Mastery of Scientific English Writing: Crafting Clear and Concise Research Communication is very much needed.Itdelves into the intricacies of effective communication in the realm of scientific research. This comprehensive guide equips readers with the essential skills necessary to articulate complex ideas, experimental findings, and theoretical frameworks with clarity and precision. Through practical examples, insightful tips, and structured exercises, this resource empowers researchers to navigate the nuances of scientific language, adhere to conventions of academic writing, and engage effectively with their audience. Whether drafting research articles, reports, or grant proposals, this book serves as an indispensable companion for scientists seeking to convey their discoveries with impact and professionalism in the global scientific community.

1. Scientific Writing
Dr. Anita s.Goswami-Giri
Professor and Head
Department of Chemistry
B. N. Bandodkar College of Science (Autonomous) Thane

2. Research?  A careful investigation for new facts in any
branch of knowledge
 Redman and Mory: Research is a systematic effort
to gain new knowledge
 Clifford Woody: Research-defining and redefining
problems, formulating hypothesis/objectives;
collecting, organizing and evaluating data; making
deductions and reaching conclusions; testing the
conclusions to determine whether they fit the
formulating hypothesis/objectives
Research methodology
plays a vital role in a
research study in every field
ART commerce Science ,
Engineering etc., ensuring
adherence to research
objectives and the effective
utilization of suitable data
collection and analysis tools
aligned with the chosen
research design.

3. Unveiling the Essence of
Research
Desire to get a research degree
along with its consequential benefits
Desire to face the challenge in
solving the unsolved problems
Desire to get intellectual joy of
doing some creative work
Desire to be of service to society
Desire to get respectability
Directives of government,
employment conditions etc.
• Validate intuition
• Improve methods
• Demands of the Job
• For publication/patent

4. Type of research and Its method
•Library Research-
Analysis of historical record and documents
•Field Research-
Individual Direct and non-direct observation ,mass observation,
personal and group interviews , case studies survey etc.
• Laboratory Research
Behavioral, random and small group study
What are
techniques ?
What is
difference
between
technique and
method?

5. Research process flow chart
Definition of
problem
Literature
review
Hypothesis
Design Research
proposal
Collectionof data
Analysis of
hypothesis
Interpretation and report
writing
Research methodology is a
way to systematically solve
the research problem

6. (1) Formulating the research problem;
(2) Extensive literature survey;
(3) Developing the hypothesis;
(4) Preparing the research design;
(5) Determining sample design;
(6) Collecting the data;
(7) Execution of the project;
(8) Analysis of data;
(9) Hypothesis testing;
(10) Generalizations and interpretation, and
(11) preparation of the report or presentation of the
results, i.e., formal write-up of conclusions reached
Research Process

7. 1. It relies on empirical evidence;
2. It utilizes relevant concepts;
3. It is committed to only objective considerations;
4. It presupposes ethical neutrality, i.e., it aims at nothing but making only
adequate and correct statements about population objects;
5. It results into probabilistic predictions;
6. Its methodology is made known to all concerned for critical scrutiny are
for use in testing the conclusions through replication;
7. It aims at formulating most general axioms or what can be termed as
scientific theories
Research and Scientific Method

8. Significance of Research
• Research inculcates scientific and inductive thinking and it promotes
the development of logical habits of thinking and organization
• All progress is born of inquiry. Doubt is often better than
overconfidence, for it leads to inquiry, and inquiry leads to
invention
• Special significance in solving various operational and planning problems
of business and industry. Operations research and market research, along
with motivational research, are considered crucial and their results assist,
in more than one way, in taking business decisions.

9. Basic structure of Research Methodology
Significance
outcome
Challenges and
limitations

10. 1. The layout of the report :
(i) the preliminary pages;
(ii) the main text, and
(iii) the end matter.
2. The main text of the report :
(a) Introduction: -statement , objective ,scope , limitations
(b) Summary of findings: statement of findings and recommendations in non-technical
language.
(c) Main report: presented in logical sequence and broken-down into readily identifiable
sections.
(d) Conclusion: Towards the end of the main text, researcher should again put down the
results of his research clearly and precisely. In fact, it is the final summing up.
Preparation of the report or the thesis:
Ref .Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques
Book by C. R. Kothari

11. 16
Abstracts
Abstracts are concise summaries of the content of a larger work, such as a research paper, thesis, article, or
conference presentation. They provide a brief overview of the main points and findings of the work, allowing
readers to quickly understand the scope and significance of the material without having to read the entire document.
Here are some key points about abstracts:
1.Purpose: The primary purpose of an abstract is to provide a clear and concise summary of the main points of the
work. It serves as a snapshot of the content, helping readers decide whether the full document is relevant to their
interests.
2.Length and Format: Abstracts are typically brief, ranging from 100 to 250 words, depending on the
requirements of the publication or academic institution. They are usually written as a single paragraph and may
include specific subsections, such as background, methods, results, and conclusions, depending on the type of
work being summarized.
3.Publication Requirements: Different publications and academic disciplines may have specific requirements for
abstracts, such as word limits, formatting guidelines, and content expectations.Authors should carefully review
these requirements and tailor their abstracts accordingly.
6. Importance: A well-written abstract can significantly impact the visibility and accessibility of a work. It
serves as a crucial tool for indexing and searching in academic databases, helping researchers locate relevant
literature in their fields.
In summary, abstracts play a vital role in academic and professional communication by
providing concise summaries of research and scholarly work, enabling readers to quickly

