bihar for
I am grateful to Dr. Tanveer Majeed Sahib, Scholar and Cancer Specialist of Allopathy, Dr.
Arvind Kumar and Dr. Riaz Sahib, with whose technical help we were able to make this
program better and better. I would like to thank our teacher and HoD Dept of Kulliyat,
NIUM Bangalore Professor Mohd Zulkifle Sir, who has delivered a scientific lecture which
reveals the basics of the cancer. I congratulate my dear friend Dr. Anzar Ahmed and thank
him that his research work will be fruitful for the mankind. Any programme can't be
successful without the selfless organising team. I am feeling proud to be a part of this
organising committee. It is impossible to share their contribution in words, that's why in last
word I am speechless.
his presence and encouragement.
struggle to find it.
development department.
independence (in 1926).
hope that this seed will one day become a strong tree.

Dr. Khalid Eqbal
BUMS (Pat), MD (LUMC&H, Bijapur)
Assistant Professor, SUMCH&RC, Chakia
Programme Secretary
Honorable Guests, Dear Delegates, Ladies, and Gentlemen, It is indeed a graceful moment for AUP, Bihar,
and all of us. On the Occasion of 6th World Unani Day Association of Unani Physicians Bihar organized seminar
ONCON-22 here at Indira Gandhi Science Complex-Planetarium Patna (Tara Mandal Patna). I am immensely
pleased to extend a very warm welcome to you all on behalf of the members of the organizing committee. We are
Before we begin with the rest of the program, let me take this opportunity to assure you that we have taken utmost
care of the arrangements for your visit. We trust that you would be kind in ignoring the gap in the level of
arrangements if any. Hence we would be glad to do the best in our capacity to make your stay more and more
.
We are privileged to have all very erudite speakers amongst us. We look forward to their sessions where they will
share their experiences and knowledge about the medical world and enlighten us all I extend my warm felicitation to
.
Gentlemen, I must extend my gratitude to the people without whom it was difficult to organize this conference. I
would like to thank the members of the organizing committee led by Dr. Md Shafat Karim, who was always
forthcoming with their advice on various aspects of the conference and helped us bring together the distinguished
speakers Prof. Mohd. Zulkifle, Dr Arvind Kumar Dr. Rayaz Ahmed, Dr. Tanveer Abdul Majeed, Dr. Md. Anzar
Text end a very special thanks to pharmaceutical companies who have always walked alongside and have played an
important role in making such conferences a big success. Their enthusiasm and participation are really
commendable without which see the success story to be incomplete. My sincere thanks to all the representatives
.
Before closing, I should not forget to mention the name of Dr. Abdullah Ansari for his long association with me
involving himself in each exercise whole heartedly. At last, I thank Dr. Md. Khurshid Alam Ansari (President AUP,
Bihar) Dr. Abdul Ali Qadri, Dr. Sajid Alam, Dr. Masuma Zaki, Dr. Shaista Bano, Dr. Sultana Anjum, Dr. Md
Reyazuddin, Dr. Afsar Ahmad, And Dr. Waish Ahmad for their efforts in publishing Souvenir, Wish you a delightful
comfortable so that you can enjoy the conference
grateful to you for taking out your precious time and gracing us with your presence.
them, which will allow you to relax and unwind
Alam.
from Press & Media for always being there in this journey
participation and enriching stay.
(Dr. Khalid Eqbal)

Dr Abdullah Ansari
BUMS (Pat)
Medical Officer, Govt of Bihar
Programme Coordinator cum Treasurer,
I, on behalf of myself and members of organizing committee of ONCON-22 welcome all
delegates & friends to the historic city Azimabad and capital of Bihar (Patna), Organised by
Association of Unani Physician Bihar occasion on 6th World Unani day. I hope you all will
always memory of this conference for long time to come for its academic content and hospitality.
Today the Unani medical profession is standing at a cross road. On the one hand the issues like
Unani Medical Mal-Practice and negligence is taking its toll and on the other the different
draconian law by the Government is putting pressure on the (AYUSH)Unani medical profession
and the doctors have to balance between the two and serve the society to the best of his/her
capacity. While most of the problems seem related to changing societal norms, some of them
stem from our failures also, of course inadvertently. We need to examine our patients with
respect; compassion and empathy which can take care of most of the existing problems. I request
all the delegates to think over these problems and apply the remedial measures.
I thank Speakers Prof. (Hkm) Zulkifle, Dr. Arvind Kumar, Dr. Reyaz Ahmad ,Dr. Tanweer Abdul
Majeed ,Dr. Anzar Alam in this conference. I also thank Dr. Khurshid Alam, Dr.Shafat Karim,
Dr.Khalid Eqbal, and all Committee members for their active co-operation and participation.
Thanking you, Jai Hind.
(Dr.Abdullah Ansari)

Chief Editor: Dr Md Khursid Alam Ansari
MD (Unani),MBA (Health Care Services), MO, Govt. of Bihar
Editorial Board:
Dr. Masuma Zaki, MD (Unani),Ex Faculty, Luqman Unani Medical College, Bijapur.
Dr. Shaista Bano, MD (Unani), Research Officer, RRIUM, Patna, Bihar
Dr. Sana Kausar Ateeque Ahmed, MD (Unani), Assist. Professor, Al-Amin Unani
Medical College, Malegoan, Maharastra.
Dr. Sultana Anjum, MD (Unani), MO, Govt. of Bihar,
Dr. Sajid Alam, MD (Unani), Assist. Professor, SUMCHRC, Chakia, Motihari, Bihar
Dr. Waish Ahmad, MD (Pursuing)
Programme President
Dr. Md. Shafat Karim
Assist. Prof, GTCH, Patna -9852560980
Programme Secretary
Dr. Khalid Eqbal
Assist. Prof., SUMCH&RC, Chakiya East Champran-8789285025
Coordinator
Dr. Abdullah Ansari
MO (Unani), Govt. of Bihar -9431458122
Dr. Khwaja Ehtesham, Ex MO, Govt. of Bihar
Dr. Shabistan Fatma Taiyabi, MO, Govt. of Bihar
Dr. Sarwar Khan, Deputy Team Lead Capacity Building, Care India.
Dr. Wasim Firoz, MO, Govt. of Bihar
Dr. Wasimul Haque, MO, Govt. of Bihar
Dr. Zafar Eqbal, MO, Govt. of Jharkhand
Chief Patron
Prof. TabrezAkhtar
Principal, GTCH, Patna
Patron
Dr. Abdul Ali Qadri, MO, Govt. Bihar
Advisors
Coordination Committee
Chairman
Dr. Tausif Ahmad Khan-9939937092
Co-Chairman
Dr. Zahid Eqbal-9031289964
College Coordinators
Asadul Bari-6202265623
Md Fazinullah- 9852464262
Dr. Humayu Nasim-8271793786
Abu Obaidah-9939531243
Dr. Shakir Saba-9709905345
:
:
:
:
:
GTCH, Patna-
ZHUMCH, Siwan-
NUMCH, Gaya-
SUMCHRC, Chakia-
SUMCH, Darbhanga-
Organising Committee
Souvenir Committee
AUP Bihar
Facilitation Committee
Chairman :
Co-Chairman: Dr. Kausar Ali, Ali Monazir
Nehal Ashraf, Mobashir Ghayas
Md Sahil, Adil Bedar
Dr. Samiullah-9905948110
Media & Publication Committee
Chairman :
Co-Chairman: Dr. Asif Eqbal, Md Moshahid
Md Ahmad Raza, Irfan Ahmad
Kaif Alam, Shahbaz Alam
Md Atiullah, Niyaz Ahmad
Dr. Afsar Ahmad-9006953239
Chairman :
Co-Chairman:
Dr Mohd. Masroor Hasan- 9973157582
Dr. Tauhid Alam, Dr. Md ShamimAkhtar, Md. Nadeem, Md. Nafis Ansari,
Md. Sarfaraz Alam, Altamash Siddiqui, Shagufa Mumtaz, Shaista Perween
Reception Committee

1. Editor's Musings (Editor in chief )
2. Approach And Possibilities Of Cancer Management In Usm
3. Surgical Oncology in ancient Greek and Rome: A Historical Review
4. The Teaching of Cornealius Celsus about Cancer
5. Humoral Theory of Cancer: A Review
6. Concept of Cancer in Unani: An Analytical Corroboration
7. Concept of Cancer Metastasis based on Humoral theory
8. Preventive Strategies of Sartan-e-Sadi (Breast Cancer) and its Management in Unani System
of Medicine
9. Cancer and Unani System of Medicine
10. Cause of Cancer Based on Humoral Theory – A Review
11. Determinants of Patients' Preferences for Unani Medicine as an Adjuvant Therapy in Cancer:
A Critical Analysis
12. Deterring Cancer: Self-examination & Early diagnosis are so Climacteric
13. Review on Unani concept of Cancer
14. Concept of Sartan and Role of Unani Medicine in the Management of Basal Cell Carcinoma:
A Review
15. Correlation of Psoriasis with Cancer
16. Sartan-al-rahim (Endometrial carcinoma) - A Review
17. Role of Unani Medicine in the Management of Sartan Mi'dah (Stomach Cancer): A Review
18. Cause of Cancer in Aspect of Humoral Theory
19. Role of Asbab Sitta Zarooriya in Cancer Prevention
20. Anti-Cancer drugs used by Ancient Unani Scholars and Recent Researches: A Review
21. Munzij and Mushil Therapy: A Hope for Cancer Management
22. Need of scientific validation of anti-cancer drugs mentioned in Unani classical literature: A
Review
23. Role of Nigella Sativa in Prevention of Cancer
24. Filfil siyah (Piper nigrum Linn.): A Potent Anti-cancerous Drug
25. Effects of Curcuma Longa In Cancer Patients: A Review
26. Majoon Najah A Classical Unani Formulation for Melencholic Diseases - A Scope of
Research For Cancer Treatment
27. Cancer Preventing Food
28. The beginning of End of Cancer
29. Blood cancer and blood-related disease have the most curable potential, if treated timely
30. Cancer and its Management in Unani Medicine-An Appraisal
31. ‫ﻋﻼج‬ ‫آﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﮐﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﯿﻨﺴﺮ‬
32. General Information about Cancer
33. Possibilities and need of Integrative approach in cancer management in present scenario
AUP Bihar Souvenir Page No. 01
Contents

