3. DISPERSION
• Rainbows are formed through dispersion.
• This happens when sunlight passes through
raindrops.
• A double rainbow occurs when the light is
reflected twice in the drop.
• The second rainbow is fainter and more pastel
in tone than the primary rainbow because
more light escapes from two reflections
compared to one.
• A key feature of double rainbows is that the
color sequence in the second rainbow is
reversed.
5. Learning Objectives
● describe the characteristics,
sources, and behaviors of light,
● relate color and intensity to
frequency and wavelength,
● Perform online simulations to test
the characteristics of light.
● appreciate the importance of light
6. ACTIVITY
Color
Spectrum
Frequency
(x1012 /s)
Wavelength
(x10-9 m)
Frequency x Wavelength
(m/s)
Red 422 700
(422 x1012/s) (700 x10-9m) =
295 400 x103 m/s ≈ 3x108 m/s
Orange 480 635
Yellow 510 590
Green 540 560
Blue 580 520
Indigo 610 490
Violet 670 450
≈ 3x108 m/s
≈ 3x108 m/s
≈ 3x108 m/s
≈ 3x108 m/s
≈ 3x108 m/s
≈ 3x108 m/s
8. White light is made up of all the colors of
the rainbow. How do we know?
Because a prism
splits the light into
its component colors.
White Light
9. DISPERSION
• The separation of light
into colors.
• This creates the colors
of the rainbow.
• These band of colors are
named as spectrum.
10. Visible Light
• The difference between one
color and another color is
due to the differences in
wavelengths or frequencies.
• Each color has its own
frequency and wavelength.
Increasing wavelength VIBGYOR
Increasing frequency ROYGBIV
11. The colors of the stars are
a result of the thermal
radiation from the surface
of the stars.
-oldest stars
-coolest stars –
low frequency
means low energy
Red Stars
-youngest stars
-hottest stars –
high frequency
means high energy
Blue/White stars
Colors of Objects
12. Color is the way our
eyes perceive
different wavelengths
of light. It's what
makes objects look
different from one
another.
Color
13. Mixing colors
A prism is a special glass or plastic
object that can bend, or refract, light.
14. Unlike
pigments, the
primary colors
of light are red,
green, and blue.
The secondary
colors are:
green + blue =
cyan
blue + red =
magenta
red + green =
yellow
When you
combine the
primary colors of
light: red, green,
and blue, they will
reflect white light.
16. SOURCES OF LIGHT
Natural Sources - light are those
that emit light without any human
intervention or manipulation.
Artificial Sources - This refers to
light produced by human-made
sources, such as electric bulbs,
LEDs, fluorescent lights, etc
17. TYPES OF LIGHT
Luminous - Objects that emit
light on their own.
Nonluminous - Objects that
do not emit light of their own.
18. Types of Lighting
• It has a thin wire coil
made up of tungsten.
• Incandescence means
emission of light as a
result of heating of
the filament.
Incandescent Light
• Less than 10% of the
energy is given out as
light, the rest of its
energy is given off as heat
or infrared rays.
19. Types of Lighting
• It uses the process called
fluorescing.
• Fluorescent lights contain
gas (ex. Mercury gas) that
emits ultraviolet rays when
an electric current pass
through the bulb.
Fluorescent light
20. Types of Lighting
• It is made up of neon gas
sealed in glass tube.
• When an electric current
pass through the neon
particles of the gas, it
absorb energy until it cannot
anymore hold the energy, it
is now released in the form
of light.
Neon Lights
21. Types of Lighting
• A type of lighting that
uses small amount of
solid sodium and some
neon, and argon gases.
• The particles of sodium
vapor give off energy in
the form of yellow light.
Sodium Vapor Light
• are commonly used for
street lightings since
they require very little
electricity to give off a
great deal of light.
22. Types of Lighting
• a type of chemiluminescence
• Bioluminescence is a "cold
light." Cold light means less
than 20% of the light
generates thermal radiation,
or heat.
• Luciferin is the compound that
actually produces light.
Bioluminescence
Offensive Adaptation – use
to lure or search for prey.
1
Anglerfish
Loosejaw
23. Types of Lighting
Bioluminescence
Attraction – Fireflies uses light to
attract mates. Male fireflies have
more flashing lights than females.
2
• a type of chemiluminescence
• Bioluminescence is a "cold
light." Cold light means less
than 20% of the light
generates thermal radiation,
or heat.
