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Operation Iceberg: US Entrance to Pacific Theatre
- 1. OPERATION ICEBERG BY NS Wickramasinghe MSc (SStd)
- 2. INTRODUCTION 2 Largest amphibious operation in Pacific theatre Cont…
- 4. INTRODUCTION 4 Marked the US entrance to an advanced stage in Pacific Cont… …cont
- 5. INTRODUCTION 5 Joint air, land and sea campaign Cont… …cont
- 6. INTRODUCTION 6 To gain control of Southern SLOC and industrial heart of Japan Cont… …cont
- 7. INTRODUCTION 7 Planning Gathering Initial intelligence planning Cont… …cont
- 8. INTRODUCTION 8 Embarkation Sandy landing beaches area …cont
- 9. SEQUENCE 9 Operational planning and execution Application concept of joint operation Tactics and concept followed during joint operation Application of principles of war in operation Iceberg Lessons learnt Recommendations Conclusion
- 11. OPERATIONAL PLANNING “It is essential to relate what is strategically desirable to what is tactically possible with the forces at your disposal. To this end it is necessary to decide the development of operations before the initial blow is delivered” -Field-Marshal Bernard Montgomery 11Cont…
- 12. OPERATIONAL PLANNING 12 Introduced as an alternative plan Cont… …cont
- 13. OPERATIONAL PLANNING 13 Campaign plan Seizure and establishment of control of sea and air in Ryukyus Cont… …cont
- 14. 1st March of 1945 OPERATIONAL PLANNING 14 First phase Second phase Third phase Seizure of Southern Okinawa and group of nearby island for establishment of control Occupation of Ie Shima and control of northern Okinawa Seizure and development of additional island for future operations Cont… …cont
- 15. EXECUTION OF THE OPERATION 15 Maintain and control air superiority Cont… …cont
- 16. EXECUTION OF THE OPERATION 16 All available carrier and land base AF called to perform the task Cont… …cont
- 17. EXECUTION OF THE OPERATION 17 Logistical problems of a magnitude greater than previously encountered Cont… …cont
- 18. EXECUTION OF THE OPERATION 18 The first attack done by fast carrier task forces Cont… …cont
- 19. EXECUTION OF THE OPERATION 19 TF 52 carriedout softening of beaches Cont… …cont
- 20. 20 APPLICATION CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION
- 21. APPLICATION CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION Operation Iceberg is warfare in joint and combined arena 21Cont…
- 22. APPLICATION CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION Descriptive and enhance the understanding of the concept of joint operation 22Cont… …cont
- 23. APPLICATION CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION 23 What military conditions must be produced in the operational area to achieve the strategic goal? What sequence of actions is most likely to produce that condition? How should the resources of the joint force be applied to accomplish that sequence of actions? What is the likely cost or risk to the joint force in performing that sequence of actions? Commander, during the planning process of joint operation should understand the conditions for victory before seeking battle Cont… …cont
- 24. APPLICATION CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION The initial plan of allied forces was capture the Formosa 24Cont… …cont
- 25. APPLICATION CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION Geostrategic value of the Ryukyu islands chain 25Cont… …cont
- 26. APPLICATION CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION Seizure of Okinawa meant control of the East China Sea 26Cont… …cont
- 27. APPLICATION CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION Interdiction of Japan's strategic sea lines of communication 27Cont… …cont
- 28. APPLICATION CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION Decision leading to operation Iceberg was not arrived in atmosphere of joint planning 28Cont… …cont
- 29. APPLICATION CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION Each service developed strong arguments but for different reasons 29Cont… …cont
- 30. APPLICATION CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION Operational leaders possessed the vision and practiced the concept of the joint operation 30Cont… …cont
- 31. APPLICATION CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION Planning process, have considered the enemy and friendly capabilities 31Cont… …cont
- 32. APPLICATION CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION Unlike European theater, the Pacific theater had a united command 32Cont… …cont
- 33. APPLICATION CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION Admiral Spruance, Commander Fifth Fleet 33Cont… …cont
- 34. APPLICATION CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION Strategic direction of Admiral Nimitz 34Cont… …cont
- 35. APPLICATION CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION Commander of the Joint Expeditionary Force was Admiral Turner 35Cont… …cont
- 36. APPLICATION CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION Amphibious Forces Pacific Fleet was General Buckner 36Cont… …cont
- 37. APPLICATION CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION Admiral Turner called as Commander of the Amphibious Task Force (CATF) 37Cont… …cont
- 38. APPLICATION CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION General Buckner, the Commander of the Landing Force (CLF) 38Cont… …cont
- 39. APPLICATION CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION General Buckner assumed equal status with Spruance in the post amphibious phase 39Cont… …cont
- 40. TACTICS AND CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION Exceptional tactics were used 40Cont… …cont
- 41. TACTICS AND CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION The tactics used by both the Japanese and Allied forces were different 41Cont… …cont
- 42. TACTICS AND CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION The Japanese took a defensive position while Allies took an offensive position 42Cont… …cont
- 43. TACTICS AND CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION Nimitz's greatest concern was the effect of enemy air 43Cont… …cont
- 44. TACTICS AND CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION Kamikaze as an operational center of gravity of the enemy 44Cont… …cont
