3. TOPIC :
How to recognize mutation
cells; How to eliminate tumor cells
4. TUMOR :
A tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue that can be
benign or malignant.Benign tumors are usually non-
cancerous and don't spread, while malignant tumors
are cancerous and can invade surrounding tissues.
Tumors can occur in various organs and tissues,and
their characteristics and effects depend on the type
and location
5. Immune monitoring :
The immune system plays a crucial role in
surveilling and combating tumors through
mechanisms like cytotoxicT cells recognizing
and destroying cancerous cells.
Immunotherapy aims to enhance this
immune response for more effective tumor
control.
6. RECOGNITION OF MUTATED CELLS:
Antigen Presentation:•
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), like dendritic cells, ingest and process
tumor cells.They present fragments of these tumor-specific antigens on their surface, acting as
signals for the immune system. •
T CellActivation:•
CytotoxicT cells (CD8+ T cells) play a crucial role.When they encounter
APCs presenting tumor antigens, they become activated.This activation involves recognizing
the presented antigens through theirT cell receptors.
7. ELIMINATION OFTUMOR CELLS:
Natural killer cells:
Natural Killer cells, part of the innate immune system,
can recognize and directly kill abnormal cells, including tumor cells, without
prior sensitization. NK cells release perforin and granzymes as well,
contributing to tumor cell destruction.
CytotoxicT cells :
CytotoxicT cells recognize specific antigens on
the surface of tumor cells through theirT cell receptors (TCRs). Once
activated,they release cytotoxins like perforin and granzymes,inducing
apoptosis (cell death) in the tumor cells.
8. IMMUNOTHERAPIES:
Checkpoint inhibitors:
Checkpoint inhibitors are a type of immunotherapy that
targets proteins on immune cells and cancer cells, preventing the cancer cells from
evading immune attack. Examples include drugs like pembrolizumab and nivolumab.
These inhibitors "release the brakes" on the immune system,allowing it to recognize
and attack the cancer more effectively.
Antibodies:
Monoclonal antibodies are designed to target specific proteins
on the surface of cancer cells.They can either trigger the immune system to
attack the cancer directly or block signals that promote cancer growth.
9. CANCERVACCINES :
Cancer vaccines are a form of immunotherapy that aims
to stimulate the immune system to recognize and
destroy cancer cells.Unlike traditional vaccines that
prevent infectious diseases, cancer vaccines are designed
to treat existing cancer or prevent its recurrence.
They can be categorized as preventive vaccines,targeting
viruses associated with cancer,or therapeutic vaccines,
which stimulate the immune system to attack specific
cancer cells or antigens