Editor in chief
The Association of Unani Physicians (AUP), Bihar has been organizing several events centered on
academic activities and welfare issues of Unani physicians since 2012. All along, these events have
been an abundant source of knowledge and have aided the participants in enhancing their clinical
skills as well. One of the events in this series is ONCON-22 (An Integrative Approach in Cancer
Management). The whole world perceives that in the last couple of years, COVID-19 is the biggest
killer of humans. However, the association of comorbidities like non-communicable diseases
(NCDs) with COVID-19 augmented the mortality rate and has had a detrimental effect on global
healthcare systems, with a ripple effect on every aspect of human life. Yet, the prevalence of non-
communicable diseases (NCDs) has increased manifold lately. Likewise, India is facing the rising
burden of NCDs, including cancer too. Several hypotheses, including out-of-whack lifestyles,
changing climatic conditions, and an aging population, explain the rising prevalence of NCDs. I am
not denying these facts, but then there are further reasons behind them. It is a well-known fact that
diet, drink, regimen, and environmental conditions all play a role in health and disease. Not only our
environment, air, and water reservoirs, but the cultivating lands too are polluted with a number of
toxic chemicals. Some of the key reasons are: Several types of pesticides, fertilizers, and even
hormones are being used in the cultivation process. Use of a variety of hazardous chemicals by
vendors for the coloring and coating of fruit and vegetables to make them attractive. Also, reputed
companies add several types of preservatives, coloring chemicals, etc., not merely to the raw foods
water in some areas of Patna is 10 times higher than the WHO permissible limit,
and health agencies have noticed that fish in Patna was polluted. In these
circumstances, the display of the warning "Tobacco causes cancer" on packets of Cigarettes is not
enough for the prevention of cancer. So, the biggest challenge to control the NCDs is meeting the
demand for essential commodities in general and dietary substances in particular, and the
liability of Dalak (massage), Riyazat (exercise), and Yoga will be better to amuse.
The AUP Bihar is moving one step forward in the management and control of cancer. For this
program, we have invited a number of prominent scholars of Unani medicine and eminent cancer
specialists from different parts of the country to convey their orations. We are confident that, Insha
Allah, the program will be beneficial to the delegates and truants afterward through souvenirs. We
feel glad to inform you that the publication of the souvenir was aimed at assembling the literature on
cancer from the innumerable treatises of Unani medicine for more advanced research. We have
invited the research-directed narrative on the subject with full intent, so the following 12 topics have
Editor's Musings
but the processed foods too. When it comes to our territory, the amount of arsenic in drinking

5. Unaniconceptofcancermetastasis.
6. Theories oftumor formationwithreferencestohumoral theory.
7. Malignanttumors aredescribedinGreek-Arabicliteratureofmedicine.
8. SurgicaltreatmentofcancerisdescribedintheliteratureofUnani medicine.
9. Unanimedicinecanbeused as adjuvanttherapyincancertreatment.
10. DiagnostictoolsforcancerbyUnanaimedicine.
11. Cancersusceptibletemperament.
12. Drugs used incancertreatmentbyUnanischolar
At short notice, we received several thoughts, ideas, and abstracts, but most of the abstracts were
received on Doomsday. I take this opportunity to appreciate the entire editorial team for their technical
assistance. In particular, I am extremely thankful to Dr. Shaisata Bano, Dr. Sana Kauser Ateeque Ahmed,
Dr. Sultana Anjum, Dr. Masuma Zaki, and Dr. Md. Sazid. I sincerely apologize to many of the abstract
writers whose abstracts I could not include in the souvenir due to late submission or similarity of contents
withothers.
This program is not possible merely by one person but due to the collective eﬀort of many individuals. I
thank all of them. In particular, I appreciate Dr. Tausif Ahmad Khan, Dr. Khalid Eqbal (Program
Secretary), and, Dr.AbdullahAnsari (Coordinator). I congratulate Dr. Shafat Karim, Secretary,AUP, for
playing a vital role. I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Arvind Kumar, Director, Buddha
Cancer Centre, Patna, for providing the entire technical support. He is the pioneer of medical oncology
in Bihar. Finally, I would like to thank all those people who are involved in the organization of the
program and functioningofAUP,Bihar.
Dr. Md. Khursid Alam Ansari
Editor in chief.
Souvenir Committee
1.Cause of cancers based on humoral theory.
2.Understanding of viral and chemical carcinogens on the basis of humoral theory.
3.Role of Asbabe sittaz zrooria in Cancer prevention.
4.The Unani drugs and regimen can reduce cancer-associated complications.
been mentioned for the call for abstracts:

Dr.Mohammad Zulkifle,
Professor Dept. of Kulliyat
National Institute of Unani Medicine, Banglore.
Approach And Possibilities of Cancer Management in USM
Cancer has been existing since the prehistoric era. In the recent past, due to the availability of modern
diagnostic facilities, increased health concerns and health care facilities prevalence as well as
incidence of cancer has increased many folds. Cancer has always been considered as a fatal disease
or difficult to treat. The main reason behind this is its uncertain aetiology. As it is a well-known fact
that treatment modalities are always focused on aetiology, and a definite etiology of cancer is yet to
be established. WHO has included cancer in NCDs and itself cancer is a major threat to society and a
major burden on health care facilities. So many researchers and pharma companies are engaged in
finding the solution of cancer and its related ailments and suffering. No doubt cancer is a
multifactorial disease, and its roots are spread from oncogene to environmental assaults. Interaction
between carcinogens and oncogene explain the genesis of cancer up to a certain extent. Another set
of genes that prevent the occurrence of cancer has also been discovered. This gene family suppresses
the oncogene expression. Imbalance in favor of oncogene expression, somehow, is considered as
causative. Environmental assaults are cuprite to shift the balance in favor of oncogene. These
environmental agents called carcinogens have the capability to suppress the antioncogene family or
promote or activate the oncogene. The natural killer cell of the immune system is preprogrammed to
destroy the mutant cells. NK cells continuously eliminate the cells with viral infection or with
anaplastic potential. Failure or slowing of this function has also been postulated as causative of
cancer. Carcinogens or toxins do not spread uniformly throughout the body, rather they concentrate
in some organs which are affected most. For example, smoke affects the lungs in the worst way.
Hormones also culprits for the genesis of some cancers. The focus is now shifting towards
autoimmune phenomenon as causation of cancer. So many cancer-causing factors are there and
almost everyone is expected to expose, more or less, to anyone. Susceptibility and duration of
exposure determine the outcome. The strength of the cause and duration of exposure together are
Hippocrates released the medicine from the divine and supernatural domain and postulated that
diseases are caused because of matter. This postulation revolutionized the medical approach and
treatment. Initially, treatments were based on specific worship and to the physicians who were
the priest of temples and churches. Long ago Greek people were of the belief that snake licking
cured some diseases if the patient was allowed to sleep in the Asclepius temple. Hippocrates
adopted the theory of four humours and described the diseases, health, treatment, and prevention
on the basis of eukrasia and dyscrasia of humours. Humours are body fluids derived from the
ingested diet, circulate in vessels, and provide nutrition and replenishment to the body and its
various parts. Basically, humours are four in numbers and classified as name according to color
into Blood, phlegm, bile, and atrabile/ black bile. Compositional and proportional balance in
humours are responsible for health and their dyscraisa results in diseases. Every humour is
associated with a distinguished temperament. Actually, it is the temperament that is responsible
for the properties and normal functioning of humours. Any deviation or alterations in
composition and proportion or in both result in disease. The diseases which are due to
accumulation or to an association of humours or matter are called diseases with the matter. The
accumulated matter may impart its own abnormal temperament to the feed
more important from the preventive viewpoint.

organ or to the organ in which it accumulates. This abnormal temperament is called abnormal
temperament with matter and so named as sanguineous, bilious, phlegmatic, or atrabilious diseases.The
most viscous and heavy/earthy is black bile. Due to its high viscosity and compactness, it is not easy to
dissolute it. Black bile may be abnormal due to its precursor diet, due to abnormality of processing
organ-digestive tract, or due to the influence of external factors like occupation, season. Amongst
external factors most important are six essential factors and non-essential beneficial and harmful
factors. Non-essential beneficial or harmful factors are practiced or adopted; they are not of survival
value like essential factors. It is emphasized that six essential factors are health imparting only till they
are as they ought to be as described. For purity of air, water, balanced diet, moderate exercise, and mental
work, andproperevacuationofwastes.
In Unani medicine causation of diseases is attributed, more or less to the wrong practice of essential and
non-essential factors. Black bile is synthesized in the liver from a diet under the influence of excessive
heat or cold. Abnormal black bile may also derive from other humours when they are subjected to
excessive heat. This heat dissolute all the volatile components leaving behind earthy materials. The
abnormal humours disturb the temperament of the organ which gets nutrition from this or in which it is
pent up. This accumulation of humours leads to swelling and black bile is viscous, compact and earthy,
hence swelling is hard. This hard swelling which arises due to the accumulation of black bile is called as
cancerous swelling. It may be because of excess normal bile then it is called saiqroos and it is not too
dangerous as it does not harm the adjacent structures and is usually enveloped. Contrary to this atrabile
derived from bilious humours is highly irritant and hot, thus it destroys the organ n which it accumulates
and usually causes ulceration. Vessels spreading from this are full of morbid matters as they look like
feetofcrab,hencecalledcancer.
Black bile is viscous and coldest of all humours. After acquiring morbid heat, it becomes highly
destructive for tissue. Atrabile derived from the burning of bile is more dangerous. Because of its
extreme properties, it does not accept the influence of physis and hence, is not concocted and eliminated.
Then it spread in the body and accumulates in susceptible tissue where it may penetrate into the
parenchyma of the organ or may accumulate in the interstitium. In either condition, it results in swelling.
Because of the viscous and compact nature of black bile, the swelling is firm on palpation. Depending on
the nature of accumulated black bole, swelling may be because of excess black bole, disposed towards
susceptible or spacious organs. This swelling is not fatal and does not interfere much with functions are
called saqiroos. Atrabile derived from the burning of bile or black bile itself, is too toxic and irritant,
hence it destroys the tissue and overlaying skin ulcerate.Tumorous and ulcerative forms of cancer result
from different causative materials. The following factors are the risk factors responsible for the genesis
andactivationof blackbile/atrabile.
1) Malnutrition.
2) Anxiety.
3) Consumptionof hotdietanddrugs.
4) Anger.
5) Obstruction.
6) Putrefaction.

