Something Something Volcanoes Something Something Faults Something Something

1. Deformation of
the Crust
Module 3 : Lesson 3
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3. Table of contents
Explore the 4 different types of Volcanoes!
Explore the 3 different Activities of Volcanoes and
How Volcanoes help the planet!
Explore about our planet’s continents
01
03
02
Types of Volcanoes
Deformation of the Crust
Types of Volcanoes (Based on Activity)

4. Explore the 4 Different types of Volcanoes!
Types of Volcanoes
0
1

5. Geologists and professional volcanologists
usually classify volcanoes into four different
types, based on their shape, magnitude,
structure, material, and type of eruption.
There are four major types of volcanoes
namely: lava dome, shield, composite or
stratovolcano, and cinder cone.
Introduction

6. The Cinder Cone
Volcano!
The “Cinder Cone Volcano” monopolize on
extruding lava on the surface making landforms
with very low slopes- cinder cone on the
opposite sides. Cinder cones are usually
created from a single cone-shaped opening.
The manner of eruption for cinder cones is
relatively simple. When the lava erupts, cinders
of it are blown into the air. These fragmented
cinders fall a short distance from the opening,
thus creating the cone.
Sunset Crater

7. The Shield
Volcano!
The “Shield Volcano” eruption is
accompanied by pyroclastic material (burst of
gas and particles). Shield volcanoes may be tall
but tend to be very broad, with less steep
slopes than other volcanoes. Shield volcanoes
can be huge because of their ample supply of
magma. For example, Mauna Loa is a shield
volcano that rises more than 30,000 feet above
its base on the bottom of the ocean. Mauna
Loa is the highest point on Earth (= 10km
height) or around 1.2 km higher than the Mount
Everest.
Mauna Loa

8. The Composite
Volcano!
The “Composite Volcanoes” are also known as
“Stratovolcanoes”. Their eruptions are
dangerous and explosive in nature, with many
layers of lava and pyroclastic materials, the
current of rock and gas that can reach 1,800°F
and 450 mph, killing any living organism in its
path immediately. The citizens of Pompeii were
killed by a composite volcano’s pyroclastic flow.
Moreover, deadly mudflows-also commonly
known as ‘lahars’-can also accompany the
eruption. Mt. Vesuvius

9. The Lava Dome!
The “Lava Domes” formed when the
lava is too viscous to flow to a great
distance. As the lava dome slowly grows,
the outer surface cools and hardens as
the lava continues to pile within.
Eventually, the internal pressure can
shatter the outer surface, causing loose
fragments to spill down its sides.
Generally, such lava domes are found on
the flanks of larger composite volcanoes. Mt. Saint Helens

10. TYPES SHAPE HEIGHT SLOPE
EXAMPLE
S
CINDER
CONE OR
SCORIA
CONE
Symmetrical cone
Up to 1,200 feet
(370 meters)
30-40 degrees
Paricutin in Mexico,
Lava Butte, Sunset
Crater
SHIELD Tall and broad
Up to over 30,000
feet (9.000 meters)
Roughly 10 degrees
near the base and 5
degrees near the top
Hualalai, Mauna Loa,
Kohala Volcano
COMPOSI
TE
Tall, steep, and
symmetrical
Up to 8,000 feet
(2,400 meters)
Roughly 6 degrees
near the base and
roughly 30 degrees
near the top
Mount Fuji,
Mount Shasta,
Mount St. Helens,
Mount Rainier,
Mount Mayon,
Mount Pinatubo
LAVA
DOME
Dome
Up to 330 feet (100
meters)
25-30 degrees
Mount St. Helens,
Chaitén lava dome,
Lassen Peak

11. Explore the 3 Different types of activities of
Volcanoes!
Types of
Volcanoes (Based
on Activity)
02

12. Different Types of Volcanoes
(Based on Activity)
An erupting volcano is an “active volcano”
that is having an eruption fail and frequently. A
“dormant (sleeping) volcano” is an active
volcano that is n erupting but supposed to
erupt again or has erupted in the last 2000
years. The other hand, an “extinct volcano”
has not had an eruption for at least 10,000
years and is not expected to erupt again in a
comparable time scale of the future, Because a
volcanism is influenced by the magma that is
moving underneath.
Taal Volcano

14. 1
Drying up of small
bodies of water around
the volcano including
death of plants
Listed below are some events of an
impending volcanic eruption :
Ground tremors or
earthquake for hours or
minutes before an
eruption
Heightened
activity of steam
discharge
Landslide and other
mass wasting
events
Ground
Swelling
Unusual
behaviour of
Animals
2 3
4 5 6

15. Volcanoes, no matter how
dangerous they may seem,
are already a part of human-
earth interaction. Over
geologic time, volcanic
eruptions and related
processes have directly and
indirectly benefited mankind, Mayon Volcano

