2. Sigmund Freud (1856 to 1939) was the
founding father of psychoanalysis, a
method for treating mental illness and
also a theory which explains human
behavior.
3. PSYCHOANALYSIS
•Psychoanalysis is both an approach to
therapy and a theory of personality
•Emphasizes unconscious motivation – the
main cause of behavior lie in unconscious mind
4. VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
1.DETERMINISTIC
• Life is about gaining pleasure and
avoiding pain
2. HUMAN AS ENERGY SYSTEM
• Freud believe that human are motivated
by the unconscious, where the Id is found
along with the aggression and sex instincts
7. 1.UNCONSCIOUS
•• Contains all the feeling, urges or
instinct that are beyond our awareness
but it affect our expression, feeling,
action (E.g. Slip of tongue, dreams,
wishes)
8. PRECONSCIOUS
• Facts stored in a part of the brain, which
are not conscious but are available for
possible use in the future
(E.g. A person will never think of her home
address at that moment but when her
friend ask for it, she can easily recall it)
9. CONSCIOUS
• Only level of mental life that are
directly available to us
• The awareness of our own mental
process (Thoughts/feeling)
13. EROS (LIFE INSTINCT)
•helps the individual to survive;
• it directs life-sustaining activities such as
respiration, eating, and sex (Freud, 1925).
The energy created by the life instincts is
known as libido.
14. THANATOS OR DEATH
INSTINCT
•is viewed as a set of destructive forces
present in all human beings (Freud,
1920). When this energy is directed
outward onto others, it is expressed as
aggression and violence.
15. EGO
••The rational level of personality
••Operates on REALITY PRINCIPLE –does
realistic and logical thinking
•The balance between Id and Superego
16. SUPEREGO
•Operates on MORAL PRINCIPLE
••Able to differentiate between good and bad,
right and wrong
•If people follow their superego, they will feel
proud but if they don’t follow, they will feel
guilty and anxious
17.
18.
19. ANXIETY
•It is a state of tension that motivates
an individual to do something.
• It arises out of a conflict among the
id, the ego and the superego
20. • Reality Anxiety
• This is the most basic form of anxiety and is typically
based on fears of real and possible events, such as being
bitten by a dog or falling from a ladder.
• The most common way of reducing tension from Reality
Anxiety is taking oneself away from the situation, running
away from the dog or simply refusing to go up the ladder.
21. •Neurotic Anxiety
•This is a form of anxiety which comes
from an unconscious fear that the basic
impulses of the ID leading to eventual
punishment
22. •Moral Anxiety
•This form of anxiety comes from the
Superego in the form of a fear of violating
values and moral codes, and appears as
feelings of guilt or shame.
Editor's Notes
Freud believed that events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult lives, shaping our personality. For example, anxiety originating from traumatic experiences in a person's past is hidden from consciousness, and may cause problems during adulthood (in the form of neuroses).
Perhaps the most impactful idea put forth by Freud was his model of the human mind. His model divides the mind into three layers, or regions:
n the illustration below is Freud’s division of these three levels and the estimated usage of each level. They are the conscious, subconscious, and unconscious. Working together they create our reality.
Your subconscious is the storage point for any recent memories needed for quick recall, such as what your telephone number is or the name of a person you just met. It also holds current information that you use every day, such as your current recurring thoughts, behavior patterns, habits, and feelings.
(sometimes called the subconscious): this is the home of everything we can recall or retrieve from our memory.
Your subconscious is the storage point for any recent memories needed for quick recall, such as what your telephone number is or the name of a person you just met. It also holds current information that you use every day, such as your current recurring thoughts, behavior patterns, habits, and feelings.
this is where our current thoughts, feelings, and focus live.
These are systems, not parts of the brain, or in any way physical.
These are not physical areas within the brain, but rather hypothetical conceptualizations of important mental functions.
The id, ego, and superego have most commonly been conceptualized as three essential parts of the human personality.
Freud assumed the id operated at an unconscious level according to the pleasure principle (gratification from satisfying basic instincts).
The id comprises two kinds of biological instincts (or drives) which Freud called Eros and Thanatos.
The id operates on the pleasure principle (Freud, 1920) which is the idea that every wishful impulse should be satisfied immediately, regardless of the consequences.
When the id achieves its demands, we experience pleasure when it is denied we experience ‘unpleasure’ or tension.
The life instincts are focused on the preservation of life, both of the individual and of the species. This drive compels people to engage in actions that sustain their own lives, such as looking after their health and safety. It also exerts itself through sexual drives, motivating people to create and nurture new life.
According to him, the sexual instict does not only encompass anyhing erotic in nature. Rather, it pertains to aything pleasurable to a person. If sleeping, running, or even reading a book a pleasurable experience for you, then it’s your sexual instinct working.
Freud believed that Eros is stronger than Thanatos, thus enabling people to survive rather than self-destruct.
In support of his theory, Freud noted that people who experience a traumatic event would often reenact that experience. From this, he concluded that people hold an unconscious desire to die but that the life instincts largely temper this wish
Thanatos is associated with negative emotions such as fear, hate and anger, which lead to anti-social acts from bullying to murder (perhaps as projection of the death drive).
The ego develops to mediate between the unrealistic id and the external real world. It is the decision-making component of personality.
Ideally, the ego works by reason, whereas the id is chaotic and unreasonable.
The ego considers social realities and norms, etiquette and rules in deciding how to behave.
the superego is the portion of the mind in which morality and higher principles reside, encouraging us to act in socially and morally acceptable ways (McLeod, 2013).
Neurotic anxiety is the unconscious worry that we will lose control of the id's urges, resulting in punishment for inappropriate behavior.
