PLS 2015: LANTERNS: Local Authority collaborators' National Evaluation of Reduced Night-time Street light
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LANTERNS is a collaborative study involving 62 local authorities in England & Wales to assess whether changes to provision of street lighting at night have been associated with increases in crime or road traffic crashes. The study analysed data on street lighting changes along 20,000 km of road, including switch off, part-night switch off, dimming lights, and white light/LEDs. Results will be presented the effects on road traffic casualties and crime (burglary, violence, robbery and vehicle theft). Talk by Dr Phil Edwards, Senior Lecturer
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PLS 2015: LANTERNS: Local Authority collaborators' National Evaluation of Reduced Night-time Street light
- 1. Improving health worldwide www.lshtm.ac.uk Phil Edwards LANTERNS Project Senior Lecturer, Department of Population Health Does street lighting adaptation impact on road traffic injury or crime? The LANTERNS project is funded by the NIHR Public Health Research Programme. The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of NIHR or the Department of Health
- 3. Evidence for street lighting Welsh BC, Farrington DP. Effects of improved street lighting on crime. Campbell Systematic Reviews 2008:13 DOI: 10.4073/csr.2008.13 Beyer FR, Ker K. Street lighting for preventing road traffic injuries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD004728. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004728.pub2.
- 4. LANTERNS Project Local Authority collaborators’ National Evaluation of Reduced Night-time Streetlight
- 5. 1. Collate information on street lighting adaptation schemes nationally 2. Statistically examine whether reduced lighting has effects on traffic collisions and crime 3. Explore public opinion on street lighting provision, and potential for reducing levels 4. Investigate whether street lighting adaptation schemes offer value for money Project aims
- 6. 1. Collate information on street lighting adaptation schemes nationally 2. Statistically examine whether reduced lighting has effects on traffic collisions and crime 3. Explore public opinion on street lighting provision, and potential for reducing levels 4. Investigate whether street lighting adaptation schemes offer value for money Project aims
- 7. METHODS Controlled interrupted time series analysis
- 8. slope pre- Monthly counts of collisions/ crime Time (months) slope post- step change associated with the intervention Lighting interventions introduced: •Part-night lighting •Dimming •White light/LEDs •Switch off
- 9. Example dataset Column ID Easting Northing Change Regime Date change applied 58 466015 174494 White Light LED 03/02/2012 78 465885 173200 White Light LED 26/03/2013 83 466006 174470 White Light LED 03/02/2012 84 465977 174470 White Light LED 03/02/2012 85 465958 174450 White Light LED 03/02/2012 86 465973 174438 White Light LED 03/02/2012 87 466001 174448 White Light LED 03/02/2012 88 466034 174445 White Light LED 03/02/2012 89 465937 174420 White Light LED 03/02/2012 90 465927 174422 White Light LED 03/02/2012 91 465922 174389 White Light LED 03/02/2012 99 465544 174593 White Light LED 30/01/2011 100 465584 174600 White Light LED 30/01/2011 101 465512 174571 White Light LED 30/01/2011 10207 464465 171217 Part-night lighting 00:00 to 05:30 24/02/2012 10208 464432 171206 Part-night lighting 00:00 to 05:30 24/02/2012 10209 464394 171191 Part-night lighting 00:00 to 05:30 24/02/2012 10210 464352 171170 Part-night lighting 00:00 to 05:30 24/02/2012 10211 464311 171145 Part-night lighting 00:00 to 05:30 24/02/2012 10212 464274 171119 Part-night lighting 00:00 to 05:30 24/02/2012 10213 464234 171085 Part-night lighting 00:00 to 05:30 24/02/2012 10214 464198 171049 Part-night lighting 00:00 to 05:30 24/02/2012 10207 464465 171217 Part-night lighting 00:00 to 05:30 24/02/2012 10208 464432 171206 Part-night lighting 00:00 to 05:30 24/02/2012
- 11. Road traffic collisions STATS19 –Easting and Northing of collision location –Time of day –Severity of injuries
- 12. Date: 24th Nov 2004 Time: 17:20 Casualty class: Pedestrian Accident severity: Serious Date: 6th Nov 2007 Time: 18:02 Casualty class: Driver Accident severity: Slight Date: 29th Oct 2010 Time: 01:20 Casualty class: Driver Accident severity: Slight
- 13. Crime Police.uk –Monthly counts –Burglary, Violence, Vehicle crime, Robbery
- 15. Police.uk data spatial accuracy Tompson, L., Johnson, S.D., Ashby, M., Perkins, C., and Edwards, P. (2014). UK open source crime data: Accuracy and possibilities for research. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 42(2), 97-111.
- 16. Local authorities in England & Wales invited to participate
- 18. Data from 62 authorities included in analysis
- 22. 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Km of road Switch off Part-night lighting Dimming White light
- 23. RESULTS Does street lighting adaptation impact on road traffic injury?