12. Reviews : Overall, a well-conducted review of literature survey is a critical component of academic
research, providing a foundation for understanding the existing knowledge base, identifying research gaps, and
informing the development of new research questions and hypotheses.
A review of literature survey is a comprehensive examination and analysis of existing
scholarly literature, books, articles, and other sources related to a specific research topic. It
aims to identify, evaluate, and synthesize the current state of knowledge on the topic, including
key concepts, theories, methodologies, findings, and gaps in the existing literature. The process
involves systematically searching, selecting, and critically analyzing relevant literature to
provide a comprehensive overview of the subject.
1.Defining the research question/topic: Clearly defining the scope & focus of the literature
review, including specific research questions or objectives to guide the search and analysis.
2.Searching for relevant literature: Conducting a systematic search of academic
databases, libraries, and other sources to identify scholarly works related to the research
topic. Using keywords, Boolean operators, and other search strategies to ensure
comprehensive coverage of relevant literature.
3.Selecting and evaluating sources: Screening & selecting literature based on relevance,
quality, significance to the research topic. Evaluating the credibility, methodology, contributions
of each source to assess its reliability & relevance to the review.

13. Monograph "monograph" refers to a scholarly book or publication that focuses on a single subject, often
written by a single author or a small group of authors.
1.Length: Monographs are typically longer than standard
academic articles and may range from a hundred pages to
several hundred pages in length, depending on the
complexity of the subject and the depth of coverage.
2.Original Research: While some monographs may be
purely analytical or expository, many monographs
include original research findings or interpretations that
contribute to the scholarly literature in the field.
6. Publication Format: Monographs are commonly
published as standalone books, either in print or digital
formats. They may be published by academic presses,
university publishers, or commercial publishers
specializing in scholarly works.
1.**Scope and Depth**: Monographs are known for their
detailed and comprehensive treatment of a subject. They delve
deeply into a specific topic, providing thorough analysis,
interpretation, and synthesis of existing knowledge.
2.**Authorship**: Monographs are often authored by experts
or scholars with specialized knowledge in a particular area.
They may represent the culmination of years of research and
expertise in a specific field.
Overall, monographs are important contributions to scholarly
literature, offering in-depth exploration and analysis of specific
topics or research areas. They play a significant role in
advancing knowledge
Monographs are typically in-depth works that provide comprehensive coverage of a specific topic, field of study, or research
area.
Here are some key characteristics of monographs:

14. Digital Web Sources
A web source is research information about a specific topic you find online. It can be an e- Journal, e-magazine, online
Peer-reviewed journals, webpages, forums and blogs, Newspapers are electronic sources, web sources and Internet
sources. A web request can take the form of a URI, URL, SPARQL query etc.
 Looking for reliable academic sources online can be a challenge. These online resources will help you find
credible sources for your academic research.

15. media should be critically evaluated for reliability and credibility.
web sources :In the context of academic research and information retrieval, "web sources"
refer to information available on the internet that can be used as a reference or cited in
scholarly work. Web sources can include a wide range of materials, from websites and online
articles to databases and digital repositories.
Here are some common types of web sources:
1.**Websites**: Websites are online platforms that can contain a variety of information, including articles, reports, data,
and multimedia content. They can be created by individuals, organizations, institutions, or businesses.
2.**Online Articles**: Many publications, such as newspapers, magazines, and journals, now have online versions that
publish articles and other content exclusively on the internet. These online articles can be valuable sources of information for
research.
3.**Databases**: Online databases store and organize large collections of information, such as academic journals, research
papers, books, and more. Many libraries and academic institutions provide access to subscription-based databases that offer
a wealth of scholarly resources.
4.**Digital Repositories**: Digital repositories are online platforms that store and provide access to digital collections of
research outputs, such as academic papers, theses, dissertations, datasets, and more. These repositories are often used for
archiving and sharing scholarly work.
5.**Blogs and Forums**: Blogs and online forums can be sources of information, opinions, and discussions on various
topics. While they may not always be considered scholarly sources, they can provide valuable insights and perspectives on
specific subjects.
6. **Social Media**: Social media platforms can also be sources of information, particularly
for current events, trends, and public opinions. However, information obtained from social

16. 2.4 Demonstration of use of websites
and
software useful in research

17. The 10 Best Academic Research Web Sources
What resources will point you toward reliable sources for your academic research? Rather
than scrolling through pages of search results, turn to these academic resources when you
need to find sources.
• 1. Google Scholar
• 2. JSTOR
• 3. Library of Congress
• 4. PubMed Central
• 5. Google Books
• 6. Science.gov
• 7. Digital Commons Network
• 8. ResearchGate
• 9. WorldCat
• 10. Your University Library

18. Electronic Journals (E-Journals)
E-journals, or electronic journals, are digital versions of scholarly publications available
online. They are an electronic counterpart to traditional print journals, offering an efficient
and convenient way to access and distribute academic research and scholarly content. E-
journals cover many disciplines, including sciences, humanities, social sciences, and more,
catering to the diverse needs of researchers, academics, students, and professionals. These
journals are typically hosted on digital platforms or databases, allowing users to browse,
search, and retrieve articles electronically. E-journals provide numerous advantages, such as
immediate access to the latest research, faster publication timelines, increased accessibility
worldwide, and interactive features like hyperlinks, multimedia content, and supplementary
materials. They have transformed the academic publishing landscape, facilitating rapid
knowledge dissemination and fostering global collaboration among scholars.