7) Exposuretohotanddryconditions.
8) Use ofsaltedwaterfor bathing.
9) Starvation.
These factors have their summative effect in causing cancer. Site prediction can be made only in certain
cases. For example, impurity and hotness of air may cause throat, bronchial, and lung cancers. Exposure
to a hot environment may cause skin cancers. Excessive anger, anxiety, and tension may cause other
visceral tumours. From the brief description of aetiology is clearer as compared to modern medicine.
Aetiology and pathogenesis are more elaborated in Unani medicine, hence, preventive and treatment
modalities are more comprehensive and theoretically would be more effective. Treatment is difficult
and, in some cases, impossible. This is because of viscous nature and compactness of the disease-
causing matter i.e., black bile. The treatment principle mainly focussed on the elimination of disease-
causing matter from the body and to prevent the genesis of black bile by avoiding black bile generating
diet and other factors responsible. The practice of six essential factors in a moderate way can prevent the
occurrence of cancer. In spite of all these Hippocrates has said that treatment of cancer is not easy but it
can be prevented and should be prevented by eliminating and calming the bile and black bile. For this
certain dietary and herbal formulations are suggested which can help to prevent cancer. These are barley
water and Sikanjabeen. Restricted intake of dietary substances which are the substrate for the genesis of
blackbilelikebrinjal,masoordal,toordal,ladies'finger,paneer,etc.

Cancer is a documented disease throughout recorded history. The earliest evidence of malignant
metastatic disease is traced in fossilized duck-billed dinosaurs (cretaceous hadrosaurs), which lived
about 70 million years ago by fluoroscopy and computerized tomography (C.T). The earliest
description of cancer is found in the Edwin Smith Papyrus dated back to about 3000BC. There were
8case of tumors or ulcers of the breast that were treated or excised by cauterization technique by the
equipment called the fire drill but mentioned writing about the disease also says that "there is no
Hippocrates (460-370 BC) of Kos is the founder of scientific medicine rejects the previous thoughts
and described that cancer is caused by natural causes and proposed the black bile hypothesis of
cancer. He named the disease karkínos and karkinoma/carcinoma for non-ulcerative and ulcerative
tumors due to the resemblance of disease with karkínos (Greek word for crab). He classified this
disease into an early stage and others as occult. He advised not to treat occult and deep-seated tumor
because if treated, the patient will die quickly and if left untreated the patient could survive for an
extended period. He recommends that tumors incurable by medicine are cured by iron (knife), those
not cured by iron are cured by fire (cautery), and those that are not cured by fire are incurable. They
C. Celsus (25BC-50AD) used the term cancer, the Latin word for crab, and elaborates the
Hippocratic theory. He described different stages of cancer. He used the term cacoethes (malignant)
nd
Archigenes of Apamea (1-2 century AD) was a used surgical excision of cancerous growth. In used
to tie the vessels of the adjoining area of the tumor in the pre-excisional phase during surgery to
nd
Leonides of Alexandria (2 century AD) noticed that nipple retraction is a sign of malignancy in
1 2 4
Sazid Alam , Khalid Eqbal , Md Samiullah
1 &2 -Assistant Professor, Dept. of Moalejat, Sufia Unani Medical College Hospital, and Research
Centre, Bara Chakia, East Champaran, India
3- PG Scholars, Department of preventive and social medicine, Govt. Tibbi College and Hospital
Patna, India.
1
Corresponding Author
Email- sazforever23@gmail.com
Surgical Oncology in Ancient Greek and Rome: A Historical Review
th
Palulus Aegineta (7 century AD) was believed that surgical excision of uterine carcinoma is very
difficult even impossible but surgical intervention must be used for carcinoma of all external parts like in
thebreast.
Galen (130-200AD) used the term onkos/ oncos meaning swelling or a mass to describe tumors. He
believed that residues of black bile caused severe, ulcerated, and incurable cancer while yellow bile is
responsible for non-ulcerated curable cancer. He advised cutting the healthy tissue in the periphery of a
malignant tumor. For pain relief in a terminally ill patient, he recommended ointment made up of Poppy
heads.
Al Zahrawi (936-1013 AD) was the first to distinguish between acute renal inflammation and cancer of
thekidney
Ibn Sina (980 – 1037AD) wrote about surgical treatment that all diseased tissue should be removed with
radical excision, which could utilize amputation and removal of adjoining vein or cauterization if
necessary.
Treatise of Unani scholars recommends early removal of malignant tumor for better prognosis and warns
surgicalinterventionindelayedstages.
breast carcinoma.
minimize the bleeding. He advised for complete excision of the tumor.
for the first stage and only this stage was receptive to treatment.
were believed that axillary carcinoma is most difficult in diagnosis and treatment.
treatment"

Sana Kauser Ateeque Ahmed
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mahiyatul Amraz, Al-Ameen Unani Medical College & Hospital,
Malegaon, Maharashtra. (423202)
E-mail: sanakauserateeque@gmail.com
Annulus Cornealius Celsus (25BC–50AD) was the earliest Roman medical writer. He made Latin the
language of medicine. He emigrated from Greece and received his medical education from the famous
school of medicine in Alexandria, Egypt. He elaborated on the Hippocratic legacy in his treatise, the De
Medicina, which was printed in 1478 in Florence and became the first medical book published by printing.
A variety of cancers have been described by Celsus. According to him, cancer generally transpires in the
upper part of the body, like the face, mouth, throat, nose, ear, lips, and breasts of women. However, he
mentioned the cancer of visceral organs like the liver, spleen, intestine, and uterus as well. Also, he
described the typical characteristics of cancer. Accordingly, cancer is typically immovable, unevenly
swollen, maybe insensible, may or may not be harder, and surrounded by inflated and tortuous veins.
Nevertheless, it may lack these typical characteristics, making it difficult to distinguish. Furthermore, he
endorsed the treatment of cancer and emphasized that unwisely planned surgery is proven fatal. Likewise,
to test the surgically treatable or untreatable lesion, he recommended the application of caustic medicine
as soon as the cancer is diagnosed. Any improvement and decline in symptoms show a positive approach
to incision and cautery, whereas immediate irritation is unsafe for surgery. In this regard, he advised
surgical excision for cacoethes (tumors of the early stage) only. Apart from surgery, other effective
recommendations for cancer are: application of ripe fig and/or rhypodes (a plaster with the ingredients
myrrh, saffron, iris, propolis, rind of pomegranates, alum, and boiled copperas) on a harder but non-
ulcerative cancer; application of rose oil with shell powder and smith's forge water on an ulcerative
(margins not raised above the skin) cancer; application of copper on a fungous like growing cancer; and
application of a paste of honey and egg white for superficial carcinoma. In the De Medicina (5/23), he also
mentionedamalagmafor cancersmadeup of galbanum,viscum,ammoniacum,andturpentine.
The Teaching of Cornealius Celsus about Cancer

Md. Khursid Alam Ansari
Medical Officer, Primary Health Centre, Patedhi Belsar, Vaishali, Bihar
Email ID : khurshidalam99@gmail.com
Humoral Theory of Cancer: A Review
[6]
and gases. Solid parts in the body are organs, liquid portions are humours and gaseous are pnuma (rooh).
Ibn Sina defined “Humor is a moist fluid and mobile body capable of dissolve or mixed with blood by
which it can be carried to different organs”. A "Healthy or "good" humor is such as has the capability for
becoming transformed into actual body substance, either by itself or in combination with something else.
In short, it is that which replaces the loss which the body substance' (continually) undergoes". Any deviation
[7]
in normal virtue of humor is vitiated, such humor depraves the normal temperament and organ function.
review.
Background:
[1][2]
state of health.
According to Galen, these four humours are indigenous to the body in origin and life depends
[3]
upon these humor. In health, each of these four humours has its specific temperament,
properties, and function. The proper blending and proportion among these four humours are
[4][5]
called 'eukrasia' whereas a breach in blending or balance is called 'dyscrasia'. The
Fundamentals of humoral theory is based on the popular four elementals (fire, air, water, and
earth) theory of Empedocles (460BC). The different foods have varying potential to produce
different humours. Hippocrates conceptualized that matter exists in three forms- solid, liquids,
Paleopathologic findings proves that cancer is a disease since the prehistoric era but its prevalence
has increased in the recent past. The first attempt to understand its etiology and pathophysiology was
based on humoral theory. According to this theory, cancer is a melanotic disease caused by the
accumulation of abnormal black bile. The description of black bile theory is further elaborated by
Greek, Roman, and Arabic medical scholars. The concept of this theory is summarized in this
The humoral theory is the first and most practiced scientific theory in medicine. The word humor is a
translation of the Greek word χυμός, meaning chymos or vital fluids of the. In Arabic medical text the
term used for humor is 'Akhlat' meaning an 'admixture'. The idea of the humoral theory was
̅
conceptualized by the medical theorist Alcmaeon of Croton (C. 540–500BC). Hippocrates applied
th
this theory in medicine. This theory first appeared in the Hippocratic treatise The Nature of Man (5
century BC). According to this theory, there are four vital fluids - blood (Greek: αἷμα, haima),
phlegm (Greek: φλέγμα, phlegma), yellow bile (Greek: ξανθη χολή, xanthe chole), and black bile
(Greek: μέλαινα χολή, melaina chole), in body, which constitutes a chemical system, that governs the
Abstract:

Humours are broadly divided into four types, each differs from the other in its physical, and chemical
properties. Health depends on the maintenance of the essential humor in a state of purity and their
[6]
optimum proportionality in the body. In humans, and higher animals the ingested food materials
undergo four sequential stages of digestion i.e. the gastric digestion stage, the hepatic digestion stage, the
vascular digestion stage, and the tissue digestion stage. Humours are the final product of hepatic
nd [8]
digestion (2 stage). Heat and cold are the fundamental agents in the formation of humor. If heat is
moderate then blood is formed, if heat is in excess then bilious humor is formed, further increase in heat
causes atrabilious humor production. Similarly, moderate cold causes serous humor (phlegm) formation,
[9]
and excess cold causes the formation of atrabilious humor. Humor production has a strong relation with
temperament, in humor production; every temperament favors the production of humor having the same
temperament. Hence temperament of ingested food material, season, age, and body, as well as organ
temperament, influences the production of humor of similar temperament. Similarly, vitiated humor also
[6]
causes a change in normal temperament and function of organs and body leading to disease. Like
everything in the universe, humours are also made up of four elements (fire, air, water, and earth). In
every humor, anyone element (rukn) is dominated. Fire is dominating element in yellow bile, air in
[10]
blood, water in phlegm, and earth is dominating element in black bile. These four humours circulate in
the vessels, where the third stage of digestion takes place, finally, after the last stage of digestion (tissue
digestion), food becomes similar to the destined organ tissue. For the good quality of humor production,
the ingested food material should be of good quality along with the healthy digestive organs and their
proper function up to the stage of hepatic digestion. If anything goes wrong, then the produced humor
Humor Production:
will be abnormal. Under the ideal structural, functional, and temperamental condition of the body, an
ideal food material converts into the four normal humor as a result of the second stage of digestion,
which is practically impossible hence normally a range of humours (normal and abnormal) formed and
the proportion of normal and abnormal humours decides the condition of health and the temperament of
the individual. Humours are the product of hepatic digestion but they are not the end product of the
digestive process so abnormal humor will affect other organs that are working towards the digestion of
the food in the digestion process as well as for final consuming tissue/cell, which may lead to disease.
Exogenous factors like season, regimen and psychological conditions, etc also influence humor
[5]
production.
Aetiopathology ofcancer
According to this theory, cancer is a melanotic disease, caused by the accumulation of excess black bile
in various body sites. Common sites are hollow organs calledAza-e-ratab (moist organs) like the breast,
uterus, respiratory organs, intestine, urethra, mouth, nerves, eyes, neck, etc. malignant disease begins
like almond and grow to round or irregular in shape with reddish color along with blue or black streaks
[11]
thatresemblethelimbsandmiddlepartliketheabdomenofacrab.
Black bile (Atrabilious Humor): Normal black bile is cold and dry in temperament. Like other
humours it is also produced in the liver and secreted in blood circulation and some parts go to the spleen.
The portion which enters into blood circulation is utilized in the nourishment of those tissues and organs
which need, like bone, hair, nerve, etc. It strengthens and solidifies the organs like bone and cartilages. It
maintains the viscosity of blood.The portions which go into the spleen provide nutrition to this and some
amount secretes on the fundal part of the stomach arouses appetite, stimulates peristalsis along with the
downward movement of food. Abnormal black bile is hotter and lighter than the normal form and is
harmfultohealth.

[9][10]
There are four abnormal forms of black bile:
1. Black bile derived from burnt bilious humor.
2. Black bile derived from burnt phlegm.
3. Black bile derived from burnt sanguineous humor.
4.Blackbilederivedfromburntnormalatrabilioushumor.
[7]
Factorsinfluencing theproduction of blackbile:
1. Ingested food material of cold-dry temperament or substances contains an excess of element earth
favors theproductionof blackbile.
2. Thecold-drydis-temperamentofdigestiveorgansproducesanexcessamountofblackbile.
3. The fourth and final stage of digestion of ingested food takes place at cellular levels. Hence, if the
temperament of consuming cells/tissue is abnormal, it converts the humor into the morbid matter
and causes disease. Cold-dry dis-temperament of cells converts the humours into abnormal black
bile.
4. Theregimenwhichincreasescoldnessanddryness mayincreasetheproductionofblackbile.
5. Occupation involving substances of cold-dry temperament or environment causes the excess
productionof blackbile.
6. Environmentalfactorsof cold-drytemperamentenhanceblackbileproduction.
7. The temperament of theAge of decline (40-60 years) is cold-dry and dominating humor of this age
is blackbile.
8. The temperament of the age of Senility (> 60 years) is also cold-dry and in this age group there is
weakness in all three faculties, especially vegetative faculty (Quwā Ṭabī'iyya) leads to the
productionof moreabnormalhumours includingabnormalblackbile.
9. Accumulation of alien moisture (Ruṭūbat-e- gharıba) increases with age and acts as a morbid
̅
matter.
10. The protecting capability of organs decreases with a decrease in innate moisture and innate heat
withtheadvanceinage.
Discussion:
In the pre-Hippocratic era, diseases were thought to be caused by supernatural phenomena and
divinity. Hippocrates described all diseases including cancer based on humoral theory. He noted that
growing tumors mostly occurs in adults and growth resembles a crab, hence he used the term carcinos
[12]
and carcinoma (Greek word for crab) to describe a non-ulcerative and ulcerative tumor.
He has described cancers of the skin, mouth, breast, and stomach. In the description of breast cancer, he
mentioned bloody discharge from the nipple and warns the danger of bloody ascites. Galen adopted the
Hippocratic black bile theory of cancer; about 100 of his notes are concerned with tumors and cancer. He
described that cancer is a constitutional disease that affects the sick, particularly individuals with
[12]
melancholic disposition. To prevent the accumulation of black bile he recommends the use of purgatives.

The substances and conditions which enhance the production, retention, or accumulation of abnormal
black bile may act as carcinogenic. Abnormal black bile production is multifactorial, the cold-dry dis-
temperament of ingested diet, drug, and environment are exogenous factors whereas melancholic
disposition of individuals and dis-temperament of their digestive organs, age, and cell (aza mufarda) is
endogenous factors which favor the production of vitiated black bile. The cell is the nutrition consuming
organ where the final stage of digestion takes place. If the waste product of the final stage of digestion is not
excreted properly then it may along with or without alien moisture act as a morbid matter and maybe
[10][13]
carcinogen.
Conclusion: Cancer is a melentoic disease caused by excessive accumulation of abnormal black bile. The
black bile-producing diet, drugs, substances, regimens, and environmental conditions may act as
carcinogens. Treatment and prevention should aim to avoid the production and accumulation of abnormal
blackbile.
References:
1. Ansari MKA, Zulkifle M, RahmanA. Hippocratic Categorization and Classification of Diseases. J
ResHistMed.2021;10(1):65–70
2. Plato. The Humours of Hippocrates: Which one are you? [Internet]. Classical Wiswom. 2019.
Available from: https://classicalwisdom.com/science/medicine/the-humours-of-
hippocrateswhich-one-are-you/
3. Richet C. An adress on Ancienet Humorism and Modern Humorism. btitish Med J.
1910;2(2596):921–6.
4. JacksonWA.Ashort guidetohumoralmedicine.Trends PharmacolSci.2001;22(9):487–489.
5. KarenbergA. Blood,PhlegmandSpirits:GalenonStroke.HistMedRuss J. 2015;2(2).
6. IsrailiAH. Humoraltheoryof unanitibb.IndianjouranalHist Sci.1981;16(1):95–9.
7. Avicenna.TheCanonofMedicine.SahMH, editor.New Delhi:IdarakitabalShifa;2007.
8. Emtiazy M, Keshavarz M, Khodadoost M, Kamalinejad M, Gooshahgir SA. Relation between
Body Humors and Hypercholesterolemia: An Iranian Traditional Medicine Perspective Based on
theTeachingofAvicenna.IranRedCrescentMedJ. 12AD;14(3):133–8
9. Avicenna. The Canon of Medicine of Avicenna. Gruner C, editor. NEW YORK: AMS PRESS;
1930.641p.
10. Majoosi I abbas. Kamil us sanaat. Kantoori GH, editor. New Delhi, India: Idara kitabus shifa;
2010.699p
11. Bashir F, Jamal A, Anjum N, Alam S, Khan A. Concept of Sartān (Cancer) and Anti-cancerous
drugs inUnaniSystemofMedicine.IJCSMR.2020;3(6)
12. Hajdu SI. Greco-Roman thought about cancer. Cancer. 2004 May 15;100(10):2048-51. doi:
10.1002/cncr.20198.PMID: 15139045.
13. Nafis B. Kulliyat-e-Nafisi (Urdu Translation by Hkm Mohd Kabiruudin). New Delhi , India:
IdarakitabalShifa;1954.

1
Md. Shafat Karim
2*
Sana KauserAteequeAhmed
1
Assistant professor, Dept. of Preventive and Social Medicine, Govt. Tibbi College and Hospital, Patna -3,
India
2
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mahiyatul Amraz, Al-Ameen Unani Medical College & Hospital,
Malegaon, Maharashtra. (423202)
Corresponding Author: E-mail: sanakauserateeque@gmail.com
The battle against cancer is far-flung from over thus it remains a topic of discussion since antiquity. The
question of “what causes cancer” has captivated people for years. Numerous researchers have been
affianced in dissevering the origins of human cancer for epochs. Likewise, the causes of cancer and bodily
abnormalities have been passionately debated. Recent advances suggest epigenomic alterations might
cause cancer also genetics and epigenetics cooperate at all stages of cancer development. However, the
exactoriginsof cancerarestillvague.
In the present short article, the views of the most renowned Unani physicians like Galen, Rhazes, Rabban
Tabari, Avicenna, and Jurjani, about the concept and means of diagnosis and treatment of cancer have
beendiscussed.
Buqrat (Hippocrates):
The word “cancer” originated from “cancrum” which is a Greek word for Crab and it is credited to the
Greek physician Hippocrates (460-370 BC). Hippocrates used the terms carcinos and carcinoma to
1
describenon-ulcerformingandulcer-formingtumors.
Jalinoos (Galen):
Galen put forward a hypothesis to explain the basis of cancer causation.According to Galen, as mentioned
in one of his books “Thick Substances with Abnormally High Concentrations” development of cancer is
due to Khoon-e-sawdawi (the black bile blood) and when the said humor is warm, it will lead to ulcerative
cancer. For this hypothesis, various reasoning has been taken into consideration. The first and foremost
reason, the blood in the cancerous tissue is black. Moreover, there is more blood present in the vessels of
the cancerous tissues as compared to the tissues with warm swelling thus showing a darker color of the
affected tissue. Another reason described by Galen is, on palpation, cancerous tissue is not warm. In
addition, Galen also revealed that cancerous tissues accompanied by wounds are more malignant, or else
theyhaveatendencytobebenign.
About the treatment of cancer, Galen has hypothesized cancer as a disease associated with black bile
humor which is very hard to be diagnosed at early stages. In his book entitled "Methods of Treatment", In
order to treat cancer, Galen has proposed that black bile should be removed from the body by means of
administering an appropriate mushil (purgative), and then preventing the generation and accumulation of
2,3
blackbileinvessels as faras possible.
Mohammad Ibn Zakariyaal-Razi(Rhazes):
It is a fact that according to USM there are two types of swellings; warm swelling and cold swelling.
Then swellings are hard either primarily or become hard secondary to warm swellings.
Concept of Cancer in Unani: An Analytical Corroboration

