3. Outlines
• At the end of thisunit,learnerswillbe able to:
1. Define selfperception/ selfconcept pattern.
2. Describe thefunctions ofself and self concept
3. Discuss how self concept develops through out the life span
4. Discussfactors that can effectself concept
5. Identify possible manifestation of altered self concept
6. Apply nursing process for a person with an altered self concepts.
4. SELF CONCEPT/ SELF PERCEPTION
PATTERN
• Describes self-concept pattern and
perceptions of self.
6. SELF-CONCEPT
• Self-conceptisthementalimagethatone hasof oneself.
• Who am I?”
• It is subjective and a complexmixture of conscious and
unconsciousthoughts, attitudes,and perceptionsthata
person hasabouthisorherownidentity.
• Can be positive or negative
7. SELF CONCEPT
• The development of self-concept and self-esteem is
a lifelong process
• Beginning in early childhood and continuing across
the lifespan
• In general, self-concept and self esteem levels are:
High in childhood,
Decrease in adolescence,
Rise gradually throughout adulthood,
Peak at about 50 to 60 years, and
Then decline in old age
8. CHARACTERISTICS OFA POSITIVESELFCONCEPT
• Self-Acceptance
• Self-confidence
• Ability to accept criticism and not become
defensive
• Realistic Self-Perception
• Self-Respect
• Openness to Growth
• Setting obtainable goals
• Willingness to take risks and try new
experiences
9. FUNCTIONS OF SELF
Fourmainfunctions
Self Knowledge
• Thewayweunderstandwhoweareand organizethis
information
Self Control
• Thewaywe makeplansandexecute decisions
ImpressionManagement
• Thewaywepresentourselvestoothersandgetthemto
see usaswewanttobeseen
Self Esteem
• Thewaywemaintainpositiveviewsofourselves
10. Functions of Self-Concept
• Self-Evaluation
• Social Comparison
• Predicting and Understanding Behavior
• Cognitive Consistency
• Personal Growth and Development
11. SELF-CONCEPT DEVELOPS THROUGHOUT
THE LIFESPAN
• Involves many factors. Erik Erikson's psychosocial
theory of development (1963).
• Individuals face at various stages of development
• Each stage builds on the tasks of the previous
stage, and successful mastery of each stage leads
to a positive sense of self
23. IDENTITY IS INFLUENCED BY
• Age
• Gender
• Sexuality
• Socialclass
• Ethnicityand Culture.
24. BODY IMAGE
• Bodyimageinvolvesattitudesrelatedto thebody,
includingphysical appearance,structure,orfunction.
• Feelings about body image include those relatedto
sexuality,femininityand masculinity,health,andstrength.
25. BODY IMAGE IS INFLUENCED BY
• Cognitivegrowthandphysical development
• Psychological
• Physicalchanges
• Bodydissatisfaction
• Thewayotherpeopleviewaperson'sbody andthe
feedback
26. BODY IMAGE IS INFLUENCED BY
• Aging
• Cultural and social attitudes and values
• An individual's appearance influences self-
concept
• Media
• Physical changes
27. ROLEPERFORMANCE
• It is the way in which individuals perceive their ability
to carry out significant roles.
• Common roles include parent, child, spouse,
employee, and student.
• Ideal social role behaviors are often hard to achieve
in real life.
• Successful adults learn to distinguish between ideal
role expectations and realistic possibilities
28. TERMS
Role ambiguity
• Occurs when expectation unclear, and people do not know
what to do or how to do it and unable to predict the reactions
of other to their behavior.
Role strain
• Are frustrated because they feel or are made to feel
inadequate or unsuited to a role. Often associated with sex
role stereotype.
• Example, women in occupations traditionally held by men
might be treated as having less knowledge and competence
than men in the same role
29. TERMS
Role mastery
• Means that the person’s behaviors meet social
expectations.
• Expectations, or standards of behavior of a role, are set by
society, a cultural group, or a smaller group to which a
person belongs
32. SELF ESTEEM
• Is one’s judgment of one’s own worth
• Self esteem refers to how people feel about them selves.
• Two sources for esteem are self and others.
• A person develops high self-esteem when he or She
receives positive feed back from both Self and others.
Positive Feedback
In self evaluation
Positive Image as
Feedback From others
Highself- esteem
33. The two types of self-esteem are global and specific
Global self-esteem
• Is how much one likes
oneself as a whole.
• Global self-esteem is
influenced by specific self-
esteem
Specific self-esteem
• Is how much one approves
of a certain part of oneself.
34. ASSESSMENT
• Subjective Data: Obtain subjective information directly
from the patient regarding their :
Perception of self,
Feelings of self-worth,
Body image, and
any changes they have noticed.
35. ASSESSMENT
• Objective Data: Gather objective data through
observation and assessment of the patient's:
Behavior,
Interactions with others,
Non-verbal cues, and
Any physical manifestations of altered self-concept
(e.g., withdrawn behavior, poor eye contact, negative self-talk).
36. Manifestations of altered self-concept
• Low Self-Esteem
• Negative Body Image
• Identity Confusion
• Impaired Self-Identity
• Social Withdrawal or Isolation
• Perfectionism or Self-Criticism
• Depression or Anxiety
• Substance Abuse or Self-Harm
• Difficulty in Relationships
• Avoidance of Personal Growth Opportunities
37. BEHAVIOURS SUGGESTIVE OF ALTERED SELF-CONCEPT
• Avoidance of eye contact
• Slumped posture
• Untidy appearance
• Being overly hesitant Shy
speech
• Being overly critical or
angry
• Frequent or inappropriate
crying
• Negative self- evaluation
• Being extremely dependent
• Hesitancy in expressing views or
opinions
• Lack of interest in what is
happening
• Passive attitude
• Difficulty in making decisions
38. ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
Identity
• How would you describe yourself?
