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Organic Chemistry INTRODUCTION GRADE 11TH
- 2. What is Organic Chemistry? • Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. – Organic compounds have carbon AND hydrogen – Carbon Dioxide is NOT organic • The versatility and stability of carbon’s molecular structures provides the enormous range of properties of its compounds. • Carbon can bond to other carbons – Reason for the degree of structural complexity
- 3. Skills To Master • Differentiating alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes • Differentiating saturated and unsaturated compounds • Differentiating natural polymers and manmade polymers • Recognizing common pharmaceuticals
- 4. Terms To Know • Hydrocarbon • Alkane • Alkene • Alkyne • Saturated • Unsaturated • Petrochemicals • Functional Group • Polymers
- 5. Ridiculous Complexity Palytoxin – made by species of some species of seaweed and coral Synthesized by Kishi, et. al. at Harvard in 1994
- 6. Organic Chemistry • Carbon – Has 4 valence electrons – Makes 4 covalent bonds to fill its octet • Can include double and triple bonds – Hydrocarbon • Compound with only carbon and hydrogen
- 7. Organic Chemistry in Everyday Life •Smells & tastes: fruits, fish, mint •Medications: aspirin, Tylenol, decongestants, sedatives, insulin •Addictive substances: caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, narcotics •Hormones/Neurotransmitters: adrenaline, dopamine, serotonin •Food: carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins •Genetics: DNA, RNA •Consumer products: plastics, nylon, rayon, polyester
- 8. Organic Materials • Addition to previous notes – Before, it was stated that covalent compounds were mostly liquid/gas at room temp – This is primarily for binary compounds (2 elements) – More complicated structures can be solid at room temp
- 9. General Formulas • Alkanes – Contains only single bonds – Cx H2x+2 • Alkenes – Contains at least one double bond • Alkynes – Contains at least one triple bond • Alkenes and Alkynes are more reactive than alkanes
- 10. Saturation • Saturated: a carbon chain contains as many hydrogens as possible. • Saturated compounds contain only single C-H bonds. Alkanes are saturated. • Unsaturated means that a carbon chain contains at least one multiple (double or triple) bond. – Alkene = double bond – Alkyne = triple bond
- 11. Hydrocarbons IUPAC name Molecular Formula Structural Formula Boiling Point (°C) Methane CH4 CH4 -161.5 Ethane C2H6 CH3CH3 -88.6 Propane C3H8 CH3CH2CH3 -42.1 Butane C4H10 CH3(CH2)2CH3 -0.5 Pentane C5H12 CH3(CH2)3CH3 36.1 Hexane C6H14 CH3(CH2)4CH3 68.7 Heptane C7H16 CH3(CH2)5CH3 98.4 Octane C8H18 CH3(CH2)6CH3 125.7 Nonane C9H20 CH3(CH2)7CH3 150.8 Decane C10H22 CH3(CH2)8CH3 174.1 .
- 12. Structure and Physical Properties • Larger molar mass = higher boiling point – Bigger compound – higher boiling point Methane 16 g/mol -161.5oC Ethane 30 g/mol -88.6oC Propane 44 g/mol -42.1oC Butane 58 g/mol -0.5oC
- 13. Petrochemicals • Simple, small hydrocarbons are petrochemicals – Chemicals isolated from crude oil (petroleum) • Octane – used in gasoline • Propane – used in grills, heaters, etc. • Butane – lighter fluid
- 14. Functional Groups • Functional Group – group of atoms which control how the molecule reacts
- 15. Polymers Polymers Large molecules with many, many repeating units, made from smaller molecules Polyethylene
- 16. Polymers • Nylon, Kevlar, and PVC are other examples of manmade polymers Nylon PVC (polyvinyl chloride)
- 19. Pharmaceuticals • Most pharmaceuticals are complex, organic molecules • Can be natural or manmade aspirin penicillin Acetaminophen (aka Tylenol)