Hiii mona how are you doing

1. OUR ENVIRONMENT
CLASS 10
SCIENCE
Submitted by-
Somya Ranjan Joshi
UBED20BOT004

2. CONTENTS
• Ecosystem
• Types of Ecosystem
• Types of organisms
• Food Chain
• 10% law
• Food web
• How do our activities affect the environment
• How to protect our environment

3. What is Ecosystem?
• All the interacting organisms in an area together with the non-
living constituents of the environment form an ecosystem.
• Thus, an ecosystem consists of biotic components comprising
living organisms and abiotic components comprising physical
factors like temperature, rainfall, wind, soil and minerals.

4. - For example, if you visit a garden you will find different plants,
such as grasses, trees; flower bearing plants like rose, jasmine,
sunflower; and animals like frogs, insects and birds. All these living
organisms interact with each other and their growth, reproduction
and other activities are affected by the abiotic components of
ecosystem.
So a garden is an ecosystem. Other types of ecosystems are
forests, ponds and lakes.
These are natural ecosystems while gardens and crop-fields are
humanmade (artificial) ecosystems.

5. TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM-
• There are mainly two types of Ecosystem:
• A. Natural Ecosystem - It is a community of living and non-living entities and
occurs freely innature. For e.g., Forests, Ponds, Lakes, etc.
• B. Human-made Ecosystem - It is human-made structure whère biotic and abiotic
componentsare made to interact with each other for survival. It is also known as
Artificial Ecosystem. For e.g., Crop-fields, Garden, Aquarium, etc.

6. TYPES OF ORGANISMS-
• The organisms can be classed as:
• ○ Producers - All green plants and certain bacteria which can produce
food by photosynthesisare called Producers.
• ○ Consumers - The organisms which directly or indirectly depends on
producers for food andfeed on others are called Consumers.
Saprophytes, Holozoic, Parasites come under thecategory of
Consumers.
• ○ Decomposers - The micro-organisms that convert the dead remains
of plants and animals to humus are called Decomposers. Fungi and
Bacteria come under the Decomposers.

8. FOOD CHAIN-
- A food chain explains which organism eats another organism in the
environment.
- The food chain is a linear sequence of organisms where nutrients and energy
is transferred from one organism to the other.
- This occurs when one organism consumes another organism. It begins with
the producer organism, follows the chain and ends with the decomposer
organism.
- After understanding the food chain, we realise how one organism is
dependent upon another organism for survival.

9. 10% LAW -
• The green plants in a terrestrial ecosystem capture about 1% of the
energy of sunlight that falls on their leaves and convert it into food
energy.
• When green plants are eaten by primary consumers, a great deal of
energy is lost as heat to the environment, some amount goes into
digestion and in doing work and the rest goes towards growth and
reproduction.
• An average of 10% of the food eaten is turned into its own body and
made available for the next level of consumers.
• Therefore, 10% can be taken as the average value for the amount of
organic matter that is present at each step and reaches the next level of
consumers.

11. • Several interconnected food chains form a food web. A food
web is similar to a food chain but the food web is
comparatively larger than a food chain.
• Occasionally, a single organism is consumed by many
predators or it consumes several other organisms.
• Due to this, many trophic levels get interconnected. The
food chain fails to showcase the flow of energy in the right
way.
• But, the food web is able to show the proper representation
of energy flow, as it displays the interactions between
different organisms.
FOOD WEB -

12. HOW DO OUR ACTIVITIES AFFECT THE
ENVIRONMENT?
• While we would have greatly contributed to the well being
of our society, we have overlooked or neglected the fact
that eventually, we have been playing up with the
environment in which we stay. This has been showing up in
recent times in the form of global warming, floods,
cyclones, tsunamis etc which are a few consequences of
various activities of man.

13. Ozone Layer and How it is Getting Depleted -
• Three atoms of oxygen make up a molecule of Ozone(). While , oxygen gives
life to organisms, ozone is a poisonous gas. It may be hazardous on earth, but
up in the different atmospheric levels, Ozone plays a vital role. UV rays are
given out by the sun and cause damage to organisms, skin cancer in human
beings to be precise, hence are dangerous. Ozone blocks these UV radiations
from reaching the earth.
• Over the years, this protective layer around the earth has been depleting. A
sharp depletion was discovered way back in the 1980s which are caused due
to CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) used in refrigerators and fire extinguishers.
This is why it is now mandated on manufacturing companies to make CFC-
free appliances throughout the world.

14. Managing Garbage We Produce -
• The process of treating solid wastes by gathering,
transporting and disposing of garbage is called waste
management. Wastes can either be biodegradable or
nonbiodegradable.
• Biodegradable wastes are acted upon by biological
processes which help in their break down but non-
biodegradable substances are not broken down by these
biological activities. They exist in nature for a long time
and prove to be hazardous in the long run, hence treating
them is very necessary.

16. How To Protect Our Environment -
• Do not throw waste on the roads, dump garbage in bins.
• Do not throw garbage in water bodies
• Recycle and reuse materials wherever possible
• Avoid use of plastic, as they are non-biodegradable.
• Proper sewage for contaminated water to flow through them
• Promote afforestation
• Adopt the use of public transport wherever possible
• Animal hunting needs to stop