19. Characteristics of Electronic Journals (E-journals)
Electronic journals, or e-journals, possess several distinct characteristics that differentiate them from
traditional print journals. These characteristics include:
• Digital Format: E-journals are published and distributed digitally, allowing easy access and retrieval through online platforms
or databases. They are typically available as PDFs, HTML, or other electronic formats optimized for electronic devices.
• Online Accessibility: E-journals can be accessed via the internet from anywhere worldwide, providing immediate and
convenient access
to scholarly content. Users can read, download, and search for articles without needing physical copies or visiting physical
libraries.
• Interactivity: E-journals often incorporate interactive features to enhance the reading experience. These features may
include hyperlinks to related articles, multimedia content such as videos or audio files, interactive figures, or
supplementary materials, providing a more engaging and immersive experience.
• Searchability and Indexing: E-journals have robust search functions that allow users to search for specific articles, authors,
keywords, or topics within the journal or across multiple journals. They are typically indexed and tagged with metadata,
making discovering and retrieving relevant articles easier.
• Hyperlinking and Cross-referencing: E-journals utilize hyperlinks to connect related articles, references, or external sources.
This enables readers to navigate seamlessly between different resources, access cited works, or explore additional
information related to the published research.
• Multimedia Integration: E-journals can incorporate multimedia elements such as images, videos, animations, or interactive
visualizations. These multimedia features enhance the presentation of research findings and provide a more comprehensive
understanding of complex concepts or data.

20. • Rapid Publication: E-journals often have faster publication cycles than print journals. With streamlined
workflows and online publishing systems, articles can be published more quickly, allowing for the timely
dissemination of research findings.
• Global Reach and Collaboration: E-journals transcend geographical boundaries, enabling researchers
worldwide to access and contribute to scholarly knowledge. This facilitates international collaboration,
knowledge sharing, and interdisciplinary research.
• Archiving and Preservation: E-journals are stored in digital archives, ensuring long-term preservation and
accessibility. Digital preservation techniques help safeguard the content against loss or degradation, ensuring
the availability of scholarly articles for future generations.
• Usage Metrics and Analytics: E-journal platforms often provide usage statistics and analytics, allowing
publishers, authors, and institutions to track the impact and visibility of their research. Metrics such as
article views, downloads, citations, and social media mentions can provide insights into the reach and
influence of published works.
Characteristics of Electronic Journals (E-journals)

21. Types of Electronic Journals (E-Journals) two common types of electronic journal
i.Subscription-Based E-Journals: These e-journals
require a subscription or membership to access
their content. They are typically available through
institutional subscriptions, where universities,
libraries, or organizations pay fees to provide
their members or patrons with access to a
collection of e- journals. Users may need to
authenticate their access through IP addresses or
login credentials. Subscription-based e-journals
often include high-quality research articles,
reviews, and other scholarly content from various
disciplines. The subscription fees contribute to the
maintenance, peer-review process, and publication
costs of the e-journals.
ii. Open Access Journals: Open access e-journals
provide unrestricted access to their content, meaning
readers can freely read, download, and share articles
without any paywalls or subscription fees. These
journals believe that knowledge should be freely
accessible to the public. Open- access journals may
be funded through various models, including author
fees, institutional support, grants, or sponsorships.
They often employ rigorous peer-review processes to
ensure the quality of published articles. Open-access
journals have gained significant popularity as they
promote wider dissemination of research, increase
visibility & impact, foster collaboration & innovation.

22. Impact of Electronic Journals
The impact of electronic journals (e-journals) on academic libraries has been transformative, revolutionizing
how libraries provide access to scholarly information. E-journals have brought numerous benefits and changes,
shaping the landscape of academic library services. Here are some of the key impacts of e-journals in academic
libraries:
1. IncreasedAccess to Scholarly Content: .
2. Cost Efficiency:
3. Space Utilization:
4. Remote Access and 24/7Availability:
5. Enhanced Search and Discovery:
6. UsageAnalytics and Decision Making:
7. Preservation andArchiving:
Advantages of using e-journals
1. Accessibility:
2. Timeliness:
3. Cost Savings:
4. Interactivity and Multimedia Elements:
5. Searchability:
6. Archiving and Preservation:
7. Global Collaboration: .
8. OpenAccess Opportunities:
9. Real-time Updates and Corrections:
10. Environmental Impact:
11. Metrics andAnalytics:

23. JournalAccess
Accessing scientific journals can be done through a variety of methods, depending on whether you have institutional
affiliations, memberships, or are seeking free sources. Here are some common ways to access scientific journals:
1. Institutional Access: If you are affiliated with a university, research institution, or organization, you may have access to
scientific journals through your institution's library. Many institutions provide access to a wide range of journals through
subscriptions.
2. Online Databases: There are several online databases that provide access to scientific journals. Some of the most popular
ones include PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. These databases often allow you to search for articles and access
full-text versions if available.
3. Open Access Journals: There are many scientific journals that are open access, meaning that their articles are freely available
to the public. Examples of open access journals include PLOS One, BMC Biology, and the Directory of Open Access Journals
(DOAJ). You can often access these journals directly through their websites.
4. Public Libraries: Some public libraries provide access to scientific journals through their online databases. If you have
a library card, you may be able to access these resources remotely through the library's website.
5. Membership Organizations: Professional and academic organizations sometimes provide access to scientific journals as
part of their membership benefits.
6. Interlibrary Loan: If you cannot access a specific journal article through your regular channels, you can request it through
interlibrary loan services. Many libraries participate in interlibrary loan programs that allow them to borrow materials from
other libraries on behalf of their patrons.
7. ResearchGate and Academia.edu: These platforms often host preprints and full-text articles uploaded by researchers. While
not all content may be legally uploaded, it can sometimes provide access to articles that are behind paywalls elsewhere. (Sci-
Hub)

24. TOC Alerts (Table of Content)
 In research, a TOC alert typically refers to a Table of Contents alert. This is a feature provided
by many academic journals and databases where users can sign up to receive notifications
whenever a new issue of a particular journal is published. When a new issue is released, the
TOC alert sends the subscriber a list of the articles included in the issue, along with links to
access the full texts.
 TOC alerts are useful for researchers who want to stay updated on the latest developments
in their field of study. By receiving notifications about new issues, researchers can quickly
identify relevant articles and stay informed about the most recent research findings. This
can be particularly important for staying abreast of new discoveries, methodologies, and
trends that may impact one's own research.

25. E-book
An eBook, short for "electronic book," is a digital version of a printed book that can be read on a computer,
tablet, smartphone, or dedicated eBook reader. eBooks can be downloaded from the internet or purchased from
online retailers and are available in various formats, such as PDF, EPUB, MOBI, and others, each compatible
with different devices and software.
eBooks can offer several advantages over printed books, including:
Portability: eBooks can be stored on electronic devices, allowing readers to carry an entire library with them
wherever they go.
Accessibility: eBooks can be easily accessed and downloaded from the internet, making
them convenient for readers who prefer digital formats.
Searchability: Many eBook readers and software applications offer search functionality, allowing readers to
quickly find specific content within the book.
Interactive features: Some eBooks include interactive elements such as hyperlinks, multimedia content, and
annotations, enhancing the reading experience.
Environmentally friendly: eBooks eliminate the need for paper and ink, making them a
more sustainable option compared to printed books.
eBooks have become increasingly popular due to the widespread use of digital devices and the convenience
they offer to readers. Many publishers now release titles in both print and digital formats to cater to a wide
range of readers' preferences.

26. Internet discussion groups and communities in research
In the context of research, internet discussion groups and communities play a crucial role in
facilitating communication, collaboration, and knowledge sharing among researchers,
scholars, and professionals in various fields. These online platforms provide a space for
individuals with similar research interests to connect, exchange ideas, seek advice, and stay
updated on the latest developments in their respective fields.
Here are some ways internet discussion groups and communities are utilized in
research:
Networking: Researchers can use these platforms to expand their professional network,
connect with peers, and establish collaborations with other researchers working on
similar topics or projects.
Information Sharing: Internet discussion groups and communities serve as valuable
resources for sharing research findings, scholarly articles, conference announcements, and
other relevant information within a specific research community.
Peer Support: Researchers can seek advice, feedback, and support from their peers on
various aspects of their research, including methodology, data analysis, publishing, and career
development.

27. Continue…..
Internet discussion groups and communities in research
Stay Updated: These platforms allow researchers to stay informed about the latest trends,
breakthroughs, and discussions in their field, helping them stay current with the rapidly
evolving landscape of research.
Collaboration Opportunities: Internet discussion groups and communities can be a source
of potential collaboration opportunities, where researchers can find partners for joint research
projects, grant applications, or other scholarly endeavors.
Professional Development: Participation in these communities can contribute to researchers'
professional development by providing access to learning resources, mentorship
opportunities, and discussions on best practices in research.
Popular platforms for research-related discussions and communities include academic
social networks like ResearchGate and Academia.edu, discipline-specific forums and
mailing lists, as well as social media groups focused on scholarly topics. These platforms
have become integral parts of the research ecosystem, enabling researchers to engage with a
broader audience, share their work, and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in their
respective fields.

