Combined information regarding ornamental fish, present condition of India, potential fish species, recirculating aquaculture system, case study

1. Credit seminar on
Potential of recirculating aquaculture systemin ornamental
fish farming

2. PresentedBy:
HarshDhimmar
Department of Aquaculture
Reg. No: 2019010070041016
Standard: M.F.Sc. Sem-3
Major advisor:
Dr. Smit Lende
AssitantProffesor,
KamdhenuUniversity,
Rajpur (Nava),
Himmatnagar.
Minor advisor:
Mr. Sujitkumar
Assitant Proffesor,
KamdhenuUniversity,
Rajpur (Nava),
Himmatnagar.

3. Ornamental fishery Status
• Ornamental fish trade is a multibillion-dollar industry in which
approximately more than 125 countries involved in this trade. The
global Ornamental fish trade is estimated to be more than US$ 15
billion and more than 2 billion live ornamental fishes are traded (Satam
et al., 2018).
• In 2018, the world’s total fish production was 179 million tonnes. In
which 4 million tonnes utilized as ornamental fish (FAO, 2020).
• Developing countries are the major producers and suppliers in the
world supplying more than 60% of the ornamental fish (Raja et al.,
2014).

4. Global Market
11.2
10.8
9.5
8.8
7.9
5.8
4.5
4.5
4.3
4.3 3.4
Global Ornamental Fish Export, 2017
(in US$ million)
Singapore Spain Japan Mytanmar
Indonesia Czech Republic Thailand Malaysia
Netherlands Sri Lanka USA
19.5
7.1
6.3
6
5.9
5
4.5
4.2
3.8
3.3 2.9
Global Ornamental Fish Import, 2017
(in US$ million)
USA UK Netharland Germany China Japan
Singapore France Hongkong Itly Spain
Source: DOF, 2020

5. Indian Scenario
• India’s share to global ornamental fish export
1.6 million USD and rank is 31st in exporting
countries (Raja et al., 2019).
• About 374 indigenous freshwater
• About 700 indigenous and >300 exotic marine
• Domestic ornamental fish trade about Rs. 500
crore
• Export trade Rs. 8.40 Cr (2017-18) with 11.6%
per year growth
• 5,000 production units.
80%
20%
Capture and Culture
Fresh water
Marine water
Source: DOF, 2020
55%
30%
5%
7%
3%
Production Unit
WB
TN
KL
MH and other
North East and
island

6. Potential
Climate
Market
and trade
Rivers and
Canals –
1.95 lakh
km
Reservoirs
– 31.5 lakh
ha
Tanks And
Ponds -
24.1 lakh
ha
Floodplain
lakes –
8.12 lakh
ha
Marine
NATURAL
RESOURCE

7. Indigenous Freshwater Ornamental
Fishes
Raja et al., 2019

8. Indigenous Marine Ornamental
Fishes
Raja et al., 2019

9. ….
Rank Fish species Price (in $)
1 Platinum Arowana 400,000
2 Freshwater Polka Dot Stingray 100,000
3 Peppermint Angelfish 30,000
4 Bladefin Basslet 10,000
5 Golden Basslet 8,000
6 Neptune Grouper 6,000
7 Australian Flathead Perch 5,000
8 Wrought Iron Butterfly Fish 2,700
9 Clarion Angelfish 2,500
10 Candy Basslet 1,000
Source: Raja et al. , 2019

10. ….
Rank Fish species Price (in US$)
Marine Water
1 Jeboehlkiagladifer(BladefinBasslet) 10,000/ Piece
2 Rainfordiaopercularis(Australian Flathead Perch) 5000 / Piece
Fresh Water
1 Channa barca (Barca Snakehead) 1000-2700 / Piece
2 Horabagrusbrachysoma(Sun catfish) 300-360 / Piece
3 Tetraodoncutcutia(Puffer fish) 150 / Piece
4 Scatophagusargus(Scat fish 14.95 / Piece
5 Puntiusdenisonii(Kerala queen 11.34 / Piece
6 Etroplussuratensis(Pearlspot cichlid 8.25 /Kg
Source: Mahapatra , 2018

11. Osteoglossum bicirrhosum
Cuvier, 1829
Potamotrygon leopoldi
Castex & Castello, 1970
Centropyge boylei
Pyle & Randall, 1992
Liopropoma carmabi
J. E. Randall, 1963
Holacanthus clarionensis
(Gilbert, 1891)
Chaetodon daedalma
D. S. Jordan & Fowler,
1902
Rainfordia opercularis,
McCulloch 1923
Cephalopholis igarashiensis
Katayama, 1957
Gramma dejongi
Victor and Randall, 2010
Jeboehlkia gladifer
Image source: Google Image

13. • When stocking density high , the
build-up of nitrogenous wastes
like ammonia, requires the
producer to implement measures
to manage it properly (Nair et al.,
2020).

