Scientific Method Learning

1. Pertemuan 6
Scientific
method

2. You can describe the
topic of the section here
Introduction
01
Characteristics
02
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topic of the section here
Developing
04
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topic of the section here
How to write
05
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topic of the section here
Table of contents
A hypothesis
03
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topic of the section here
Exercises
06
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topic of the section here

3. Whoa!
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you introduce yourself, write your email…

4. Pengantar
Distribusi F
01

5. Pengantar Distribusi F
Distribusi F digunakan berdasarkan dua syarat Pertama
distribusi digunakan untuk menguji dua varians, yaitu apakah
kedua varians tersebut sama. Kedua distribusi F digunakan
untuk membandingkan secara serempak dua atau lebih rata-
rata populasi. Perbandingan simultan dari beberapa rata-rata
populasi tersebut disebut analisis varians (anava).

6. Distribusi F
Distribusi F memiliki ciri-ciri, yaitu:
● Nilai F adalah non negatif.
● Distribusi F merupakan distribusi kontinu. Nilainya mulai dari 0 dan
tidak memiliki batas atas. Distribusi ini menjorong ke kanan (positif)
● Terdapat suatu "keluarga" distribusi F. Setiap anggota keluarga
distribusi F ditentukan oleh dua buah parameter atau derajat
kebebasan (dk).

8. Varians Dua
Populasi
02

9. Membandingkan Varians Dua Populasi
Analisis varians adalah teknik statistik yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan homogenitas
kelompok (Sugiyono, 2007:49). Analisis varians (analysis of variance) tergolong analisis
komparatif, baik dari rata-rata dua populasi ataupun lebih dari dua populasi. Distribusi F dapat
digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis apakah varians suatu populasi normal sama dengan varians
suatu populasi normal yang lain. Uji ini menentukan apakah satu populasi lebih bervariasi
dibanding populasi yang lain.
Selain itu, Uji ini juga dapat digunakan untuk menentukan apakah asumsi asumsi yang
digunakan dalam pengujian statistik tertentu valid atau tidak

10. Suatu penelitian ingin mengetahui jumlah absen
(ketidakhadiran) selama setahun di antara pegawai yang
menjadi anggota serikat pekerja dan bukan anggota
serikat pekerja. Yang menjadi perhatian adalah apakah
kedua populasi memiliki varians yang sama. Sebuah
sampel 16 pegawai anggota serikat pekerja memiliki
deviasi standar 3 hari. Sebuah sampel 10 pegawai bukan
serikat pekerja memiliki deviasi standar 2,5 hari. Pada
taraf signifikansi 0,02 dapatkah peneliti menyimpulkan
bahwa terdapat perbedaan varians antara kedua
kelompok tersebut?
Contoh Soal

11. Penyelesaian
Langkah Penyelesaian:
Untuk menyelesaikan soal di atas, peneliti menggunakan prosedur lima langkah dalam
pengujian hipotesis.
Langkah 1 : Nyatakan Ho dan Ha. Uji ini merupakan uji dua-ekor karena peneliti ingin
mengetahui perbedaan varians. Peneliti tidak ingin mengetahui apakah suatu populasi
memiliki varians lebih besar atau lebih kecil dari populasi yang lain.
Ho: = 𝜎1
2
= 𝜎2
2
Ha: = 𝜎1
2
≠ 𝜎2
2
Langkah 2 : Telah ditentukan taraf signifikansi 0,02.
Langkah 3 : Statistik uji yang sesuai adalah Uji F.

12. Penyelesaian
Langkah 4 : Aturan pengambilan keputusan dapat diketahui pada tabel F. Karena peneliti
menggunakan uji dua-ekor, taraf signifikansinya adalah 0,01 (diperoleh dari 0,02 dibagi 2).
Derajat kebebasan (dk) pembilang adalah 16 - 1 = 15 dan derajat kebebasan (dk) penyebut
10 - 1 = 9. Nilai kritiknya (F tabel) adalah 4,96. Apabila perbandingan (rasio) varians sampel
lebih dari 4,96 maka peneliti menolak Ho.
Langkah 5 : Nilai F hitung adalah (3)2
/ (2,5)2
= 1,44. Jadi Ho yang menyatakan bahwa
varians populasi sama, tidak dapat ditolak atau data tidak memberikan indikasi adanya
perbedaan varians jumlah ketidakhadiran pegawai anggota serikat pekerja dan bukan
anggota serikat pekerja.