A hard swelling secondary to warm swelling is never formed initially. Contrariwise, cancer grows
primarily. Rhazes' teachings infer that certain hard swellings are alike cancer. He then categorized hard
swellings on the basis of presence or absence of sense too. The senseless swellings, with stretched blood
4
vessels surrounding them,isthebestsign of theirbenignnature.
AliIbn al-Abbas al-MjoosiAhwazi (HalyAbbas):
According to Haly Abbas cancer belongs to the group of swelling that is formed due to abnormality in
black bile. Then he highlighted that in case of progression, cancer has no treatment and is not recoverable.
Therefore it should be treated at an early stage. Not just this, he further emphasized that cancer involving a
sensitive and vital organ is precarious because surgery of a vital organ will provoke injury and might
change into a non-healing wound. Also, if large vessels and arteries are found at the affected site in the
5
organthenitcancausecancermetastasistoothersensitiveandvitalorgans.
AbuAl-Hussain IbnAbdullah Ibn Sina: (Avicenna):
Since cancer looks similar to a crab hence the name. From Avicenna's perspective, cancer is a swelling
caused by the black bile which is formed due to the burning and charring of the yellow bile. Cancer often
affects hollow organs of the body thus prevalent in females. He then argues that organs with enormous
innervation are more susceptible to cancer. Generally, cancer is surreptitious and dormant at initial phases,
without any distinct characteristics. However, cancer may be of varying size, having hard consistency,
spherical in shape, and dark in color. Moreover, a certain variety of cancer may have severe pain, some
have mild pain, though others are painless too. Several cancers are susceptible to ulceration and after
6
advancement,treatmentofcancerwould becomechallenging.
Zayn al-DinSayyed Ismail Ibn Hussain Jurjani (Gorgani):
According to Gorgani, a type of black bile swelling that is distinct from other hard swellings, associated
with pulsation, inflammation, and angiogenesis, and may or may not have pain is called cancer. Also,
cancerous tissue possesses dark green color vessels.Added to this, it often affects soft, porous, and highly
innervated organs e.g. Intestine; breast, and uterus in females; the larynx, throat, penis, and testicles in
males. In the initial stages, a cancer diagnosis is very challenging and in the advanced stage, treatment is
7
difficultas well.
References:
1. Manohar PR. Descriptions and classification of cancer in the classicalAyurvedic texts. Indian Journal
ofHistoryofScience.2015;50:187-95.
2. Emami SA, Sahebkar A, Tayarani-Najaran N, Tayarani-Najaran Z. Cancer and its treatment in main
ancient books of Islamic Iranian traditional medicine (7th to 14th CenturyAD). Iranian Red Crescent
MedicalJournal.2012 Dec;14(12):747.
3. IbnAbi OssaybiahAQ. Oyun al-Anba fi Tabaqat alAtebba (The Sources of News on the Classification
ofthePhysicians).Oyunal–SoudMB.Daral–Kotobal–Ilmiyah;1998.
4. Razi AMBZ. Kitab al Hawi. (Urdu Translation by CCRUM) Vol. I. New Delhi; CCRUM
Ministry of H&FW; 2007.
5. Majoosi AHBA. Kamil-us-Sana'a (Urdu transl. Hkm. G.H. Kantoori). New Delhi: Idara Kitabus
Shifa; 2010.
6. Ibn Sina AAHIA. Alqanoon Fit Tib. (Urdu Translation by Kantoori GH). New Delhi: Idara Kitab
-us- Shifa; YNM.
7. Jurjani I. Zakhira khwarizam Shahi. New Delhi: Idara Kitabus Shifa; 2010.

1*
Shabistan Fatma Taiyabi
2
Neha Bharti
3Mohd. Shamin Akhtar
1
PG-Scholar, Dept. of Mahiyatula Amraz, Government Tibbi College, Patna
1
Medical Officer, Primary Health Centre, Vaishali, Bihar
2
Medical Officer, State Unani Hospital, Sisora, Nair, Lakhimpur, UP, India
3 ,
Assist. Professor Dept. of Mahiyatula Amraz, Government Tibbi College, Patna
Metastasis (μετάστασις) is a Greek word that means removal or migration, dislocation, and departing
from life. In ancient Greek, this word was used by philosophers, physicians, dramatists, theologians,
orators, and others. Plato and Aristotle used this word to describe the transitional change in the political
constitution. The term metastasis is being used in the Hippocratic corpus (first text of scientific medicine)
but the term used in context is unrelated to cancer. Galen (129 AD–c. 200 AD) succeeded Hippocrates'
reiterates the word metastasis in a context unrelated to cancer that “metastases of an ailment are named
when its transference occurs from one part (of the body) to another” Although this definition fits for
cancer metastasis concept. [1] Aristotelis Kouzis, (in 1902) argues in his monograph 'Cancer and the
Ancient Greek Physicians' that the ancient Greek physicians were aware of the involvement of regional
lymph nodes in cancer and the spread of infection to different organs, tumors may develop beyond the
primary site, but he used the term sympathy (συμπάθεια), instead of metastasis. In ancient Unani texts
sympathy (Majawraat) has a different meaning. Actually, the term sympathy was used to denote
physiological interaction between different organs like "there is a natural sympathy between the uterus
and the breasts". The term sympathy is derived from a Greek word meaning suffer together. DB Slack
Wrote that “The literal meaning of sympathy, is the suffering or affection of two separate parts of the body
at the same time.” Spyros Retsas in their writing concluded that in the context of cancer the current
th [2]
meaningofmetastasiswas introducedinearly20 century.
Writings of Arabic scholars mentioned that morbid matter/ alien humor can spread from the primary site
to another part of the body that may cause disease at the primary or secondary or both sites. They also
mentioned that distant organs may also involve in disease due to their sympathy (Majawraat) with the
primary organ, which is different from the metastasis. Metastasis is the transference of the seat of the
[3] [4][5]
disease. Therearesix possibilitiestodevelopthediseaseatsecondarysites:
Concept of Cancer Metastasis based on Humoral theory
1. The interconnectionoforgans by naturalrouteslikenerves,veins,etc
2. When one organ is a natural channel for the other. E.g. inguinal lymph nodes are a natural outlet for
the inflammatory condition of the legs. The weaker of the two related organs will take up the
morbidmattersfromthestronger,for example,theaxillaryregionfromtheheart.
3. Whensimpleanatomicalcontiguityof organs, for example,theneckandbrain.
4. When one organ is the primary initiator of the function of other organs. like the diaphragm in the
caseoflungs for respiration.
5. Whenoneorganisaservantforanother.Likenervesforthebrain,or intestinefor theliver.
6. When the organs are commonly dependent on a third organ, like, the brain and kidney are
interrelatedandboththeseorgans areundertheinfluenceof theliver.

[6][7]
when the first breast was excised, coincidently, the second one developed cancer. According to the
principle of Unani medicine, cancer is a melentoic disease caused by matter (abnormal black bile). The
morbid matter may spread by either direct anatomical connection or through the vessels or by both routes.
Ibn Sina has advised to early removal of tumoral growth, he mentioned that “all diseased tissue should be
removed with radical excision, which could utilize amputation and removal of veins surrounding the
[6]
growth, or cauterization if necessary”. Neither the entire morbid matter will cause nor every organ
received morbid matter will develop the disease. The disseminated morbid matter will cause disease to
[5]
organsdistaltotheprimarysiteonlyifthedistalorgansaresusceptibletodisease.
References:
1. Retsas S. Cancer and the arts: metastasis-as perceived through the ages. ESMO Open.
2017;2(3):e000226.doi:10.1136/esmoopen-2017-000226
2. SlackDB. Metastasis– sympathy.JBostonMedSurg 1843:178–82.
3. Ibn-Sina S.Al-Qanoon filTib (Urdu translation by Kantoori GH). New Delhi , India: Idara Kitabul
Shifa
4. Majoosi I abbas. Kamil us sanaat. Kantoori GH, editor. New Delhi , India: Idara kitabus shifa;
2010.
5. Nafis B. Kulliyat-e-Nafisi (Urdu Translation by Hkm Mohd Kabiruudin). New Delhi , India:
IdarakitabalShifa;1954.
There is a general rule that the direction of flow of morbid matter is from stronger organs to weaker organs
and from vital organs to peripheral organs to minimize the imperilment.As far as the metastasis of cancer
is concerned Unani scholars were aware of the spread of the disease. In a case, discussion Ibn Sina (980-
1037AD) mentioned that after radical excision of a cancerous breast, cancer advanced to the other breast.
In this case, he hypothesized that the second breast might have been in the process of cancerization
th
6. Kardeh S, Kardeh B.Avicenna's Concepts on Cancer Metastasis from the 11 Century. Galen Med
J.2019;8:e1292.Published2019 Jan 1.doi:10.31661/gmj.v8i0.1292
7. Avicenna.TheCanonofMedicine.SahMH, editor.New Delhi:IdarakitabalShifa;2007

1
ShamimAkhtar
2
Md. Shafat Karim
1
PG-Scholar,Dept.ofPreventiveandSocialMedicine,Govt.TibbiCollegeand HospitalPatna-3
2
Assistant professor, Dept. of Preventive and Social Medicine, Govt. Tibbi College and Hospital, Patna -3,
India
Introduction:
Cancer is not a new disease; instead, it is one of the fastest emerging diseases, with an estimated incidence
of 10 million new cases per year and very high morbidity, i.e., > 7 million deaths per year worldwide.
Some of the cancers that affect women over and over again are breast, colon, endometrial, lung, cervical,
skin, and ovarian cancers. Breast cancer (BC) is a major public health challenge and is often associated
withhighmorbiditytoo.
The term "cancer" is derived from the Greek and Latin words "cancrum," which means "a crab". Since a
cancerous mass adheres to its surrounding tissues, similar to a crab, hence the name is given. Cancer has
been defined as malignant growth characterized by the uninhibited proliferation of cells, often affecting
healthytissues locallyorthroughoutthebody.
The first and foremost goal of the battle against cancer is to eradicate cancer. In recent times, the treatment
options for cancer are advanced, but these available therapies have various possible threats. Therefore,
now the world is turning towards an alternative system to defeat the battle of cancer by the utilization of
herbs. The Unani system of medicine (USM) is one of the traditional systems of medicine recognized
worldwide, having a traditional art of healing. USM has got solutions to almost every disease and ailment,
making it parallel to modern medicine in providing healthcare services to mankind. Eminent Unani
physicians like Ibn Sina and Al Razi mentioned treatment of most types of cancers based on the herbs
whicharesafestandeasilyavailable.
Breast Cancer:
The incidence rate of BC has been growing during the last 40 years. The most significant risk factor for
cancer is age; two-thirds of all affected cases are older than 65 years. BC is the most commonly diagnosed
cancer amongst women and is characterized by the presence of a lump (painless hard or soft mass or
swelling) in and around the breast, under the arm, and around the collar bone with irregular edges. Other
signs areskin irritation,breastpainornipplepain,andnippleinwardretraction.
In Unani BC, it is described as' Sartan e Sadi 'or' Sartan e Pistan. So far as pathogenesis is concerned, USM
is based upon the four humours theory. Unani scholars believed that the body contained four humours
(Akhlaat) and any imbalance of these fluids would result in disease, and an excess of black bile (Sauda) in
aparticularorgansitewas thoughttocausecancer(Sartan).
Preventive Strategies of Sartan-e-Sadi (Breast Cancer) and
its Management in Unani System of Medicine
Management:
1. Preventivemeasures(Tahaffuzitadabeer):
Prevention of disease is done through a non-pharmaco-therapeutic approach (Taqaddum bil hifz).
Prevention can be achieved by abiding by the following principles of Unani Asbab Sitta Zarooriya (Six
Essentials of Life) viz. Hawae muheet (AmbientAir), Makoolat wa Mashroobat (Foods & Drinks), Harkat
w Sukoon Badni (Body Movements and Response), Harkat wa Sukooni Nafsani (Psychic Movements and
Response), Naum wa Yaqza (Sleep and wakefulness), and Ehtebaas Wa Istefrag (Retention and
Evacuation).Furthermore,thebody should bedetoxifiedfromSawdawiMada.For thatmeasuresare:
· Theavoidanceof Garamvakhusk (hotanddry) Ghiza(food)
· Avoidanceof alcohol,stress, andenvironmentalpollution.
· Avoidanceof delayedmarriage