- 45. TACTICS AND CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION Task Force 58 to strike aircraft factories, airfields, and aircraft on Kyushu 45Cont… …cont
- 46. TACTICS AND CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION B-29s from China and the Marianas struck at Formosa, Kyushu, and Okinawa 46Cont… …cont
- 47. TACTICS AND CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION Naval air units conducted antisubmarine operations, neutralized enemy bases 47Cont… …cont
- 48. TACTICS AND CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION Submarine Force provided intelligence and interdiction of the sea approaches from Japan 48Cont… …cont
- 49. TACTICS AND CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION Deception was integrated into the first phase of the operation 49Cont… …cont
- 50. TACTICS AND CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION Tenth Army Intelligence was closely coordinated with Pacific Fleet's Amphibious Force 50Cont… …cont
- 51. TACTICS AND CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION Used extensive amphibious force for ship to shore movement 51Cont… …cont
- 52. TACTICS AND CONCEPT OF JOINT OPERATION 52 Navy and marine liaison officers were assigned to tenth army …cont
- 53. 53 APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF WAR IN OPERATION
- 54. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF WAR IN OPERATION 54 Selection and maintenance of aim Battle of CAUSEWAY Battle of ICEBERG Formosa China Cont…
- 55. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF WAR IN OPERATION 55 Selection and maintenance of aim Battle of Luzon Battle of Iwo jima Cont… …cont
- 56. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF WAR IN OPERATION 56 Maintenance of morale Kamikaze strickes Cont… …cont
- 57. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF WAR IN OPERATION 57 Maintenance of morale US Navy keep morale high with heavy losses until achieve the aim Cont… …cont
- 58. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF WAR IN OPERATION 58 Offensive action Beach Softening and isolation operation Cont… …cont
- 59. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF WAR IN OPERATION 59 Offensive action Closely built area laid waste Cont… …cont
- 60. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF WAR IN OPERATION 60 Security Intelligence gathered by areal reconnaissance Cont… …cont
- 61. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF WAR IN OPERATION 61 Security Operation security maintained disembarked at Hogushi Cont… …cont
- 62. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF WAR IN OPERATION 62 Surprise Vice Admiral Marc A. Mitscher's Fast carrier Task Force 58 Cont… …cont
- 63. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF WAR IN OPERATION 63 Concentration of Force Task force Structure Cont… …cont
- 64. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF WAR IN OPERATION 64 Concentration of Force Ship to shore movement Cont… …cont
- 65. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF WAR IN OPERATION 65 Economy of Effort Casualties / Deaths and Losses 12,000 killed or missing and wounded 38,000 107,000 Japanese and Okinawan conscripts killed Sunk 36 Ships Sunk 16 Ships Damage 368 Ships lost 763 aircraft Lost 7,830 aircraft 221 Tanks 27 Tanks 182,000 assault troops 548,000 soldiers, sailors, and marines 318 combat vessels, 1,139 auxiliary ships Cont… …cont
- 66. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF WAR IN OPERATION 66 Flexibility Low resistance of Japanese forces allow US for easy landing Cont… …cont
- 67. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF WAR IN OPERATION 67 Cooperation Joint operations are always performed corporation to become success Cont… …cont
- 68. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF WAR IN OPERATION 68 Sustainability Replenishment continuously provided for ground troops …cont
- 70. LESSONS LEARNT Reduced complexity of loading and unloading plans 70Cont…
- 71. LESSONS LEARNT Considerations on less fatigue for assault troops 71Cont… …cont
- 72. LESSONS LEARNT High morale and physical conditions of troops 72Cont… …cont
- 73. LESSONS LEARNT Quick establishment of air fields for 10th Army Tactical Air Force 73Cont… …cont
- 74. LESSONS LEARNT Naval aviation free to protect own fleet 74Cont… …cont
- 75. LESSONS LEARNT Avoiding enemy air and sea movements by naval operations 75Cont… …cont
- 76. LESSONS LEARNT 10th Army able to attack and destroy Japanese COG at OKINAWA 76Cont… …cont
- 77. LESSONS LEARNT Staff rehearsals en route 77Cont… …cont
- 78. LESSONS LEARNT Transition of command rehearsed from Command Ship 78Cont… …cont
- 79. LESSONS LEARNT Forward command post reduced heavy flow of communications 79Cont… …cont
- 80. LESSONS LEARNT Reduced communication traffic 80Cont… …cont
- 81. LESSONS LEARNT Mostly planned based on aerial photos 81Cont… …cont
- 82. LESSONS LEARNT High level recce was less effective due to clouds 82Cont… …cont
- 83. LESSONS LEARNT 10th Army Marine Amph Recce Battalion not utilized 83Cont… …cont
- 84. LESSONS LEARNT Jointness in planning and fires 84Cont… …cont
- 85. LESSONS LEARNT Personal presence of commanders 85Cont… …cont
- 87. RECOMMENDATIONS Coordination among the commanders 87Cont…
- 88. RECOMMENDATIONS Joint plan by commanders or exchange of staff planners 88Cont… …cont
- 89. RECOMMENDATIONS Rehearse transfer of command 89Cont… …cont
- 90. RECOMMENDATIONS C2 by forward command post 90Cont… …cont
- 91. RECOMMENDATIONS Intelligence through recce teams are significant 91Cont… …cont
- 92. RECOMMENDATIONS Simplified plans, moral of troops, airfields and C2, important in amphibious ops 92 …cont
- 93. CONCLUSION 93 Military amphibious operation and components of operational art The Operation Iceberg often takes place as the final campaign of the Pacific war Milestone in the evolution of joint amphibious operations Decision making, Communication, Command and Control of the operational planning, Combination of air , land and sea-based operational art aspects
- 94. CONCLUSION 94 Initiating timely decision marking and applying resources correct time superior combat power, understanding decisive points Appling principle of warfare and concept amp were widely Today context it is strategically and operationally important operation