13. Pengujian Hipotesis
Perbedaan Dua
Mean Atau Lebih
03

14. Pengujian Hipotesis Perbedaan Dua Mean
Atau Lebih
Selain digunakan untuk menguji perbedaan varians dua populasi, distribusi F dapat juga
digunakan dalam pengujian hipotesis perbedaan mean (rata-rata) dua populasi atau lebih.
Pengujian perbedaan dua mean atau lebih. Inilah yang disebut dengan analisis varians
(anava).
Ada tiga asumsi yang harus dipenuhi sebelum anava bisa digunakan, yakni:
1. Populasi populasi yang diteliti berdistribusi normal.
2. Populasi-populasi tersebut memiliki deviasi standar yang sama (atau varians yang
sama).
3. Sampel yang diambil dari populasi tersebut bersifat independen dan diambil secara
acak.

15. Seorang peneliti tertarik membandingkan tiga metode pembelajaran
matematika, yaitu mekanistik (M), strukturalistik (S), dan realistik (R). Lima
belas siswa dari tiga kelas diambil secara acak, setiap kelas diambil lima orang,
yakni kelas A, B, dan C. Pada akhir masa perlakuan, para siswa tersebut diukur
kemampuan matematikanya. Bagaimanakah perbedaan keefektifan tiga
macam metode tersebut?
Contoh Soal
Siswa
Metode
Mekanistik Strukturalistik Realistik
1 12 24 25
2 15 19 22
3 13 16 27
4 17 22 24
5 15 20 26

16. Penyelesaian
Peneliti dapat menggunakan prosedur lima langkah pengujian hipotesis.
Langkah 1 : Nyatakan Ho dan Ha. Ho menyatakan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan kelompok
siswa yang diajar dengan tiga metode berbeda yaitu 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 = 𝜇3
Ha menyatakan bahwa paling tidak ada satu mean berbeda. Keputusan peneliti adalah jika
Ho ditolak maka Ha tak ditolak.
Langkah 2 : Tentukan taraf signifikansi (𝛼 = 0,05).
Langkah 3 : Memilih statistik uji. Statistik uji yang sesuai adalah distribusi F, yaitu
merupakan hasil bagi dua varians.

17. Penyelesaian
Langkah 4 : Menyatakan aturan pengambilan keputusan.
Nilai kritis membagi daerah penerimaan dan penolakan. Dalam menentukan nilai distribusi t,
peneliti harus menentukan derajat kebebasan (dk). Derajat kebebasan sama dengan ukuran
sampel dikurang jumlah sampel. Peneliti dalam kasus tersebut, mengambil sebuah (1)
sampel yang berukuran 10. Jadi dk-nya adalah n - 1 = 10 - 1 = 9.
Banyaknya sepeda motor yang ditambal adalah 10, maka dk-nya adalah 10 - 1 sama dengan
9. Nilai kritis untuk dk = 9 dan taraf signifikansi 0,05 untuk uji satu-ekor adalah 1,833. Jadi
aturan pengambilan keputusan adalah Ho ditolak jika nilai t hitung adalah 1,833 atau lebih.
Langkah 5 : Menentukan keputusan statistik.
Rata-rata waktu yang dibutuhkan oleh bengkel Bustomi untuk menambal ban adalah 15,5
menit dan deviasi standar 2,17. Deviasi standar dapat dihitung dengan rumus:
𝑠 =
𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑛 − 1
𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑢 𝑠 =
𝑥2 −
𝑥 2
𝑛
𝑛 − 1

18. Penyelesaian
Nilai t hitung adalah 0,728 yang diperoleh dari perhitungan sebagai berikut:
Selanjutnya membandingkan nilai t hitung 0,728 dengan nilai kritis 1,833; peneliti gagal
menolak Ho Walaupun terdapat perbedan antara mean yang dihipotesiskan (15) dan mean
sampel (15,5). Perbedaan tersebut dapat dianggap sebagai kesalahan pengambilan sampel
(sampling error). Jadi peneliti tidak memiliki cukup bukti statistik untuk membantah klaim
bengkel Bustomi bahwa mereka mampu menambal ban rata-rata 15 menit.
𝑡 =
𝑥 − 𝜇
s 𝑛
=
15,5 − 15
2,17 10
= 0,728

19. Pengujian Hipotesis Mean Satu Populasi
Distribusi t digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis tentang mean populasi jika deviasi standar
populasi tidak diketahui dan ukuran sampelnya kecil. Statistik ujinya adalah:
𝒕 =
𝒙 − 𝝁
𝐬 𝒏
Keterangan:
𝑥 = mean sampel
𝜇 = mean populasi yang dihipotesiskan
s = deviasi standar sampel
n = banyak item dalam sampel
Untuk melakukan pengujian hipotesis peneliti tetap menggunakan prosedur lima Langkah.