· Encouragebreast-feeding.
· Awarenessamongfemales:self-breastexamination
· Limitradiationexposure.
· Pregnancyshould beplannedearly.
· Healtheducation
· Avoidanceof hormonaltherapy
1. Treatment(Ilaj)
USM provides various therapies with low toxicity and minimal side effects, as mentioned in Unani
classicaltexts.Theyare:
A. Dietotherapy(IlajbilGhiza)
B. Regimenaltherapy(IlajbilTadbeer)
C. Pharmacotherapy(IlajbilDawa)
D. Surgery(IlajbilYad).
A. Dietotherapy(Ilaj bilGhiza):
Ibn Sina explained the effect of diet on cancer progression. He mentioned that dietary inclusion of beans
and cruciferous vegetables is important, e.g., mongi dhal (green gram), badam (almond), akhrot (walnut),
turmeric,tomatoes,garlic,flaxseed,etc.
B. Regimenaltherapy(Ilaj bilTadbeer):
Regular exercise and proper rest are important factors in the prevention of cancer. Further removal of
sauwdawi mada by performing fasad (venesection) on vareede akhal (cubital vein) is good. But it is
restrictedtometastasiscases.
C. Pharmacotherapy(IlajbilDawa)
Unani physicians recommended the use of muzijat (matter-maturing drugs) and mushilat (matter-
excretory drugs). As a munzij the mada, they suggested using ushar e sahathira for 3 days, then giving
mushilath (purgatives) as joshanda e afthimoon and sena for 7 days.As a mushilat e sawda, the following
drugs can be given: Aftimoon, Elva, Halela Siyah, Ghariqoon, with shikanjabeen and maul asl (honey
water). After that, thahleel warming is recommended by using zimad (local application) of anti-
inflammatorydrugs.
D. Surgicalprocedure(IlajbilYad)
Arab physicians, including Al Razi, Al Zahrawi, and Ibn Sina, explained that a cure is most likely if the
cancer was identified at its earliest stage.To prevent further growth, they suggested surgical removal of the
tumour if it was small and accessible. The wound after excision can be kept as it is for free flow of blood. It
is immediatelycauterized.
Methodology:
The Classical Unani literature was thoroughly sought out, in this regard, books like Al-Qānūnfi'lTibb, Zakhira
Khwarizam Shahi, Kamilus-Sana, and many others were of immense help. Online searches were also carried out to
find literatureoncancer.
Conclusion
People of all age groups and genders are equally at risk of cancer, but some cancers are only prevalent
amongst the female population. As for the treatment of BC, modern optional anti-cancer therapies are
associated with adverse effects, drug resistance, and cancer recurrence. Thus, there is a great need to
combat this disease with better and more effective medications as compared to existing therapies. Unani
medicine is a holistic approach to cancer care. The scholars of the Unani system of medicine were well
aware of the in-depth knowledge of cancer, its causes, and prevention as well, so by adopting these
preventive measures mentioned by them, along with modern medical techniques, the standard of living
can be improved amongst the female population as well. The objective of the present article is to explore
the benefits of Unani drugs, and regimens on their scientific parameters to reduce the burden of breast
cancer.

Cancer and Unani System of Medicine
SyedAbdulAliQuadri
MedicalofficerGovernmentofBihar(9835290086 )
As youpeopleareawarethatoneofthekeys tosuccess iscombinedeffort.
I always use to say in Urdu that “YE CANCER AUR AIDS KAB KA HAWA HO JATE AGAR TIBB E
JADID WA QADIM WALON NE MIL KER KAMKIYA HOTA” (Our combined research over cancer
andAIDS can lead us to cure them). Now we are doing like this. This Seminar is also one of the ladders of
these combined efforts.As we know that any regular irritation leads to cancer. This irritation is in form of
taking chewable tobaccos like Gutka,Khaini, Zarda smoking, liquor, etc., and use to take other toxic
materialsalsocomeunderthisirritation.
Vaccination of cancer:-Keeping Fasting at regular intervals as in practice in India and Gulf Countries is
oneofthebestpreventionof cancerasshown inthefollowinglink.
httpps://youtu.be/539UQ6wC3g
Anti-Cancerous MedicinesinUnani System of Medicine:-
· Daruhald(Berberis)
· Haldi(Turmeric)itself
· DhamasaButi
· Sirisseeds
· BarhumDandi
· Raskapur
· Gandhak
· Jasta
· Tootitya
The prepared water/potion which I am going to discuss here has wonderful properties to improve our
immunityandmakethepatientstrong totideovercomplicationsofchemoandradiotherapy.
Followthesesteps tomakethepotion
1. Mix 250gm of fired ash of Bark of Peepal tree and 50gm ashes of each of Dhamasa Buti and Daru
haldin20litreof freshWater.
2. Keepitfor awholenight.
3. Mixtogetherinnextmorningproperlyagainandkeepitfor anhour.
4. Againmixafteronehourandkeepitas itis for 2 hours thenElutriateproperly.
5. Takingthispreparedwater150mltwiceadaygivesabovebenefits.
The people who know me better are aware of the fact that my all medical achievements have been
influencedby Hkm.Abdullahsb (R.A).
HehaddescribedaformulationofRaskapur(Bichlorateofmercury)asfollow
1.Take a pinch of the dust of gandhak (sulphur).Toss it into Inan iron pan over low flame and then mix one
small piece (about 20 gm) of Raskapur. Now again while tossing it sprinkle a pinch of the dust of gandhak
overRaskapurtillRaskapurreducess to10 gm.
Taking1 to2 grainof thisformulationwith10gmofbuttertwiceadaycanhelptocurecancer.
2. Nowadays various forms of a processed molecule of zinc are being used in several ailments and
diseases. Cancer is one of them.Therefore I want to give a wonderful beneficial formulation regarding this
throughZinc.
Thisformulaof ZinccanproveamilestoneinthesystemofUnanimedicine.
Take 250 gm each of Patar of Justa (a crystal of zinc) and Neela Thotha (Cupri Sulph). Now, boiled this
250 gm of Nila Thotha in 2 liters of water when this Nila Thotha dissolves in water. Keep this Solution in a
fireproof jar of glass and then mix this crystal of Zinc in it. Chemical reactions will start and water will
become blue then it will convert into white in 3,4 days. When the whole water converts into white then
elutriate this water properly and then start to boil this water till to evacuate all water at last you will find
some dust in your pot. This dust has wonderful properties.You can use it for several ailments and diseases
includingcancerwitha125mgdosetwiceaday.
RememberChemotherapyandRadiotherapycancontinuewiththeseUnanimedicines.

Cause of Cancer Based on Humoral Theory – A Review
1
Shahnaz Bano
2
Shagufta Perween
Prof. Tawheed Kibriya
1&2
PG scholars, Dept. of Mahiyatul Amraz Government Tibbi College, Patna
3
HoD, Dept. of Mahiyatul Amraz Government Tibbi College, Patna
Abstract
Cancer is a broad term that encompasses a wide range of diseases that can aﬀect any region of the body.
Malignant tumors and neoplasms are other words used. The rapid formation of aberrant cells that grow
beyond their normal borders is one of the hallmarks of cancer. The four humor theory of Hippocrates
serves as a foundation for the Unani system of medicine. These four humor are Blood, Phlegm, Yellow
bile, Black bile. If the quality and quantity of these humor are preserved, health is maintained; if the
equilibrium of these humors is broken, the body falls into illness. According to the Unani system of
medicine, the main cause of cancer is caused by an accumulation of vitiated black bile which is mentioned
in several Unani treatises. Cancer is a type of malignant melanotic tumor caused by the accumulation of
excess black bile that is produced by the burning of yellow bile.According to Jalinoos, cancer is the result
of the production of too much black bile. It could also be related to excessive hotness and dryness of the
liver, which causes consumed food to transform into irritant morbid matter. This morbid matter plays
important role in the occurrence of malignant tumors. This study aims to explore the pathophysiology of
Cancer in the Unani system of Medicine, which may be helpful in choosing the line of treatment for
cancer.
Keywords:Malignant,Neoplasm,Yellowbile,Blackbile,Humors

Determinants of Patients' Preferences for Unani Medicine as an
Adjuvant Therapy in Cancer: A Critical Analysis
Md. Fahad
PG Scholar, Dept. of Kulliyat, Government Tibbi College, Patna
Abstract:
Cancer remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality for decades despite of innumerable
fundamental and clinical research and trials of hopeful new therapies. The awful side effects of existing
treatments for cancer have been mainly disappointing.Thus the most promising approach to the control of
cancer is a commitment to prevention, with a parallel focus and funding of research in the traditional
system of medicine. The combination of conventional medicine with traditional practices that have been
shown through science to be safe and effective is a positive approach towards cancer treatment. This
mainly stresses the patient's preferences, and it attempts to address the physical, mental, and spiritual
aspects of health. Likewise by adopting the comprehensive principles of Six Prerequisites of Healthy
Living given by the Unani System of Medicine (USM), prevention of cancer can be attained. Also,
countless treatments are cited in classical Unani literature that will possibly be used as an adjuvant therapy
to cancer without any major side effects and complications, thereby restoring the health of the patient.
Further targeted therapy is a type of cancer treatment that targets the changes in cancer cells that help them
grow, divide, and spread.This can be applied by focusing on temperamental approach and by getting rid of
morbid matter from the body as set by Unani scholars. Numerous resources such as classical Unani
literature were reviewed and browsing of reliable websites was done for the present study. So in a nutshell
combinationof therapieswillbeacrucialwaytooffloadtheburdenof cancer.
Keyword:
Adjuvant therapy, Oncology; Unani system of medicine; Sartan; Anticancer.