15. Solution
• RAS offer a high degree of fish environmental control (Summerfelt,
1996).
• Farming of ornamental fish is traditionally done in extensive, low
technology culture system but increasing demand to enhance
productivity and quality control is leading to wide use of a RAS (Shane
willis, 2015).

16. History of RAS
• The earliest scientific research on RAS conducted in Japan in the 1950s
focused on biofilter design for carp production driven by the need to use
locally limited water resources more productively (Murray et al.,2014).
• Later Europe and the United States scientist adapted technology.
• Early efforts included primarily work on marine systems for fish and
crustacean production.
• Soon adopted in arid regions where the agriculture sector is restricted by
water supply.
• The trust in technology was reinforced by the successful operation of public
as well as domestic aquaria, which generally feature over-sized treatment
units to ensure crystal-clear water (Espinal et al., 2019).

17. What is RAS?
• Recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) is a production system in which
a certain volume of culture water is reused through continuous
treatment (Dalsgaard et al., 2017).
• This system is adopted for an intensive aquaculture system where
aquatic species are reared in high stocking density and fed with a
formulated diet along with a provision for constant aeration (Dalsgaard
et al., 2017).
• RAS require less than 10% of the water and much less land than do
extensive pond systems to produce a given quantity of fish, and RAS
technology reduces the effluent volume (Timmons et al., 2002).

18. Design of RAS
According to
Parker (2011)
RAS design:
Solids filter Biological filter Tanks Aeration Disinfection Heaters/chillers Lighting
• Depending on the water temperature and fish species selected, a
water heating system may be necessary. Ozone and ultraviolet
sterilization also may be advantageous to reduce organic and bacteria
loads (Helfrich & Libey, 1991).

19. Process of Recirculating
Aquaculture System
Source: Lbaaf, 2020

21. Holding/culture tanks
• These provide space for the fish
to be held in a range of shapes,
sizes and construction methods
are used.
• Generally round tank used
– self-cleaning
Source: Agrifarming

22. Solid filter
• Waste Solids removal
• Settleable, Suspended, Floatable,
Dissolved solids
• Types of solids filters used are:
– Settlement or sedimentation
systems (large scale, pond systems),
– Mechanical filtration (screen
filtration or granular media
filtration),
– Chemical adsorption (activated
carbon, protein skimmer, foam
fractionation).
Source: aquacultureida

23. Continue
• Larger pond or recirculating
systems may use more than one
method of filtration to remove
solids from a system
• eg. screen filters may be used to
pre-filter water before passing
through a sand filter
• Whatever filter system used
must be washed regularly to
remove the debris. Drum filter
Image source: Google image

24. Biological filter
• A biological filter (biofilter) relies on bacteria to convert ammonia into
nitrate via a two step process called nitrification.
• The biofilter provides a substrate (gravel, bioballs, sponge etc.) for
bacteria to colonise and contact with the water to be processed
– larger surface area = larger bacterial population = greater the
nitrification capacity = better water quality & healthy fish
• Common and effective filters for the management of ammonia and
nitrite include Submerged filters, Trickle filters, and fluidized bed sand
filters (Sastry et al., 1999).

25. Nitrification
• Nitrification is performed by two
groups of aerobic bacteria in a two
stage process:
– Nitrosomonas spp. (NH3 TO NO2)
– Nitrobacter spp. and Nitrospira
spp.(NO2to NO3)
• The nitrification As the process is
aerobic, oxygen and continual
water movement is essential
• Use of algal scrubbers can be
incorporated to remove nitrate
(Adey and Loveland, 1998). Source: Linbo, 2009

26. Types of Biofilters
Submerged Trickle
Source: biofilters

27. Continue
Fluidised bed
Source: sandfiltergakanko

28. Sump/reservoir
• This increases the volume of water in the system –generally point
where water is exchanged
• can be used to facilitate water quality control and acts as a collection
point for the pump to recirculate water.