• Luciferin is the compound
that actually produces light.
24. Types of Lighting
Bioluminescence
Changes in the environment –
Organisms (bioluminescent algae)
can emit light when they are
disturbed. They signal a drop of
salt content (salinity) in water.
3
• a type of chemiluminescence
• Bioluminescence is a "cold
light." Cold light means less
than 20% of the light
generates thermal radiation,
or heat.
• Luciferin is the compound
that actually produces light.
25. TYPES OF LIGHT
Luminous - Objects that
emit light on their own.
Nonluminous - Objects
that do not emit light of
their own.
26. Brightness
- is qualitative and is
dependent on the person’s
perception.
- depends on the source and
the distance from the source.
27. Brightness
- can be measured using luminous
intensity and expressed with a unit
known as candela (cd).
Illuminance – the measure of the
amount of light that illuminates a
surface area.
28. Intensity
- The quantity that measures the
amount of light. The intensity
depends upon the amount of light
that passes a certain area.
29. Intensity
defined to be the power per unit area, and it
has the units of Watt per square meter
(W/m2).
Intensity=Power/Area or I = P/A
Where: I= Intensity P= Power (Watts)
A= Area of sphere (4 π r2) Π= 3.14 r = radius
32. • One way solid objects are classified is by how much
light is allowed to pass through that object.
• A transparent object lets all of the light pass through.
• A translucent object lets some light pass through.
• An opaque object lets none of the light pass
through.
transparent
next
translucent opaque
34. This window is
transparent. You
can clearly see the
image on the other
side because all of
the light is passing
through.
This lampshade is
translucent. Some
of the light passes
through, but not all of
it.
The computer is
opaque. No light is
passing through, so you
cannot see anything
behind it. However, the
screen is transparent.
That is why you can
clearly see the man’s
face behind the screen.
This sphere is
transparent.
You can clearly
see the man
inside. The
man, of course,
is opaque.
These pens are
translucent.
Enough light passes
through to allow you
to see some of the
inside, but not
enough to see
everything clearly.
next
The brick wall
is opaque.
You cannot
see any part
of the boy
through the
wall.
Decide if they are mostly transparent,
translucent or opaque.
35. What happens when light strikes an
object?
• absorbed: transferred to the object
(mainly as heat)
• reflected: it bounces off (such as with a mirror)
• transmitted: goes through (such as with
glass)
More about Light
36. One of the properties of light is that it
travels in a straight line, unless it is acted
on by some external force or condition.
When interfered with, the path of light
rays can be bounced or appear to be
bent away from the original object
making it seem larger or smaller than it
really is.
37. When light strikes a surface and is redirected
back to its point of origin, this is reflection.
- The bouncing back of light from the surface it
hits.
Smooth, shiny surfaces that absorb very little
light, will reflect light in almost the exact way
that the light hits it.
next
Reflection
Smooth, shiny surface
38. Light beams
Mirrors reflect images of objects because light
rays bounce off the object. The light rays travel in
a straight line to a mirror, bounce off the mirror,
and then travel back to the eye of the observer.
next
Mirror
39. Reflection
Incident Ray - the ray of light that comes from the light
source and approaches the mirror.
Angle of Incidence - the angle formed by the incident ray
and the line perpendicular to the surface of the mirror
(normal line).
Reflected Ray- the ray coming from the mirror as a result of
reflection.
Angle of Reflection - is the angle formed by the reflected
ray and the normal line.
40. Reflection
Laws of Reflection (For any mirror)
🔶The angle of incidence is always equal to the
angle of reflection. ∠i = ∠r
🔶The incident ray, Normal and reflected ray all lie
on the same plane. They all join at a point
known as the point of incidence.
41. If the
wavelength
reflected by the
object is green,
the color
perceived by the
human eye is
green.
If the
wavelength
reflected by the
object is black,
the object
absorbs all
wavelengths.
If the
wavelength
reflected by the
object is white,
the object
reflects all
wavelengths.
42. SLIDESMANIA.COM
-
Jennifer
Leban
&
Omar
López
Regular Reflection
- also known as specular reflection -
happens when light is reflected off smooth
surfaces
-reflected light rays are in an orderly pattern
Diffused Reflection
-occurs when light is reflected off rough
surfaces
-reflected rays are scattered in all directions
TWO MAIN TYPES OF REFLECTION
43. Light slows down as it goes from space to air. It
slows down even more in water and glass. Why?