Deterring Cancer: Self-examination & Early diagnosis are so
Climacteric
1*
Wasim Firoz
Aumir Rasool
1
PG Scholar, Dept. of Kulliyat, Government Tibbi College, Patna; Medical Office, Govt. of Bihar;
*Corresponding Author E-mail: drwasimfiroz@gmai.com
2
PG Scholar, Dept. of Mahiyatul Amraz, NIUM, Bangalore
Abstract
Early diagnosis is a vital intimation in the management of malignancies.Amalignant tumor is the disease
of middle age and beyond, though it can appear at any age together with infants and toddlers. However,
benign tumors may appear at any age. Further, the benign tumors grow slowly and are unlikely to recur
once removed.Abenign tumor is localized in its primary site, never invades surrounding tissue and other
parts of the body, on palpation, it is movable, has a narrow base, distinct border, and is not adherent to
adnexa. So far as malignant tumors are concerned, they grow at a faster rate, not restricted to primary sites
only, instead, they invade surrounding tissues as well and can spread to distant parts of the body through
the bloodstream and lymphatic channels called metastasis. On palpation, usually, malignant tumors are
immovable, having an irregular border, a broad base that might adhere to the adnexa. Furthermore, the
occurrence of secondary changes is rare in benign tumors but common in malignant tumors. Having said
that malignant tumors require early differential diagnosis and prompt specific treatment. A patient's
cognizance and self-examination play a crucial role in early detection as there are no definite clinical
features for malignancies. In addition, a physician's consultation is obligatory at the earliest if an
individual suspects any changes or abnormalities. In conclusion, one can evade the excess application of
invasive and non-invasive diagnostic tools, clinical procedures if he/she can diagnose benign or
malignantcategorytumorinitsprimitivestage.
Keywords: cancer detection; prevention of malignancy

Review on Unani concept of Cancer
1
Shahana Ayub
2
Prof Syeda Aamena Naaz
1
Assistant professor, D/O Niswan wa Qabalat, Ayurvedic and Unani Tibbia College and Hospital, Karol
Bagh,Delhi.
2
Professor,D/O NiswanwaQabalat,AjmalKhan TibbiyaCollege,AMU,Aligarh
Abstract:
Cancer is a group of diseases that can start in almost any organ or tissue of the body when abnormal cells
grow uncontrollably, go beyond their usual boundaries to invade adjoining parts of the body, and/or
spread to other organs.The latter process is called metastasizing and is a major cause of death from cancer.
A neoplasm and malignant tumor are other common names for cancer. . The word "Cancer" is derived
from the Greek word "Cancrum” and it is credited to the Greek physician Hippocrates (460-370 BC).
Hippocrates used the terms carcinos and carcinoma to describe sartan as non-ulcerative and ulcerative
tumors. In Unani medicine, the concept of Sartan (Cancer) is described as saudawi warm which occurs
due to excess of Sauda. Increment of Sauda is due to the combustion of safra and balgham by the
excessive heat of Jigar (liver). Excess sauda produce Dam ghaleez. Dam ghaleez is expelled out towards
different parts of the body like the lower part of the body resulting in Bawaseer, lower limb causing
Dawali, skin causing Juzam. When Dam ghaleez is stored in a particular organ, it leads to the disease
Sartan (Cancer). This pathophysiological process of occurring Sartan (Cancer) strongly supports the
process of metastasis. It starts growing as a shape of an almond and then changes to round or irregular in
contour, red in color with blue and black streaks, which resembles the limbs and the abdomen of the crab.
And it is also mentioned in Unani literature that TheAndalusian scholar Al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis) was the
first to conduct the classic removal of breast cancer. He also mentioned that cancer can be treated
surgically in its early stage when there is the possibility to remove it completely. The Roman doctorAulus
Cornelius Celsus elaborated the Hippocratic theory and divided cancer into different stages and doctor
ClaudiusGalenusintroducedtheword “oncos”whichrefertomalignanttumors.
Keywords:Unani,Sartan,malignant,Oncos, Neoplasm,Ulcerative,Celsus

Concept of Sartan and Role of Unani Medicine in the Management
of Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Review
1*
SultanaAnjum
2
Md. TauhidAlam
1
MedicalOfficer,Govt.ofBihar
2
PG-Scholar, Department of Kulliyat-e-Tib, Government Tibbi College and Hospital, Patna (India)
800003
*Correspondingauthor: sultana5480@gmail.com
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma is the commonest malignant tumour of the skin. Its incidence is increasing by 10%
per year, although these cancers rarely metastasize. It usually occurs in middle-aged or elderly fair-
skinned individuals due to chronic sun exposure that usually affects the face, trunk, and limbs. When it
comes to the Unani concept, basal cell carcinoma is not clearly defined in the Classical Unani literature,
however, it is covered under the topic of sartan (cancer). Sartan is anArabic word meaning “crab” and can
be defined as Warm sulb (hard swelling) surrounded by vessels filled with Saudawi madda (morbid black
bile). The primary cause of cancer is a type of morbid Sauda known as Sauda-e-muhtarqa (charred black
bile). In the USM the principles of management of skin cancer include Ilaj-bid-Dawa (drug therapy), Ilaj-
bil-Ghiza (dietotherapy), Ilaj-bit-Tadbeer (regimenal therapy), and Ilaj-bil-Yad (surgery). However,
prevention is a supreme concern and emphasized by Unani physicians too. The collection of sauda via
Venesection, use of mushilate sauda (melanogogue drugs), mulayan (laxative), and Muhallil (anti-
inflammatory) are proven anti sawdawi therapies. Further recommendations are the use of anticancer
single drugs that are found to be effective like Aftimoon, Afsantin, Asgand, Gilo, Kalonji, Zard chob,
Darchini, Brahmi, etc. The present article is an attempt to highlight the possible preventive measures and
management of Basal cell carcinoma according to USM. For that various classical Unani literature,
Modern books, and online databases were viewed. Finally, it is excavated that Unani physicians have not
only described the concept of Sartan but also cited its management through different regimens. Moreover,
theroleofUnanimedicineasanadjuvanttherapycanbeeffectiveincancermanagement.
Keywords:USM, Basalcellcarcinoma,Sartan, Sauda.

Correlation of Psoriasis with Cancer
1 1 2 3 4
Nabeela Sultan Sadaf Firdaus Shagufta Aleem Mohammad Shoaib Mohammad Anas
1,2
D/O Amraz e jild wa zohrawiya, Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College, AMU
1
D/O Tahaffuzi wa samaji tib Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College, AMU
3
D/O Ilaj bit tadbeer Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College, AMU
4
D/O Amraz e niswan wa Atfal Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College, AMU
Email: nabeelasultan243@gmail.com
Abstract:
Psoriasis is considered a chronic inflammatory papulosquamous immune-mediated disease affecting the
population worldwide. It creates an important psychological burden, likewise, it is devastating for not
only individuals affected with psoriasis but for their families too. Psoriasis is associated with several co-
morbidities like arthritis, metabolic syndromes, cardiovascular disease, and skin cancer as well. As in
psoriasis, the skin is in a chronic inflammatory state, with an increased level of cytokines, TNF alpha,
interleukin, and reactive oxygen species. Hence it can be supposed to play an important role in the
development of malignant conditions According to a study, patients with psoriasis might have an
increased risk of cutaneous malignancies as compared to psoriasis-free individuals. Further, the
complications associated with psoriasis, immunosuppressive, and PUVA therapy seem to play an
important role in the cutaneous malignancies. So keeping these things in mind, periodic screening of skin
cancer is recommended in psoriatic patients. For this paper, in-depth information regarding psoriasis,
cancer, and possible systemic therapies available for the treatment of psoriasis was collected from
available literature and important databases (PubMed, MEDLINE). Then all collected information is
systematized.
Keywords:Psoriasis, Papulosquamous,Interleukin,Cancer,PUVAtherapy,Malignancies

Sartan-al-rahim (Endometrial carcinoma) - A Review
*1 2 1 1
Md Kausar Ali , Shaista Bano , Durdana Halim , Mohd. Masroor Hassan
1
PG Scholar (Dept. of Ilmul-Adviya), Govt. Tibbi College and Hospital, Patna
2
SRF (U), Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Patna
*Corresponding author Mail ID: kausarali373@gmail.com
Abstract:
Endometrial carcinoma is the most common type of gynecological cancer in women in developed
countries and if left untreated, has high morbidity and mortality rates. The highest incidence of diagnosis
is in the seventh decade of life. The American cancer society estimated that about 63,230 new cases of
uterine cancer were diagnosed in 2018. In the Unani System of Medicine, scholars describe Sartan-al-
rahim (Endometrial carcinoma) as either ulcerative or non-ulcerative. It is caused by waram-e-har or
warm-e-sulb of rahim.The clinical manifestations are pelvic pain, headache, excessive tiredness, dysuria,
dribbling of urine, generalized weakness, and foul-smelling reddish-black discharge per vaginum. The
options of treatment in conventional medicine include radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymph nodes
dissection and concurrent chemo or radiotherapy. Current conventional anticancer therapies are
associated with adverse effects like nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, hair fall, tiredness, constipation or
diarrhea, anemia, renal problems, etc. Therefore, there is still an urgent need for new therapeutic options
for endometrial carcinoma. Unani scholars mentioned various lines of treatment for palliative
management of endometrial carcinomas like venesection of the basilic vein, ishal-e-sauda (evacuation of
black bile), and use of lateef and martoob ghizayen (light and liquid diet). For pain relief they prescribed
sitz bath with decoction of Methi (Trigonella foenum-graecum) and Khatmi (Althaea officinalis Linn.)
and the local application of zimad prepared by mixing Khashkhash (Papaver somniferum), Kibr (Caparis
spinosa), Mako (Solanum nigrum Linn.) and Roghan-e-gul (Rosa damascena oil). In case of heavy
bleeding, use Gil-e-armani (Arminium bole) andAqaqiya (Acacia arabica extract). This scientific review
is focusedonthepossibleroleof UnaniMedicineinthemanagementofendometrialcarcinoma.
Key words: Sartan-al-rahim, warm-e-sulb, Unani, Endometrial carcinoma.