28. Blogs in Research
Blogs can be valuable resources for researchers interested in methodology, as they often provide insights,
tutorials, case studies, and discussions related to various research methods and techniques. some ways in
which blogs can be useful for researchers
Methodological Guidance: Many blogs offer practical guidance on different research methodologies,
including qualitative, quantitative, mixed methods, and specific techniques within these approaches.
They can help researchers understand the principles behind these methods and how to apply them in
their own research.
Case Studies and Examples: Blogs often feature case studies and examples that illustrate how different
research methods have been used in real-world research projects. These examples can be valuable for
researchers looking to learn from others' experiences and see how certain methods are implemented in
practice.
Discussions and Debates: Blogs can be a platform for discussions and debates around methodological
issues. Researchers can engage with the blog's authors and other readers to exchange ideas, ask questions,
and explore different perspectives on research methodology.
Resources and Tools: Some blogs may provide links to useful resources, such as software tools,
datasets, or literature reviews, that can aid researchers in conducting methodologically sound research.

29. Preprint servers
Preprint servers are online platforms where researchers can upload and share drafts of their research
papers before they have been peer-reviewed and published in a scientific journal. Preprint servers serve
as repositories for early versions of research manuscripts, allowing researchers to disseminate their
findings quickly and receive feedback from the scientific community before formal publication.
Here are some key features and aspects of preprint servers:
 Rapid Dissemination: Preprint servers enable researchers to share their findings with the scientific
community without the delays associated with traditional peer-reviewed publication. This rapid
dissemination can be particularly valuable in fields where timely communication of research results is
crucial.
 Open Access: Many preprint servers operate on an open-access model, meaning that anyone can
access the preprints freely without needing a subscription or payment. This open access can facilitate
broader dissemination of research findings and increase the visibility of researchers' work.
 Feedback and Collaboration: By sharing their work on a preprint server, researchers can receive
feedback from peers, which can help improve the quality of their manuscripts before submission to a
peer-reviewed journal. Additionally, preprint servers can facilitate collaboration and networking
among researchers working on similar topics.

30. Continue….
Preprint servers
 Citations and Recognition: Preprints can be cited in other research papers, allowing researchers to receive
credit for their work even before formal publication. This early recognition can be beneficial for researchers
in terms of establishing priority for their findings and building their academic reputation.
 Complement to Peer Review: Preprints are not peer-reviewed, so they should be interpreted with
caution. However, they can complement the peer-review process by providing early access to research
findings and allowing for broader community engagement before formal publication.
Some well-known preprint servers in the scientific community include arXiv (for physics, mathematics,
computer science, and related fields), bioRxiv (for biology), medRxiv (for health sciences), and SSRN (for
social sciences and humanities), among others. These platforms have become integral to the scholarly
communication process, offering researchers an additional avenue for sharing their work and engaging with the
scientific community.

31. Search Engines
In science research, several specialized search engines and databases are commonly used to
find scholarly literature, research articles, and other scientific resources. These search engines
are designed to provide access to academic content from various disciplines, making it easier
for researchers to discover relevant information for their work.
Here are some popular search engines and databases used in science research:
PubMed: PubMed is a free search engine provided by the National Center for
Biotechnology Information (NCBI) that primarily focuses on biomedical literature. It
includes articles from biomedical and life sciences journals, covering topics such as
medicine, biology, and related fields.
Google Scholar: Google Scholar is a freely accessible search engine that indexes scholarly
literature from various disciplines, including science, engineering, medicine, and social
sciences. It provides access to a wide range of academic sources, including journal articles,
conference papers, theses, and patents.
Web of Science: Web of Science is a comprehensive citation index that covers a wide range of
scientific disciplines. It allows researchers to search for scholarly articles, track citations, and
analyze research trends across different fields.

32. Cont…
Search Engines
Scopus: Scopus is a large abstract and citation database that covers a broad range of
scientific disciplines. It provides access to a vast collection of scholarly literature, including
peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings, and patents.
IEEE Xplore: IEEE Xplore is a digital library provided by the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE), which focuses on literature in the fields of engineering,
computer science, and related disciplines. It includes journals, conference proceedings,
standards, and other technical content.
ScienceDirect: ScienceDirect is a scientific database provided by Elsevier, offering access
to a large collection of peer-reviewed journals and books across various scientific
disciplines, including physical sciences, life sciences, health sciences, and social sciences.
These search engines and databases are valuable tools for researchers in science and
related fields, providing access to a wealth of scholarly literature and research resources
that can support their work and help them stay updated on the latest developments in their
fields.

33. Scirus
Scirus was a science-specific search engine launched by Elsevier in 2001. It was designed to provide access to
scientific information on the internet, including research articles, patents, institutional repositories, and other
scientific resources. Scirus aimed to be a comprehensive search engine for scientific content, allowing users to find
relevant information from a wide range of sources.
One of the notable features of Scirus was its focus on indexing scientific content, making it easier for researchers
to locate scholarly literature and resources in various scientific disciplines. It provided advanced search
capabilities, allowing users to refine their searches based on specific criteria such as author, publication date, and
document type.
Scirus also aimed to provide access to content that may not be easily accessible through traditional search engines,
focusing on scientific and scholarly resources rather than general web content. However, as of my last knowledge
update in January 2022, Scirus has been discontinued, and its functionalities may have been integrated into other
platforms or services