- 24. Night-time collisions on roads (2000–13): 5,670 (4%) with part-night lighting 11,634 (7%) with dimming 12,423 (8%) with white light 1,202 (0.7%) with switch off
- 25. Overall (I2 = 0.0%, p =0.46) 0.95 (0.84, 1.07) 0.78 (0.50, 1.22) 1.82 (0.58, 5.75) 0.80 (0.60, 1.07) 0.99 (0.63, 1.54) 1.35 (0.85, 2.12) 0.97 (0.80, 1.17) 0.96 (0.74, 1.24) Decrease with PNL Increase with PNL 1.5 1 2 Part night light Rate ratio (95% CI) East London East Midlands Wales West Midlands North East South West Yorkshire North West South East Region
- 26. Overall (I2 = 1.7%, p =0.42) North East Yorkshire Wales London East Midlands South West South East East North West West Midlands 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) 0.87 (0.64, 1.19) 1.18 (0.82, 1.70) 0.98 (0.75, 1.28) 0.86 (0.64, 1.16) 0.86 (0.70, 1.07) 1.13 (0.94, 1.36) 1.15 (0.71, 1.84) 1.16 (0.78, 1.72) Decrease with Dimming Increase with Dimming 1.5 1 2 Dimming Rate ratio (95% CI)Region
- 27. Overall (I2 = 38.1%, p =0.11) 1.01 (0.93, 1.09) 1.06 (0.88, 1.28) 0.84 (0.64, 1.10) 0.96 (0.81, 1.15) 1.10 (0.80, 1.51) 1.30 (1.03, 1.65) 0.90 (0.71, 1.14) 0.76 (0.48, 1.21) 1.21 (0.95, 1.55) 0.89 (0.73, 1.09) Decrease with White Increase with White 1.5 1 2 White light Rate ratio (95% CI) East London East Midlands Wales West Midlands North East South West Yorkshire North West South East Region
- 28. Overall (I2 = 0.0%, p =0.98) East London East Midlands Wales West Midlands North East South West Yorkshire North West South East 0.97 (0.82, 1.15) 0.98 (0.79, 1.22) 0.97 (0.58, 1.62) Rate ratio (95% CI) 0.95 (0.68, 1.32) Decrease with Switch off Increase with Switch off 1.5 1 2 Switch offRegion
- 29. RESULTS Does street lighting adaptation impact on crime?
- 30. Crime (Dec 2010 - Dec 2013): 581,837 Burglaries 730,280 Violence 475,657 Vehicle crime 67,470 Robberies
- 31. Aggregate Burglary Robbery Vehicle Violence 0.96 (0.86, 1.06) 0.92 (0.74, 1.13) 1.48 (0.99, 2.21) 0.91 (0.76, 1.09) 1.01 (0.92, 1.11) Decrease with PNL Increase with PNL 1.5 1 2 Part night light Rate ratio (95% CI)
- 32. Aggregate Burglary Robbery Vehicle Violence 0.84 (0.70, 1.02) 0.92 (0.65, 1.30) 0.75 (0.50, 1.13) 0.97 (0.78, 1.21) 0.78 (0.60, 1.01) Decrease with Dimming Increase with Dimming 1.5 1 2 Dimming Rate ratio (95% CI)
- 33. Aggregate Burglary Robbery Vehicle Violence 0.89 (0.77, 1.03) 0.80 (0.59, 1.07) 0.98 (0.61, 1.56) 0.95 (0.73, 1.23) 0.91 (0.77, 1.08) Decrease with White Increase with White 1.5 1 2 White light Rate ratio (95% CI)
- 34. Aggregate Burglary Robbery Vehicle Violence 0.11 (0.00, 2.75) 0.10 (0.00, 11.52) 1.17 (0.20, 6.71) 0.06 (0.00, 10.09) 0.84 (0.55, 1.29) Decrease with Switch off Increase with Switch off 1.01 .1 1 5 Switch off Rate ratio (95% CI)
- 35. RESULTS Crime results showed heterogeneity between police forces
- 36. Overall (I2 = 65.4%, p<0.001) 14 16 31 1 26 4 9 28 3 11 27 24 8 29 20 5 6 12 0.96 (0.86, 1.06) 0.42 (0.01, 22.46) 0.99 (0.74, 1.34) 1.11 (0.39, 3.18) 1.26 (1.06, 1.48) 1.64 (1.26, 2.14) 0.99 (0.80, 1.24) 0.56 (0.26, 1.21) 0.91 (0.80, 1.04) 0.72 (0.45, 1.15) 0.90 (0.83, 0.98) 7.26 (0.72, 73.33) 0.83 (0.71, 0.97) 0.95 (0.46, 1.95) 0.93 (0.69, 1.24) 1.10 (0.73, 1.66) 0.67 (0.56, 0.81) 0.84 (0.38, 1.86) 0.96 (0.86, 1.06) Decrease with PNL Increase with PNL 1.01 .1 1 10 100 Part night light Rate ratio (95% CI)Police force
- 37. Overall (I2 = 75.1%, p<0.001) 31 25 4 21 29 26 17 12 6 27 22 30 18 20 16 10 13 1 15 0.84 (0.70, 1.02) 1.21 (0.13, 11.58) 0.69 (0.42, 1.16) 1.00 (0.86, 1.16) 0.71 (0.19, 2.65) 0.57 (0.18, 1.78) 1.89 (1.48, 2.40) 0.04 (0.00, 4.05) 0.45 (0.22, 0.93) 0.01 (0.00, 0.32) 0.41 (0.21, 0.82) 0.62 (0.49, 0.80) 0.89 (0.53, 1.48) 1.40 (0.03, 75.94) 1.14 (0.73, 1.77) 0.30 (0.09, 0.99) 0.80 (0.69, 0.94) 4.79 (0.15, 156.20) 0.73 (0.34, 1.60) 1.05 (0.99, 1.11) Decrease with Dimming Increase with Dimming 1.01 .1 1 10 100 Dimming Rate ratio (95% CI)Police force
