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1. PHRASE , CLAUSE, SENTENCE

2. Phrase
A group of words giving a definite meaning but not the complete sense.
It is a part of sentence and help in making a sentence.
Example:
• On the table
• In the room
• The book is lying on the table.
• The girls are in the room.

3. Clause
A group of words witch requires another group of words to give a
complete sense.
Example:
• Which was made of gold
• Who had blue eyes
• I gave him a chain which was made of gold.
• There came my cousin who had blue eyes.

4. Sentence
A combination of words arranged in a meaningful manner which give
complete sense is called a sentence.
Example:
• He plays cricket.
• Allah is one.
• He is a great man.

5. The Phrase
A group of words, which makes sense, but not complete sense, is called
phrase.
Examples:
Made of gold, of great wealth, built of stone, with great speed, withput
any care, to win the prize, to go home, riding a camel, milking a cow
etc.

6. Kinds of Phrases
• Adjective phrase
• Adverb phrase
• Noun phrase
• Prepositional phrase
• Gerund phrase
• Infinitive phrase
• Appositive phrase

7. Adjective Phrase
A group of words which does the work of an adjective is called
adjective phrase.
Example:
1. (a)Malik Riaz is a wealthy man.
(b)Malik Riaz is a man of great Wealth.
2. (a)The principal was a kind man.
(b)The principle was a man with a kindly nature.
3. (a)He is wearing a silky turban.
(b)He is wearing a turban made of silk.

8. Adjective Phrases
• A purple clock
• A golden crown
• A white elephant
• A jungle track
• A blue-eyed boy
• A deserted village
• A blank page
• The longest day

9. Adverb Phrase
A group of words that does the work of an adverb is called adverb
phrase.
Example:
1. (a)Ehtisham runs fast
(b)Ehtisham runs with a great speed.
2. (a)She is coming now.
(b)She is coming at this very moment.
3. (a)he answered rudely.
(b)He answered in a very rude manner.

10. Adverbs
• Bravely
• Unwisely
• Swiftly
• Beautifully
• Consequent
• Foolishly
• Gradually
• Urgently

11. Noun phrase
A group of words that does the work of a noun is called noun phrase. It may
be subject, object or complement of a verb.
Example:
1. (a)she expects a prize.
(b)She expects to get a prize.
2. (a)The boy wants bread.
(b)The boy wants to eat bread.
3. (a)We should be kind to our relatives.
(b)We should be kind to our kith and kin.
4. Early to bed is a good habit.

12. Prepositional Phrase
Prepositional phrase consists of a preposition followed by prepositional
complement.
Example:
1. We set up a camp under shady tree.
2. They took a shelter in a garden.
3. He lost his keys at the office.
4. The book with the tattered cover has been read many times.
5. The present inside the big box is mine.
6. Put the fresh flowers on a high shelf.
7. He is at home in English.

13. A few prepositional phrases are:
• According to
• Along with
• Away from
• Because of
• In favor of
• In spite of
• In order to
• In case of
• By dint of
• By way of
• At the bottom of

14. Gerund Phrase
A gerund phrase is a phrase consisting of a gerund and objects
associated with it. A whole gerund phrase functions in a sentence just
like a noun, and can act as a subject, an object or a predicate
nominative.
Example:
1. Riding the camel looks easy to me.
2. He enjoys milking the cow.
3. She likes baking cakes for children.
4. She likes running with the hounds.

15. Infinitive Phrase
An infinitive phrase is the infinitive form of a verb plus any
complements and modifiers.
Example:
I want to burry the treasure quickly.

16. Infinitive phrases
The complement of an infinitive verb will often be its direct object, and
the modifier will often be an adverb.
Example:
1. He helped to build the roof.
2. The officer returned to help the inspectors
3. Let me show you the best way to fix a door quickly.
4. Nobody wants to hear long speeches.
5. “To invent an airplane is nothing. To build one is something, but to
fly is everything.”

17. Appositive Phrase
An appositive is a noun or pronoun that renames an other noun or
pronoun in some way.
Example:
1. The newspaper, The New York Times, first appeared in the 1850’s.
2. Quide-e-Azam, the founder of Pakistan, was born in Karachi.
3. Mr Adeel, my student, is very hard working.
4. Hazrat Ali(R.A), a brave warrior, stood victorious in battels.