34. Google Scholar
Google Scholar is a freely accessible search engine provided by Google that specializes in
indexing scholarly literature across various disciplines, including science, engineering,
medicine, social sciences, and humanities. It is widely used by researchers, academics,
students, and others to find academic papers, articles, conference proceedings, theses,
patents, and other scholarly resources.
Key features of Google Scholar include:
 Comprehensive Coverage: Google Scholar indexes a wide range of scholarly sources,
including peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, preprints, abstracts, and technical reports
from academic publishers, professional societies, universities, and other sources.
 Citation Tracking: Google Scholar allows users to track citations to their own works or to
specific articles, enabling researchers to see how their work has been cited by others and to
identify influential papers in a particular field.
 Metrics and Rankings: Google Scholar provides metrics such as h-index and i10-index to
measure the impact and productivity of researchers based on their published work and
citations.

35. Continue… Google Scholar
 Integration with Libraries: Google Scholar can be integrated with library systems to
provide access to full-text articles available through institutional subscriptions, making it
easier for users to access scholarly content from their affiliated institutions.
 Alerts and Notifications: Users can set up email alerts to receive notifications when new
papers are published or when there are new citations to their work or topics of interest.
 Profiles: Google Scholar allows researchers to create personal profiles that showcase their
publications, citations, and metrics, providing a public record of their scholarly output.
 Overall, Google Scholar is a valuable tool for researchers seeking scholarly literature and
citations in various scientific fields. Its comprehensive coverage and user-friendly interface
make it a popular choice for finding academic resources and staying updated on the latest
research in a particular area of interest.

36. Continue…. Wiki-databases
 Version Control: Some wiki-databases incorporate version control systems to track changes
to the data and allow users to view the history of edits made to a particular entry.
Examples of wiki-databases in science research include:
 WikiPathways: Acollaborative platform for creating, updating, and sharing biological
pathways.
 Wikidata: A free and open knowledge base that can be read and edited by both humans and
machines, covering a wide range of topics including scientific data.
 ChemSpider: Achemical database that provides access to information on millions of
chemical compounds, including properties, spectra, and references.
These wiki-databases, providing access to a wealth of structured scientific data and facilitating
collaboration and knowledge sharing within the scientific community.

37. ChemSpider
ChemSpider is a chemical database operated by the Royal Society of Chemistry. It provides
access to a vast amount of information about chemical compounds, including their chemical
structures, properties, spectral data, and references to the literature where they are described.
ChemSpider is widely used by researchers, students, and professionals in various scientific
and technical fields, including chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology, and materials science.
Key features of ChemSpider include:
 Chemical Structure Database: ChemSpider contains a large collection of chemical
structures, which can be searched and viewed using a web-based interface. Each compound
entry includes detailed information such as molecular formula, molecular weight, chemical
identifiers (e.g., CAS Registry Number), and links to related compounds and references.
 Spectral Data: ChemSpider provides access to a wide range of spectral data for chemical
compounds, including NMR,IR and MS. This information is valuable for researchers and
analysts who need to identify or characterize chemical substances.
 Property Data: includes various physical and chemical properties of compounds, such as
melting point, boiling point, density, solubility, and more. These properties are essential for
understanding the behavior and characteristics of chemical substances.

38. ChemSpider
ChemSpider is a chemical database operated by the Royal Society of Chemistry. It provides access to a vast amount of
information about chemical compounds, including their chemical structures, properties, spectral data, and references to the
literature where they are described. ChemSpider is widely used by researchers, students, and professionals in various scientific
and technical fields, including chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology, and materials science.
Key features of ChemSpider include:
 Chemical Structure Database: ChemSpider contains a large collection of chemical structures, which can be searched and
viewed using a web-based interface. Each compound entry includes detailed information such as molecular formula,
molecular weight, chemical identifiers (e.g., CAS Registry Number), and links to related compounds and references.
 Spectral Data: ChemSpider provides access to a wide range of spectral data for chemical compounds, including NMR
(nuclear magnetic resonance), IR (infrared), and mass spectra. This information is valuable for researchers and analysts who
need to identify or characterize chemical substances.
 Property Data: The database includes various physical and chemical properties of compounds, such as melting point,
boiling point, density, solubility, and more. These properties are essential for understanding the behavior and characteristics
of chemical substances.

39. Cont…
ChemSpider
 Integration with Other Platforms: ChemSpider is integrated with other
scientific databases and tools, allowing users to access additional information
and resources related to chemical compounds.
 OpenAccess: ChemSpider is freely accessible to the public, making it a
valuable resource for researchers, educators, and students who need access
to chemical information for their work or studies.
Overall, ChemSpider is a valuable resource for researchers and professionals
in the chemical sciences, providing access to a wealth of structured chemical
data that can support various aspects of scientific research, education, and
industry.

40. ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect is a leading full-text scientific database offering journal articles and book chapters from more than 3,800 peer-
reviewed journals and more than 37,000 books. The platform covers a wide range of subjects across science, technology, and
health sciences. It is operated by Elsevier, a renowned publisher of scientific, technical, and medical literature.
Key features of ScienceDirect include:
 Vast Content: ScienceDirect offers access to a vast collection of scientific literature, including research articles,
reviews, conference proceedings, and book chapters, covering a wide range of disciplines such as physics, chemistry,
biology, engineering, computer science, environmental science, and more.
 Advanced Search and Discovery Tools: The platform provides advanced search and discovery tools to help users
find relevant content quickly and efficiently. Users can search by keywords, authors, titles, or specific fields of study,
and use filters to refine their search results.
 Full-Text Access: ScienceDirect provides full-text access to most of its content, allowing users to read, download,
and print articles and book chapters directly from the platform.

41. Cont….
ScienceDirect
 Personalization andAlerts: Users can create personalized accounts on ScienceDirect to save their
searches, set up alerts for new content in their areas of interest, and receive recommendations based on
their reading history.
 Citation Tracking: ScienceDirect offers citation tracking features, allowing users to track citations to a
particular article or author and analyze citation trends over time.
 Integration with Research Tools: ScienceDirect integrates with various research tools and reference
management software, making it easier for researchers to organize and cite the literature they find on the
platform.
ScienceDirect is widely used by researchers, students, and professionals in academia and industry for
accessing high-quality scientific literature, staying updated on the latest research trends, and conducting
literature reviews for their own research projects.

42. SciFinder
SciFinder is a research discovery application provided by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), a division of the American Chemical
Society (ACS). It is a powerful tool for accessing scientific literature and information in the field of chemistry and related
disciplines. SciFinder is widely used by researchers, scientists, and professionals in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries.
Key features of SciFinder include:
 Access to Chemical Literature: SciFinder provides access to a comprehensive collection of chemical literature,
including research articles, patents, conference proceedings, and technical reports from around the world.
 Chemical Structure Searching: Users can search for chemical substances by drawing their chemical structures, using
molecular formulas, or by specifying specific chemical properties. This feature is particularly useful for researchers
working on chemical synthesis, analysis, or structure-activity relationships.
 Reaction Searching: SciFinder allows users to search for specific chemical reactions, including details such as reaction
conditions, yields, and related references. This feature is valuable for researchers studying organic synthesis or reaction
mechanisms.

43. Cont…
SciFinder
 Substance and Property Information: The platform provides detailed information about chemical substances, including
physical and chemical properties, spectral data, biological activities, and safety information.
 References and Citations: SciFinder includes extensive citation information, allowing users to track the scholarly
impact of research articles and patents. Users can also export citation data for use in reference management software.
 Patent Searching: SciFinder offers access to a vast collection of chemical patents from around the world, making it a
valuable resource for patent analysis and intellectual property research.
Overall, SciFinder is a valuable tool for researchers and professionals in the chemical sciences, providing access to a
wealth of chemical information and literature that can support various aspects of scientific research, product development,
and intellectual property management.
 Sci-Hub free to download research papers

44. Scopus
Scopus is a comprehensive abstract and citation database provided by Elsevier. It covers a wide range of scientific
disciplines, including natural sciences, social sciences, health sciences, and humanities.
Scopus is widely used by researchers, academics, and institutions to access scholarly literature, track research
trends, analyze citations, and identify collaboration opportunities.
Key features of Scopus include:
 1. **Extensive Coverage:** Scopus indexes a vast collection of scholarly literature, including research
articles, conference papers, book chapters, and patents from thousands of academic publishers and journals
worldwide.
 2. **CitationAnalysis:** Scopus provides citation analysis tools that allow users to track citations to their own
work or to specific articles, authors, or journals. This feature is valuable for researchers to assess the impact of
their research and identify influential papers in their field.
 3. **Author andAffiliation Profiles:** Scopus includes author and affiliation profiles, which provide
information about researchers, their publications, affiliations, and citation metrics. These profiles can help
researchers showcase their work and expertise, as well as identify potential collaborators.

45. Types of Research Articles :
Publications of scientific work refer to the various ways in which scientific research and findings are disseminated to the
scientific community and the public. These publications play a crucial role in advancing scientific knowledge, sharing
discoveries, and fostering collaboration among researchers. Some common forms of scientific publications include:
1.Research Papers: Detailed accounts of original research findings, typically published in peer-reviewed scientific journals.
Research papers follow a standard format and provide a comprehensive overview of the research methodology, results, and
conclusions.
2.Review Articles: Comprehensive summaries and analyses of existing research on a specific topic, often published in
scientific journals. Review articles synthesize the findings of multiple studies, identify trends, and highlight gaps in knowledge.
3.Books and Monographs: Longer-form publications that provide in-depth coverage of a topic or research area. Books and
monographs are often authored or edited by experts in the field and serve as authoritative references.