- 38. Overall (I2 = 75.0%, p<0.001) 18 20 13 23 21 30 11 31 25 8 5 28 4 29 10 9 16 22 17 15 14 26 6 27 3 12 1 0.89 (0.77, 1.03) 0.81 (0.01, 44.39) 1.07 (0.94, 1.23) 0.49 (0.08, 2.93) 1.29 (0.98, 1.71) 0.94 (0.25, 3.57) 0.62 (0.48, 0.81) 0.85 (0.59, 1.22) 0.55 (0.12, 2.51) 1.18 (0.68, 2.05) 0.61 (0.32, 1.17) 0.48 (0.22, 1.04) 2.20 (1.30, 3.72) 0.65 (0.33, 1.26) 2.35 (1.41, 3.93) 0.92 (0.76, 1.11) 0.45 (0.33, 0.61) 0.90 (0.59, 1.37) 1.09 (0.87, 1.36) 1.20 (0.39, 3.66) 0.83 (0.74, 0.92) 0.91 (0.74, 1.11) 0.61 (0.49, 0.75) 1.52 (0.09, 25.14) 0.25 (0.13, 0.49) 1.31 (0.69, 2.50) 1.08 (0.51, 2.27) 1.65 (0.77, 3.51) Decrease with White Increase with White 1.01 .1 1 10 100 White light Rate ratio (95% CI)Police force
- 40. Conclusions -Reduced street lighting over recent years has been done safely, without increasing road traffic casualties or crime. -Part-night lighting and dimming may be considered after careful assessment by qualified lighting professional, using a risk-based analysis.
- 41. Further research
- 42. Acknowledgements The authors wish to acknowledge the advice and support of the Institution of Lighting Professionals and the London Lighting Engineers Group. The authors also thank: Denise Kendrick, Emily Conner and Mark Norris for advice, and the local authority street lighting managers who provided data for the project.
Editor's Notes
- Studies of street lighting on crime have only tested the hypothesis that increasing levels of illumination are associated with reductions in crime. Beyer and Ker (2010) included 17 controlled before-after studies; seven studies included a designated control site, the other 10 studies collected data at one site only and used day-time data as the control. Pooled results of studies that used control areas provided some evidence for a protective effect of increased street lighting on reducing road injury (Risk Ratio 0.78; 95% confidence interval 0.63 to 0.97). It should be noted that the methodological quality of the included studies was considered to be poor and the risk of bias therefore high. The review authors recommend high quality evaluations that will adequately determine the effectiveness of street lighting on the incidence of road traffic injury.
- Approximate location (all crimes in street ‘snapped’ to one place) All times of the day combined.
- Crime—across the 62 local authority areas during the period December 2010 to December 2013 there had been: 581,837 burglaries 475,657 thefts of or from a vehicle 67,470 robberies 730,280 violence offences
- There are of course limitations with this study. For example, it is possible that some local authorities declined to participate because of media reports of increases in collisions due to lighting changes in their areas. If so, we may have underestimated the effects. In addition, we could not account for other road safety or crime prevention initiatives, e.g. improved road markings or introduction of CCTV cameras. If such measures were introduced more often in streets where lighting was changed, it is possible that traffic collisions and crime were changed as a result of these measures, rather than the lighting per se. It is also possible that the number of road users who travel in streets where street lighting was reduced decreased at the same time that the lighting was reduced, resulting in fewer collisions in those streets. However, our qualitative and survey evidence suggests that changes to mobility in affected areas was likely to be minimal.
- Local authorities who reduced provision of street lighting over recent years have done so safely, without increasing road traffic casualties or crime. Switching off lights at night may be considered as part of a local lighting adaptation strategy, providing that each area is carefully assessed by a qualified lighting professional, using a risk-based analysis. Street lighting remains important to many urban and suburban residents, and some feel less safe walking alone in the dark. Changes to lighting will need to be managed carefully.