29. Pump
• Some form of pump is needed to recirculate the water through the culture system
• Centrifugal pump used to most modern RAS designs target recirculating pressure of
about 10 feet (3 m).
• Airlift pumps are capable of moving large volumes of water at extremely low lifts.
Large diameter air-lifts (>8 inches or 20 cm) have recirculation capabilities of
several hundred gallons per minute (2,000 to 3,000 lpm), with lifts <18 inches (46
cm) (Malone, 2013).
Source: Google image

30. Aeration
• Recirculating systems should maintain adequate dissolved oxy-gen (DO)
concentrations of at least 6 mg/L and keep carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations at
less than 25 mg/L for best fish growth (Colt and Watten, 1988; Boyd and Watten,
1989)
• Diffused aeration systems can transfer oxygen at an average rate of 1.3 kg O2/kW-h
(2.15 lbs./hp -hour) under standard (20oC, O mg/L DO, clean water) test conditions
(Colt and Tchobanoglous, 1979).
Colt and Watten, 1988

31. Additional equipment
• Spotte (1979) notes that the effectiveness of UV
sterilization depends upon the size of the organism, the
amount of UV radiation, and the level of penetration of
the radiation into the water. To be effective,
microorganisms must come in close proximity to the UV
radiation source (0.5 cm, 0.2 inches or less).
• Ozone treatment use as removal of solid matters,
bactericide, parasiticide and virucide (Gonçalves and
Gagnon, 2011) and The efficiency of the disinfecting
action depends upon the contact time and residual
concentration of O3 in the water with the
microorganisms (Summerfelt, 2003).
Source: Google image
Source: Google image

32. Large scale RAS in Ornamental fish
culture
Source: NATI, 2011

33. Small scale RAS in Ornamental fish
culture
Source: NATI, 2011

34. A More Practical RAS for Ornamental fishery

35. • RAS for ornamental fish, do not have to be as high tech as for
food fish:-
– Cheap, readily available materials can be used to reduce construction
costs
– In tropical climates, operating costs are reduced because heating is not
needed
– Major advantage is they allow greater control over the growing
environment which means faster growth rates and improved survival.

36. Water
Quality
Regular
DO
Water movement
Siphoning Routine
Treatment
Prophylactic for
parasites
Sequential
Rearing
minimises biomass
and shock-load of
systems
Management of
Systems

37. Water parameter in fish culture for RAS (Jacob
Bregnballe, 2015)

38. Stocking Densities
• Capital costs
• Some species require specific facility
• Stocking density varies with life stage and species of fish. For example
Salmonids molt are stocked at 1-3kg/m3, grown out at 10-40kg/m3
(NATI, 2011).
• Stocking rates for ornamental are normally much lower 0.1 to 1kg/m3
but intensive systems can get to 3 kg/m3 (NATI, 2011).

39. Source: NATI, 2011

40. Feeding
• A good quality artificial pellet is best for use in RAS to help maintain good
water quality
• Protein level is generally 40% or higher
• Pellets need some form of pigment
• Should have good vitamin levels (Vitamin B and C important)
• Supplemental feeding of live feed can help improve growth and
colour/quality of fish.
• Natural pigment blends such as capsicum extract (produces red colours) or
marigold extract (produces yellow/orange colours) can also be used. These
are mixed at 0.1 -0.5% into feeds (Britton, 1996).
• Good colouration is the key to production of high quality fish.

41. Pelleted Feeds
• Formulated diets: Pellets, powders
(crumbles) or emulsions (usually fed
to live food species to boost their
nutritional value for the culture
species) to match the mouth size of
the fish species;
• Floating, slow sinking, sinking;
• Soft pellets (mimic natural feeds) or
hard pellets.
Source: fish feed extruder

42. Stress and Disease
• Disease control is essential in RAS
• Stress and disease are inter-
related, control of these factors is
important for health of fish.
• Stress causes physiological changes
that compromise immunity and
leaves the fish more susceptible to
disease.
• Maintaining optimal conditions and
good hygiene is essential
Image source: nippyfish

43. Disease Detection
• Routine disease diagnosis
• Parasites are easily diagnosed with a microscope
• Diagnosis of bacterial and viral would generally involve sending samples
to a laboratory
• Government surveillance
– Important to be involved
– health certificate