The atoms get in the way.
We use lenses to curve light on purpose.
(A lens is a clear, curved transparent object used to bend light.)
Light and Refraction
44. Convex (or positive) lenses converge (or
focus) light and can form images.
light source
Concave (or negative) lenses diverge (or
spread out) light rays.
light source
45. Decide whether each object below best represents
reflection or refraction.
reflection refraction
next
reflection refraction
reflection refraction
reflection refraction
reflection refraction
reflection refraction
46. Properties of Light
SCATTERING
• As the light coming from
the sun travels through
Earth’s atmosphere, the
dust particles and air
molecules in the
atmosphere scatter the
light in all directions.
• This is also known as
Rayleigh scattering.
47. Properties of Light
SCATTERING
• At daytime, since blue and
violet has the highest
frequency and short
wavelength, they are scattered
and reflected to earth, so the
sky looks blue.
48. Properties of Light
SCATTERING
• At late afternoon, since
most of the blue and
violet light is being
scattered, red having the
longer wavelength and
low frequency is the
most predominant color
left when light from the
sun reaches your eyes.
49. Properties of Light
SCATTERING
• Water vapor (clouds)
scatter all colors equally
making them appear white.
• When clouds gets thicker,
they absorb much of the
light, allowing light not to
pass through. The result is
a darker cloud.
50. Properties of Light
POLARIZATION
• The process of transforming
unpolarized light into polarized light.
Unpolarized light
Polarized light
A light wave that is
vibrating in more
than one plane.
A light wave in which
the vibrations occur
in a single plane.
• Polaroid is a filter that
will allow light to pass
through that vibrates in
one plane and it comes
out as polarized light.
• Polaroid reduces the
glaring effect of light.
51. If light strikes a boundary between two
transparent materials at the correct angle,
all the light gets reflected.
outside material
inside material
This is how fiber optics works, in a process
called “total internal reflection.”
Total Internal Reflection
52. Laser = light amplification by
stimulated emission of radiation
Lasers use one wavelength of light, so that all the crests
and troughs are lined up (or “in step”).
This way, they do not interfere with each other and
spread out, like white light in a flashlight.
Lasers are used for welding, cutting materials (metals,
biological tissue), reading/writing CDs, transmitting data
through space or optical fibers, or simply as pointers.
Lasers
53. Visible light
is also used
to transmit
high-speed
data.
Endoscopes
use fiber
optics to allow
doctors to see
internal
organs and
vessels.
Humans
see
objects in
the visible
light
spectrum.
APPLICATIONSOFVISIBLELIGHT
VISION MEDICINE COMMUNICATIONS
54. ASSESSMENT. Use ¼ sheet of paper
Identification
1. What is the color of the longest wavelength in
visible light wave?
2. Which visible light has the highest frequency?
3. The longer the wavelength, the ________
frequency.
Essay. Briefly describe the following:
1. Color vs Intensity vs Brightness
2. Sources of light and give 1 example for each.
57. Color Blindness
• There are two photoreceptors in the
eye:
Rods
Cones
- Work at very low levels of light.
- Rods are for night vision
- Used to see colors. Require
more light.
- Cones are for color vision.
59. Color Blindness
• Different types of Color Blindness.
Dichromacy
The absence of one cone.
1. Protanopia – absence of red sensitive
pigment cone (red-blind)
2. Deuteranopia – absence of green
sensitive pigment cone (green-blind)
3. Tritanopia – absence of blue sensitive
cone (blue-blind)
60. Color Blindness
• Different types of Color Blindness.
Anomalous Trichromacy
A deficiency in one of the pigments.
1. Protanomaly – red weakness
2. Deuteranomaly – green weakness
3. Tritanomaly – blue weakness
Achromatopsia
“no color”
People with achromatopsia sees only black,
white and shades of gray.
Editor's Notes
Electromagnetic Wavecan travel without a medium
Components of Electromagnetic Spectrum
Radio, Micro, Infra, Visible, Ultra, Xray, Gamma
Shortest wavelength , higher frequency – Gamma – highest energy
Longest wavelength, lower frequency – Radio – lowest energy
Have you seen a rainbow?
When does a rainbow usually happen?
what does the rain have to do with it?
Talk about dispersion, refraction, reflection, behaviors of wave
Rain drop act as a prism
Dispersion – a phenomenon in which a prism separates white light into its colors.