Role of Unani Medicine in the Management of Sartan Mi'dah
(Stomach Cancer): A Review
1 * 2 3
MD TauhidAlam , SultanaAnjum , MohammadDanish
1
DepartmentofKulliyat-e-Tib,GovernmentTibbiCollegeandHospital,Patna(India)800003
2
MO, GovtofBihar
3
MO, GovtofUttar Pradesh
*Correspondingauthor: drtauhidalam25@gmail.com
Abstract:
Stomach cancer is an abnormal growth of cells that begins in the stomach. it represents an important
global health problem since it is the fifth leading cancer globally and the third leading cause of cancer-
related death, responsible for almost 800,000 death every year. Nearly 1 million new cases of stomach
cancer and 0.7 million stomach cancer death are reported every year.Age-standardized incidence rates are
approximately twice as high in men than in women. In India, the incidence rate of this cancer is very low as
comparedtowesterncountries.Therateofthiscanceris relativelyhighinsouthernIndia.
Unani Physicians have defined Sartān Mi'dah (Stomach Cancer) as a Saudawi waram (melanotic
swelling), which occurs due to the combustion of either Safra (yellow bile) or both Balgham (phlegm) and
Safra (yellowbile)inthebody.
The primary aim of this review is to highlight and discuss the different treatment modalities of the Unani
System of Medicine in the management of cancer viz; Ilaj-bil-Ghiza (dietotherapy) which mainly
involves the inculcation of Ghiza-e-Latif and avoidance of diets involved in the Sauda production.
Similarly, other modalities like Ilaj-bit-Tadbeer (regimental therapy) primarily aims evacuation of
morbid saudāwī material from the body, Ilaj-bid-Dawa (drug therapy) is the cornerstone that aims
evacuation of morbid material through its well-known Munzij wa Mushil therapy and Finally Ilaj-bil-Yad
(surgery)topreventanyfurthergrowthor metastases.
Keywords:UnaniMedicine,Sartān, Stomachcancer.

Cause of CancerinAspect ofHumoralTheory
1
AyshaParvez
2
ShahanaAyub
1
PGScholar,Dept.ofAmraz-e-Niswan waQabalat,AUTC KarolBagh
2
Assistantprofessor,Dept.ofAmraz-e-Niswan-wa-Qabalat,AUTC KarolBagh
Abstract:
Cancer is defined as a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or
spread to other parts of the body. The Hippocratic humoral theory states that the human body consists of
four humors (body fluids) viz., dam (blood), balgham (phlegm), safra (yellow bile), and sauda (black
bile). These four humors have to be in balance to be healthy and any imbalance in these humors (body
fluids) results in disease. In classical Unani literature sartan (cancer) is developed due to an imbalance in
humors especially sauda (black bile). Ibn Sina (980-1037) in his book Al Qanoon called sartan (cancer) as
warm-e-saudawi which is caused by safra saudawi and Razi (841-926) mentioned it as dam saudawi in
his book Al Hawi. Allama Qarshi mentioned that excess combustion in any humors results in sauda ghair
tabayi and also he added if combustion occurs in dam, safra and sauda then it is called dam saudawi, safra
saudawi andsauda saudawi respectively.Productionofsauda ghairtabayicausedby:
· Whentemperamentoftheliverbecomeshotterwhichresultsinincreasedproductionof blackbile.
· Decreasedabsorptionofblackbileby thespleen.
· Consumption of foods that produce an excess of bile e.g. Adas (red lentils), Karnib (Cabbage),
Bakrekagosht (Mutton), Gai ka gosht (Beef).
Unani pathophysiological process of Sartan is explained by many scholars in the context of Humoral
theory may be helpful in the understanding of disease and line of treatment.
Keywords:Humoraltheory,Sartan,Safra saudawi,Sauda ghair tabayi,Temperament.

Role of Asbab Sitta Zarooriya in Cancer Prevention
Yezam Akhtar
PG Scholar, Dept of Tahafuzi Wa Samaji Tibb, NIUM, Bengaluru
Abstract:
Introduction: Cancer is the second chief cause of death after cardiovascular disorders with estimated
10.6 million deaths in 2021 financial inferences. The therapeutic index of many interventions (surgery,
radiation, chemo, and biologic therapy) used in modern medicine is very less with 100 percent toxicity.
Cancer has emerged as the leading cause of human mortality and morbidity in low-middle and high-
income countries.Around 55% of premature deaths due to cancer occur in low, middle, and high-income
countries. This article reviewed all the classical literature of unani and modern medicine related to cancer.
Sartan (cancer) has been described in Unani medicine as a disease that is developed due to morbid sauda
(sauda-e-ahtraqia) and managed by multiple modalities (regimenal therapy, pharmacotherapy, and
surgery) for safe and effective treatment (Zakhira Khwarzam Shahi by Jurjani). In Unani terminology, it is
defined as waram salabat and its branches filled by madda saudavia. The objective of this review paper is
to explore the Unani literature especially moderation and modification in Asbabe sitta zarooriya for the
controlandpreventionofcancer.
Methodology: Literature has been collected from the classical Unani books, reference modern books, and
highindexedpublishedpapers.
Result: Moderation and modification in Asbabe sitta zarooriya have been described in classical Unani
literature.Theyexplainedthecontrolandpreventionofcancer.
Conclusions: Unani system of medicine is one of the most ancient forms of medicine in the world. In
this....., the body is governed by six essential factors known as Asbabe sitta zarooriya for maintaining
optimal health. Disturbance in any one of these factors results in disease.Thus prevention of NCDS can be
achieved by modifications in Asbabe Sitta Zarooriya which make the tabiyat able to preserve and restore
health.
Keywords: Asbabesittazarooriya,Cancer,Ilajbittadbeer.

Anti-Cancer drugs used by Ancient Unani Scholars and Recent
Researches: A Review
*1 2
Durdana Halim ,Mahfoozur Rahman ,
1
PGScholar,Dept.ofImulAdvia,Govt.TibbiCollegeandHospital,Patna,India.
2
Prof.,Dept.ofIlmulAdvia,Govt.TibbiCollegeand Hospital,Patna,India
Abstract:
Introduction:
Cancer is a group of diseases that grows in any organ or tissue of the body when abnormal cells grow
uncontrollably. According to WHO, Cancer is the second leading cause of death. In the Unani concept,
Sartan (Cancer) is a saudawi warm (Melantonic swelling) that occurs due to combustion of either Safra
(yellow bile) or both Balgham (Phlegm) and Safra in the body. The cause and developments of Cancer are
multifactorial. Sartan can be prevented by following the principles of “Asbabe sitta zarooriya”.Treatment
and prevention prescribed by Great Unani Scholars Galen, Zakaria Razi, Zahrawi, Ibn-sina andAl-karaki
like Plants, Animals and Minerals origin drugs, Nutool, Surgery, Dietotherapy, Amle kai, Riyazat, Qai,
Zimad, Hammam. Unani drugs are used as an adjuvant therapy in Sartan, some of the Unani single drugs
had been evaluated for anti-cancerous activities and found effective likeAfsanteen (Artimisia absinthium
L.), Aftimoon (CascutareflexaRoxb.), Asgand (Withaniasomnifera L.), Āmla (Emblica officinalis), Asl-us-
sus (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.), Balādur (Semecarpus anacardium Linn), Balela (Terminalia bellarica (
Gaerth.)), Chirchita (Achyranthes aspera Linn), Deodār (Cedrus deodara), Gilo (TinosporacardifoliaThunb.),
Gul-i-Nīlofer (Nymphaea alba Linn.), Zardchob (Carcuma longa), Zarishk (Berberis aristata L), Darchini
(Cinnamomum zeylenicum), Brahmi (Bacopa minnieri), Halela (Terminalia chebula), 'Inab-us-Sā'lab
(Solanum nigrum Linn), JangliArand (Jatropha curcas Linn), Kachnār (Bauhinia variegate L), Kutki (Picrorhiza
kurroa),Sadābahār(Catharanthusroseus), SibrZard(AloeveraL),WajTurki(Acorus calamusLinn).
Objective:
To study theUnanisingledrugs ofanti-cancerousproperties.
Methodology:
Availableliteratureof concernedtopicis surveyedfromclassicalUnaniclassicaltextandinternetsources.
Conclusion:
Unani therapies and modalities mentioned in Unani literature have a role as adjuvant therapy. So, there is a
need for a research study on various single drugs with anti-cancerous activities mentioned in Unani
classicalliteraturetobeused inplaceofside-effectsbearingdrugs.
Keywords:Sartan,Anti-cancerousdrugs, researchstudy,UnaniScholars.

Munzij and Mushil Therapy: A Hope for Cancer Management
1
Fauzia Khatoon ,
2
Shahnaz Bano ,
1
PG -Scholar,Dept. of Moalajat, Government Tibbi College, Patna.
2
PG -Scholar,Dept. of MahiyatulAmraz, Government Tibbi College, Patna.
Abstract
As the prevalent methods of cancer treatment have many serious side effects, Unani Medicine can play a
significant role in the management of cancer. According to the Unani concept, cancer is a warm-e-sulb
saudavi and belongs to the diseases of the black bile humor (Sauda). Thus, certain abnormalities or
changes occurring in the quantity and quality of Sauda lead to cancer. Keeping black bile in a normal state
makes an individual free from saudawi Amraz (black-bile diseases). Early identification and treatment
have been highlighted by Unani physicians for better management. Further, Galen has proposed the
removal of Sauda or Tanqia-e-Mawad (cleansing of morbid matter) by means of Nuzj (concoction) and
Ishal (purgation). Nuzj is a method by which morbid matters are modified to a form that can be easily
evacuated with the help of mushilat (purgatives). About 15 to 40 days are required for Nuzj of Sauda-e-
Khalis. Soon after the signs of Nuzj completion appear, the Munzij drugs are replaced by the Mushil drugs.
Munzij sauda drugs include Ustookhudoos (Levandula), Baaddranjboya (Nepata puderalis), and others,
while Mushil Sauda drugs include Afteemoon (Cuscuta reflexa), Ayarij Faqera (Aloe barbadensis), and
others. Unani medicine has great potential and can serve as a safe treatment for cancer. So essentially, an
alternative approach to Munzij and Mushil therapy can be explored for the better, safe, and efficacious
treatmentofcancer.

souvenir AUP, Patna.pdf

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