44. Facility Hygiene
• Ensure all equipment is cleaned and disinfected properly after use.
• Avoid using equipment from other farms, unless properly cleaned
• using separate equipment in different parts of the facility also reduces
risk
• Footbaths and washing hands can reduce this risk

45. Backyard Recirculation Aquaculture System
• Freshwater aquaculture in India started with the stocking of carp in
backyard ponds in West Bengal, Odisha and expanded to other states of
India (Rutaisire et al., 2017).
• However, to encourage small-scale fish farmers and entrepreneurs and
also to facilitate fish production in urban and peri-urban areas where
land and water are scarce, it is proposed to promote Backyard RAS .

46. Design of Backyard Recirculation
Aquaculture System
Image source: NFDB

47. Comparison between earthen pond and RAS
DOF

49. Case study - 1

50. Aim
• To construct a biological filter from polyethylene micro-bead as the filter medium.
• To analyze its effectiveness in removing waste as well as in converting the toxic
organic matter into stable substances for ornamental fish culture in a RAS.

51. Material & Method
• The bio-filter was constructed under a rotational molding process.
• The tubes, hoses, and piping were made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC)while the
fasteners were made from stainless steel and other non-corrosive materials.
• The effectiveness of this bio-filter was measured by using biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD) and total suspended solids (TSS) analysis.

52. Result
Results indicated that this bio-filter is efficient enough to remove
suspended solids and BOD. Therefore, this floating micro-bead
bio-filter can be used in aquaculture systems.

53. Case study - 2

54. Case study - 2
• The ICAR-CMFRI has developed the technology for breeding and seed production of
around fifteen varieties of marine ornamental fishes such as clown fishes and
damsel fishes. As brood stock development is an important part of the breeding
programme, more emphasis need to be given on this component to ensure better
larval survival and production of healthy larvae (Nazar et al., 2019).

55. Case study - 2

56. Case study - 2

57. Result
• The mini RAS (Recirculatory Aquaculture System) developed for brood stock
maintenance would be highly useful for a small scale marine ornamental fish
breeding and seed production unit.

58. Advantages
• Fully controlled environment for the fish
• Low water use
• Efficient energy use
• Efficient land use
• Optimal feeding strategy
• Easy grading and harvesting of fish
• Full disease control
• A boon for income generation in water deficient areas of India like
Rajasthan etc (Sharma et al., 2018).
• To Generate employment

59. Constraints
• The existing export business is unsustainable since the present trade is
largely based on capture from nature.
• Non-availability of quality brood stock and quality seed from certified
hatchery is a major input constraint. In this regard, import regulations are
to be suitably modified to permit import of genuine brood stock.
• Lack knowledge of breeding, biology and behavior aspects, nutrition and
feed formulations, disease diagnose and comprehensive health
management.
• Lack of skilled manpower.
• Marketing of the produce being in the hands of few wholesalers, the
growers are not getting remunerative prices.

60. Institutional steps towards Ornamental Fisheries
Development in India
• Providing a viable alternative platform
• NFDB released Rs.2.38cr for setting up of 164 units of backyard RAS at Kerala and Telangana.
• Implementation of Pilot project on Ornamental Fisheries for Rs. 2.7 cr has been released.
• Green certification of marine ornamental fish.
• Breeding and seed production techniques standardized
• Production of Varsha series of ornamental fish feeds in commercial extruders.
NFDB (2019-20)
CMFRI (2018-19)

61. Action Plan for Development of Ornamental
Fisheries in India: AQUARAINBOW VISION-2030
• Mission
• Vision
• Objective
• Backyard Ornamental fish Rearing unit
• Medium Scale Ornamental fish
Rearing unit
• Integrated Ornamental fish unit (FW)
• Integrated Ornamental fish unit (MW)
• Establishment of Fresh water
Ornamental Fish Brood Bank
• Promotion of Recreational Fisheries
DOF, 2020

62. Conclusion
• India have huge potential of ornamental fishery and allied sector.
• Ornamental fishery generate employment, extra income, entrepreneur.
• RAS is relatively new technology for ornamental fish production
• Increased capital and operating costs are off set by better control over
production and higher yields
• Government of India and some institute are promoting and developing
ornamental fishery.

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