Rainbow Simulator | NOAA SciJinks – All About Weather
Now where do this wave belong in the em spectrum?
Visible light!
The teacher will group the students by 4 according to their proximity, provide clear instructions, then give an activity sheet to each group. The students are given 5 minutes to solve.
Which color registers the highest frequency? Shortest wavelength? Ans: Violet
Which color registers the lowest frequency? Longest wavelength? Ans: Red
What do you observe with the wavelength and frequency of the different colors? Ans: The wavelength decreases as the frequency is increased
What did you observe with the product of wavelength and frequency for each color? What is the significance of this value? The product of frequency and wavelength in all color lights is constant and equal to the speed of light in vacuum.
What can you say about the speed of the different colors of light in air? Ans: The speed of all color light in air is constant and is equal to the speed of visible light.
Q6. Give a plausible explanation as to why white light separate into different colors. Ans: White light separates in color light due to the process known as dispersion. As white light enters theair glass interface, different color light exhibit different refractive indices thus separates into the visible colorlights
As we go through our discussion, take note of their intensity
So, what do you think causes a rainbow? Well, raindrops in the air act like tiny prisms. Light enters the raindrop, reflects off the side and then exits the drop. During this process, the light is broken into a spectrum, just like it is in a triangular glass prism.
occupies a narrow range of the overall electromagnetic spectrum. Each individual wavelength in the visible light represents a particular color. Our eyes perceive different wavelengths of light, thus this narrow band of light is known as ROYGBIV. When white light passes through a prism, it is separated into its constituent colors.
When light shines on an object, some of the light is absorbed, and some is reflected back to our eyes. The colors we see are the result of the reflected light.
We already know that white light is actually made up of many colors? When you shine white light, like sunlight or light from a flashlight, through a prism, it splits into different colors and creates a beautiful band of colors. This is called a spectrum.
luminou
Best examples are the sun, stars, light bulb.
Nonlumi
but are visible because they reflect light
Examples: moon, the ground and all other objects (wood, plastic and metal) we see that do not emit their own light.
When the filament gets hot enough, it gives off red light. As it gets hotter, the filament begins to give off violet light until it combines all the frequencies of light which produces white light.
Incandescent - Examples of incandescent sources are candles and incandescent bulb. These objects when heated emit both infrared and visible light.
When the ultraviolet waves hit the powder coating inside the tube, the coating emits visible light.
Luminescent - light can be produced by accelerating charges in a luminescent material such as fluorescent tube light and electric bulb.
Different neon lights are produced by different gases. Sometimes the gases are put into colored glass tube to produce other colors.
Gas Discharge Sources - electricity passes through certain gases at very low pressure to produce light like neon lamp and sodium lamp.
When the neon ang argon gases are heated, they begin to glow. This glow heats up the sodium, causing it to change from solid into gas.
which is simply the term for a chemical reaction where light is produced.
luminou
Best examples are the sun, stars, light bulb.
Nonlumi
but are visible because they reflect light
Examples: moon, the ground and all other objects (wood, plastic and metal) we see that do not emit their own light.
The closer you are to the source, the brighter the light.
Luminous intensity - a measure of the radiant power emitted by any source of light in a given direction and is dependent on the wavelength of light being emitted. It is weighted to the sensitivity of the human eye, by what is called the standard luminosity function. Photometer – a special instrument that can be used to measure luminous intensity
It indicates how bright a flat, diffuse surface appears based on the reflected light.
lluminance is the measure of the amount of light that illuminates a surface area. It's often referred to as the brightness of light falling on a surface and is measured in units of lux (lx), which represent lumens per square meter. So, illuminance tells us how bright a surface appears to an observer, based on the intensity of the light falling on it.to the source, the brighter the light.
Light intensity refers to the strength or amount of light produced by a specific lamp source.
Light intensity it is the measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source.
Intensity is the absolute measure of a light wave’s power density while brightness is the relative intensity as perceived by average human eye.
Light intensity refers to the strength or amount of light produced by a specific lamp source.
Light intensity it is the measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source.
(distance of light source from the center of sphere)
Intensity is the absolute measure of a light wave’s power density while brightness is the relative intensity as perceived by average human eye.
How does light travel? In a straight line
Light travels in straight path. Although light follows a straight path from the source, it can be slowed down and scattered by objects placed in its path.
Light travels a speed of 300 million m/s in a vacuum (empty space).