16. 1
Internal heat associated
with young volcanic
systems has been
harnessed to produce
geothermal energy
To name a few :
Volcanoes are the
primary island
producers
Igneous processes
generate ore deposits
we’ve been mining for
thousands of years
The earth’s water and
atmosphere,
consequently life on
earth, evolved from the
gases produced by
volcanic eruptions
Farmers grow food
from the mineral-rich
soil around
volcanoes
The sulfur gas combines with water
in the atmosphere, creating
microscopic aerosol droplets that
can stay in the atmosphere for years
cools troposphere, which is the
level in which we live and breathe.
2 3
4 5 6

17. Explore the 3 Different types stress on the bodies of rock and many
more!
Deformation of the
Crust
03

18. The Earth’s crust is divided into 12 major
plates which are moved in various
directions. This plate motion causes them
to collide, pull apart, or scrape against each
other. The word, “Tectonic”, refers to “the
deformation of the crust because of plate
interaction”. This is because of the stress,
or the force applied to a body of rocks.
Introduction

19. The 12 Major Plates

20. Stress is a force acting on a rock per unit
area and therefore has units of Force/area
(like lb/in 2) while strain or deformation is
a change in shape or size resulting from
applied forces (deformation). Rocks only
strain when placed under stress. There are
three principal types of stress, namely:

21. 3 Principal Types of Stress
- This is caused by a convergent movement.
This type of stress pushes rocks together,
(or extensional stress which stretches rock)
- This is caused by divergent movement. This
type of stress stretches or squeezes rocks.
- This is caused by a transform movement. This
type of stress cause masses of rock to slip and slide
past each other resulting in slippag and translation.
Compression
Shear
Tension

22. 1. Compression

23. 2. Tension

24. 3. Shear

25. When rocks deform, they are said to
strain. A strain is a change in size,
shape, or volume of a material. We
here modify that definition somewhat to
say that a strain also includes any kind
of movement of the material, including
translation and tilting. When a rock is
subjected to increasing stress, it
passes through 3 successive stages of
deformation.

26. 3 Principal Types of Stress
- wherein the strain is reversible or can revert the
deformation back to its original form when the stress is
removed.
- wherein the strain is irreversible, just like in a ball of
molding clay. Upon the application of stress, the molding
clay will deform and will not go back to its original, ball
state.
- irreversible strain wherein the material breaks. It is like
how a piece of biscuit breaks.
Elastic
Deformation
Fracture or Brittle
Ductile
Deformation
1
2
3

27. We can divide materials into two
classes that depend on their relative
behavior under stress. Brittle
Materials have a small or large region
of elastic behavior but only a small
region of ductile behavior before they
fracture. Ductile Materials have a
small region of elastic behavior and a
large region of ductile behavior before
they fracture.

28. Rocks Relative behavior when under Stress

29. 1. “Temperature” – At high temperature molecules and their
bonds can stretch and move, thus materials will behave in
more ductile manner. At low Temperature, materials are
brittle.
2. “Confining Pressure” – At high confining pressure
materials are less likely to fracture because the pressure of
the surroundings tends to hinder the formation of fractures. At
low confining stress, material will be brittle and tend to
fracture sooner.
How a material behaves will
depend on several factors. Among
them are:

30. 3. “Strain Rate” – At high strain
rates material tends to fracture. At
low strain rates more time is
available for individual atoms to
move and therefore ductile behavior
is favored.
How a material behaves will
depend on several factors. Among
them are:

31. 4. “Composition” – Some minerals, like quartz, olivine, and
feldspars are very brittle. Others, like clay minerals, micas, and
calcite are more ductile This is due to the chemical bond types
that hold them together. Thus, the mineralogical composition of
the rock will be a factor in determining the deformational
behavior of the rock. Another aspect is presence or absence of
water. Water appears to weaken the chemical bonds and forms
films around mineral grains along which slippage can take
place. Thus, wet rock tends to behave in ductile manner, while
dry rocks tend to behave in brittle manner.
How a material behaves will depend on
several factors. Among them are:

32. “Folds” are permanent wavelike
deformation in layered rock or
sediment responsible for orogeny, or
the process of mountain building, and
is usually associated with compressive
force under ductile deformation.
“Fault” is a fracture in bedrock along
which rocks on one side have moved
relative to the other side. It is a brittle
deformation features in rocks.
“Joints”, on the other hand, are
fractures on a rock without noticeable
movement.

33. These faults occur when
the hanging wall moves
down relative to the
footwall. Normal faults are
caused by tensional
forces and result in
overall extension
1. Normal Faults :

34. These faults occur when
the hanging wall moves
up relative to the footwall.
Reverse faults are caused
by compressional forces
and result in overall
shortening
2. Reverse Faults
:

35. These faults occur when
the ground has shifted
parallel to Earth’s surface
due to horizontal shearing
forces. Strike-slip faults
are near-vertical fractures
3. Strike-Slip Faults :

36. 3 Main Types of Faults

37. Thanks for
Listening:)