46. Cont….
1.Conference Proceedings: Collections of papers presented at academic conferences or symposia. Conference proceedings
document the latest research presented at conferences and are often published as special issues of scientific journals or
standalone volumes.
2.Theses and Dissertations: Formal documents submitted by graduate students as part of their academic requirements.
Theses and dissertations report on original research conducted by the student and are often made publicly available through
university libraries
6.Patents: Legal documents that grant inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a specified period. Patents are published
to document new inventions and innovations in various scientific and technological fields.
7.Data Publications: Publications focused on making research data openly available. Data publications can include datasets,
data papers describing the data collection methods, and metadata describing the datasets.
8.Preprints: Early versions of research papers that are shared publicly before peer review. Preprints allow researchers to
disseminate their findings rapidly and receive feedback from the scientific community before formal publication.
9.**Scientific Blogs and Websites**: Online platforms where scientists and researchers share their work, ideas, and
commentary on scientific topics. Scientific blogs and websites can provide valuable insights and discussions outside the
traditional publishing format.
These publications serve to communicate scientific findings, theories, and methodologies to other researchers, educators,
students, policymakers, and the general public. They are essential for advancing scientific knowledge, fostering collaboration,
and promoting transparency and reproducibility in scientific research.

47. Ethics
Ethics in scientific research encompass a set of principles and guidelines that govern the
conduct of researchers and the dissemination of their findings. Adhering to ethical standards
is essential for maintaining the integrity of the research process and ensuring the
trustworthiness of scientific knowledge. Here are some key aspects of writing ethics in
scientific research:
1.Honesty and Integrity: Researchers are expected to conduct their work with honesty
and integrity, accurately representing their methods, data, and results. This includes
avoiding fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism, which are serious ethical violations.
2.Transparency and Reproducibility: Research findings should be presented transparently,
allowing others to understand and reproduce the study if necessary. This includes providing
detailed descriptions of methods, data, and analyses to facilitate independent verification
of the results.
3.Authorship and Acknowledgments: Authorship should be based on substantial
contributions to the research, and all individuals who have made significant contributions
should be listed as authors. Proper acknowledgment should also be given to sources of
funding, data, or other support.

48. 4.Conflicts of Interest: Researchers should disclose any potential conflicts of interest that could influence their
work, such as financial interests, affiliations, or personal relationships that could bias the research or its
interpretation.
5.Informed Consent and Privacy: When human subjects are involved in research, informed consent must
be obtained, and their privacy and confidentiality should be protected. This includes obtaining consent for
publication of any identifying information.

49. Cont…
5.Animal Welfare: When research involves animals, researchers must adhere to ethical standards for the
care and use of animals in research, including obtaining approval from institutional animal care and use
committees and minimizing potential harm to the animals.
6.Data Management and Sharing: Researchers should responsibly manage and share research data, making
it available to other researchers when possible to promote transparency and the advancement of
knowledge.
7.Publication and Peer Review: When submitting papers for publication, researchers should adhere to the
guidelines and ethical standards of the relevant journals. This includes accurately representing the work and
disclosing any conflicts of interest or potential ethical concerns.
8.Reporting of Results: Researchers should accurately report their results, including both positive and
negative findings, and avoid selective reporting or biased interpretation of data to fit a particular narrative.
By adhering to these principles of ethics in scientific research and writing, researchers can contribute to the
integrity and credibility of the scientific enterprise, ultimately advancing knowledge and benefiting society.

50. Avoiding plagiarism
Avoiding plagiarism in research is essential for maintaining academic integrity and ensuring
that credit is given where it is due. Plagiarism occurs when someone presents the work,
ideas, or words of others as their own without proper attribution.
Here are some strategies to avoid plagiarism in research:
1.**Cite Sources Properly**: Whenever you use ideas, words, or data from a source, whether
it's a book, journal article, website, or other medium, you must cite it properly. Use the
appropriate citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago, ACS) and provide detailed information
about the source in your bibliography or reference list.
2.**Use Quotation Marks for Direct Quotes**: When you directly quote a source, use
quotation marks to indicate that the words are not your own. Include the page number in your
citation to indicate the specific location of the quote in the original source.
3.**Paraphrase Carefully**: When you paraphrase or summarize someone else's ideas or
work, rephrase the information in your own words and provide a citation to acknowledge the
original source. Avoid simply changing a few words in a sentence without changing the
structure or meaning, as this can still be considered plagiarism.

51. Cont…
Manage Your References**: Keep careful track of all the sources you consult during your research. Use reference
management software or other tools to organize your citations and ensure that you can easily locate the sources
when it's time to write your paper.
5.**Understand the Rules**: Familiarize yourself with the rules and guidelines for citing sources in your field or
discipline. Different academic disciplines may have specific conventions for citing sources, so it's important to
follow the appropriate style guide.
6.**Seek Permission for Reuse**: If you want to reuse your own previously published work or include
copyrighted material in your research, make sure to obtain permission from the copyright holder and provide
proper attribution.
7.**Use Plagiarism Detection Tools**: Consider using plagiarism detection software or online tools to check
your work for unintentional plagiarism before submitting it. These tools can help you identify any passages that
may need to be revised or properly cited.
8.**Ask for Help if You're Unsure**: If you're unsure whether you're properly citing a source or using someone
else's work correctly, don't hesitate to ask for help from a teacher, librarian, or colleague. It's better to seek
clarification than to risk committing plagiarism inadvertently.
By following these strategies and maintaining a conscientious approach to citing sources and presenting original
work, you can avoid plagiarism and uphold the ethical standards of academic research.