At this amazing speed, light from the sun takes only 8 minutes to travel to Earth.
Light travels fastest in an empty space followed by gas, liquid and solid.
Light can pass through, bounce off, or be absorbed by matter.
When light moves through the air, it may encounter a barrier or a medium that it may pass through.
It can be mirrored, absorbed, or transmitted when light enters a medium like an object.
Dark-colored objects are better absorbers of light than light- colored ones. An ideal black object absorbs all the light that falls on it.
When an object absorbs light, the object becomes warmer due to the energy it absorbs. Some of the energy from the light is transformed into thermal energy which is passed on as heat.
The effects of different materials on Light
Unlike mechanical waves (sound and water waves), light does not need a medium to be transmitted, but it can travel or pass through a medium, depending on the medium! With that, objects can be classified by the way they interact with light…
Objects are classified by what they do to light:
opaque: Does not allow light to pass through. All light is either absorbed or reflected.
translucent: Can be seen through, but not clearly. Allows some light to go through, but some is also absorbed or reflected. (such as waxed paper)
transparent: Allows almost all light to go through, so can be seen through clearly. (such as window glass)
Objects can be classified by the way they interact with light.
Materials that allow most of all light to pass through them are called TRANSPARENT It means more light passes through them.
Examples of transparent items are glass, water, and air
Some materials that allow some light to pass or transmit too little light through them are called TRANSLUCENT
which includes frosted glass or bulbs, wax paper, and colored cellophane.
If an object does not allow any light to pass through it, then it is OPAQUE
Opaque materials do not transmit light, thus, you cannot see objects through them.
Some examples of opaque materials include things made of wood, stone, and meta
Ask examples
Materials that allow most of all light to pass through them are called TRANSPARENT It means more light passes through them.
Examples of transparent items are glass, water, and air
Some materials that allow some light to pass or transmit too little light through them are called TRANSLUCENT
which includes frosted glass or bulbs, wax paper, and colored cellophane.
If an object does not allow any light to pass through it, then it is OPAQUE
Opaque materials do not transmit light, thus, you cannot see objects through them.
Some examples of opaque materials include things made of wood, stone, and metals
Transparent
Water, Glass, Air
Translucent
Frosted Window, Parchment Paper
Opaque
Most things
Every second of every day our eyes detect and interpret rays of light – whether that light is coming from a natural source like the sun, or an artificial source like a lamp.
However, sometimes our eyes can be fooled by the reflection and refraction of light. Now what are these phenomena?
2. We can see objects when they reflect light, and the reflected light enters our eyes.
3. Most objects reflect some light and absorb the light that is not reflected.
Meaning, how fast or how bright it was, it would still be the same after it hit the shiny surface.
Best example for these shiny, smooth surfaces are…
The relationship between the angle of incidence() and the angle of reflection (0r) is given by the law of reflection:
This means that the angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection.
Two types of reflection are:
regular: When an object surface is smooth, and you see an image. Example: a plane (flat) mirror
diffuse: When a rough surface scatters light in many directions, and no image appears. Example: paper is rough enough to scatter light so there is no image
Regular reflection-Examples are from mirrors or any other surface that produces a reflected image
Diffused – ex , any surface that we can see but does not reflect an image
When the path of the light rays change directions and appear to bend as they pass through an object, we call this refraction.
Refraction occurs when light passes from one substance to another of a different density(for example, from air to water).
The amount of refraction depends on the angle that the light enters the new substance and the difference in the densities of the two objects.
The greater the angle, the more the light ray will be bent.
Total internal reflection allows the transmission of light-carrying information to travel great distances over curved paths.
So with all that, how do we apply light in our life man?
What will happen to Earth without light?
Without the light that the sun produces the Earth will be in a total darkness and coldness. Without it there will be no life on Earth, because it is the one that sustain life on Earth. Without the artificial sources of light at night, it would be hard for us to see things. It will be difficult for us to navigate at night.
What practices you must do to avoid the harmful effects of the sun? How about to protect your eyes?
Emphasize the importance of light and encourage students to take care of their eyes.
Light is like the people around us specially our parents/ our family. They are remarkable yet we sometimes take them for granted. There are times that we prefer to be with our friends than to be with them knowing that they are always there. But when the dark times of our lives come, they are first person who will help us. Or worst when they are no longer around, only then you will realize how important they are to you. Just like light, you only see its worth when darkness comes.