• How would you describe your personal
characteristics? or
• How do you see yourself as a person?
• How do others describe you as a person?
• What do you like about yourself?
39. ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
Identity
• How would you describe yourself?
• How would you describe your personal
characteristics? or
• How do you see yourself as a person?
• How do others describe you as a person?
• What do you like about yourself?
40. ASSESSMENTQUESTIONS
Identity
• What do you do well?
• What are your personal strengths,
talents, and abilities?
• What would you change about yourself if you
could?
•Does it anxiety you a great deal if you think
someone doesn’t like you?
41. ASSESSMENTQUESTIONS
Body Image
• What aspects of your appearance do you like?”
• Would you like to change any aspects of
• your appearance?
• If yes, describe the changes you would make.”
• Is there any part of your body you would like to
change?
• Are you comfortable discussing your surgery?
42. ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
Body Image
• Do you feel different or inferior to others?
• How do you feel about your
appearance?
• What changes in your body do you expect
following your surgery?
•How have significant others in your life reacted to
changes in your body?
43. ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
Self-Esteem
• Tell me about the things you do that make you
feel good about yourself.
• Are you satisfied with your life?
• How do you feel about yourself?
• Are you accomplishing what you want?
• What goals in life are important to you?
• How do you feel about yourself?
44. ASSESSMENTQUESTIONS
• Role Performance
• Tell me about your primary roles (e.g., partner,
parent, friend, sister, employee, volunteer).
• How effective are you at carrying out each of these
roles?”
• What are your responsibilities in the family?
• What about your role or responsibilities would you like
changed?
• Are you proud of your family members?
• Do you feel your family members are proud of you?
45. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
• Disturbed body image related to negative thoughts and
feelings to actual change in body.
• Caregiver role strain
• Disturbed personal identity
• Ineffective role performance
• Chronic low self-esteem
• Situational low self-esteem
• Risk for situational low self-esteem
• Readiness for enhanced self-concept
46. OUTCOMEIDENTIFICATIONANDPLANNING
• You should develop an individualized plan of care for each
nursing diagnosis.
• Goals should be specific, measurable, achievable,
relevant, and time-bound (SMART).
• The nurse develops plans in collaboration
with the client and support people when possible.
• Plan must be according to the client’s state of health, level of
anxiety, resources, coping mechanisms, and sociocultural
and religious affiliation
47. OUTCOMEIDENTIFICATIONANDPLANNING
• The nurse who has little experience in caring for
clients with altered self-concept may wish to consult
with a more experienced nurse to develop effective
plans.
• The nurse and client set goals to enhance the client’s
self-concept
• The goals established will vary according to the
diagnoses and defining characteristics related to
each individual
48. IMPLEMENTATION
• Therapeutic nurse–client relationship is central to the
implementation phase.
• Consider nursing interventions to promote a healthy self-
concept and help the client move toward achieving the
goals.
• To develop effective nursing interventions
• It is important to work with clients and their families or
significant others to promote a healthy self-concept.
49. IMPLEMENTATION
• I LIKE ME
• The memory trick “I LIKE ME” lists nursing interventions to
promote a positive self- concept in clients:
• I = Identify client’s strengths.
• L= Listen to the client’s self-description.
• I = Involve the client in decision making.
• K = Keep goals realistic.
• E = Encourage client to think positively.
• M = Maintain an environment favorable to client self-expression.
• E = Explain to the client how to use positive self talk instead of
negative self-talk.
50. EVALUATION
Client Care
• Critical thinking is needed to evaluate success in
meeting each client's goal.
• Frequent evaluation of client progress is recommended
• Use knowledge of behaviors and characteristics of a
healthy self-concept when you review the client's
behaviors.
51. EVALUATION
• Evaluate the effectiveness of the interventions in
achieving the established goals and outcomes.
• Reassess the patient's self-concept and related factors to
determine if there have been any improvements or
changes.
• Modify the plan of care as needed based on the patient's
response and ongoing assessment data.
Provide ongoing support, education, and follow-up to
promote continued progress and psychological well-being.
52.
53. CONCLUSION
• A positive self-concept is important in achieving happiness, success,
and a healthy self identity
• The four main components of self-concept are identity, body image,
self-esteem, and role performance
• Each developmental stage involves factors that are important to
developing a healthy, positive self-concept.
• factors affecting self-concept include life experiences, heredity and
culture, values and beliefs, stress and coping, health status, and
developmental stage.
• A variety of activities are available for the nurse to teach the client
to promote a positive self-concept
54. References
• Wilkinson, Leslie S., J. M., & Barnett, Mable H. Smith, T.K. L.
(2015, March 23). Fundamental of Nursing: Vol. 2 (Third
edition). F. A. Davis Company.
• Faan, P. M. R. P. P. A., Faan, P. A. R. E. G., Bsn Ms, S. P. R., PhD,
Cne, H. A. R. B. M. P., PhD Rn, B. A. J., & Aocn, D. W. R. P.
• (2018). Canadian Fundamentals of Nursing (6th ed.). Mosby.
• Berman, A. T., & Snyder, S. (2019). Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals
of Nursing (9th Edition) . Pearson.