20. Variables in a hypothesis
Independent variable Dependent variable
Mercury is the closest planet to
the Sun and the smallest one in
the Solar System—it’s only a bit
larger than the Moon
Venus has a beautiful name and
is the second planet from the
Sun. Venus is hot and has a
poisonous atmosphere

21. Characteristics
02
You can enter a subtitle here
if you need one

22. Characteristics
Venus
Venus has a beautiful
name and is the second
planet from the Sun
Mercury
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun and the
smallest one
Saturn
Saturn is a gas giant and
is composed mostly of
hydrogen and helium

23. What makes a good hypothesis?
Cause-effect
Venus has a beautiful
name and is the second
planet from the Sun
Easy language
Mars is actually a cold
place and is full of iron
oxide dust
To be tested
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun and the
smallest one
Questionable
Saturn is a gas giant and
is composed mostly of
hydrogen and helium

24. Write a hypothesis
Statement
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
Research
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
Question
Jupiter is the biggest
planet of them all
Support
Saturn is composed of
hydrogen and helium
Despite being red, Mars
is actually a cold place
Write
Neptune is the farthest
planet from the Sun
Definition

25. Awesome
words

26. —Someone Famous
“This is a quote, words full of
wisdom that someone
important said and that can
inspire the reader.”

27. A picture is worth
a thousand words

28. To reinforce the
concept, try
using an image
Images reveal large amounts of data, so
remember: use an image instead of a long
text. Your audience will appreciate it

29. 498,300
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention

30. 5,540.00
Saturn is a gas giant with several rings
3,100,000
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun

31. Most important phases
Research
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
Test
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
Results
Despite being red, Mars
is a cold place
95% 85% 75%

32. Desktop mockup
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35. This is a map
Mars
Mars is a very
cold place
Venus
Venus has a
beautiful name

36. How to write a hypothesis
Ask a
question
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
Define
variables
Mars is actually a
cold place
Preliminary
research
Mercury is the
smallest planet
Scientific
method
Jupiter is the
biggest planet
1st 2nd 3rd 4th

37. Process of a hypothesis
Alternative
Mars is actually a very
cold place
Refine
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
Formulate
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun

38. Types of research hypotheses
Simple hypothesis Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun
Complex hypothesis Venus is the second planet from the Sun
Null hypothesis Despite being red, Mars is a cold place
Logical hypothesis Saturn is composed of hydrogen and helium
Empirical hypothesis Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all
Statistical hypothesis Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun

39. Before
Despite being red, Mars
is a cold place
After
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
Research phase results
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here

40. Our team
Lisa Timmy
You can speak a bit about
this person here
John Doe
You can speak a bit about
this person here
Susan Smith
You can speak a bit about
this person here

41. The scientific method
Question
Analysis
Testing
Research
Hypothesis Evidence
Inconsistency
Revision
Theory

42. Which part is most difficult to write?
Result
Saturn is a gas
giant with rings
Solution
Mercury is the
smallest planet
Question
Venus has a
beautiful name
14% 32%
26% Variable
Mars is a very
cold place
28%
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here

43. Formulate your
written hypothesis
Revise the hypothesis
once finalized
The hypothesis should
be based on a question
Make sure the
hypothesis is testable
Write clear and
concise sentences
Easy steps to follow

44. Formulating your hypothesis
Key inquiry question
Insert the question here
Sub-question 1 Sub-question 2 Sub-question 3
Insert the sub-question here Insert the sub-question here Insert the sub-question here
Topic sentence 1 Topic sentence 2 Topic sentence 3
Insert the topic here Insert the topic here Insert the topic here
Hypothesis
Insert your hypothesis here

45. Formula for writing a hypothesis
A general formula
If then because .
Independent variable Dependent variable Result
Your hypothesis
If Insert your text here
then Insert your text here
because Insert your text here

46. Write your hypothesis
1 Ask a question Insert your answer here
2 Gather research Insert your answer here
3 Answer your question Insert your answer here
4 Write a hypothesis draft Insert your answer here
5 Revise your hypothesis Insert your answer here
6 Create a null hypothesis Insert your answer here

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