Functional Blocks of an IoT Ecosystem The functioning blocks of Internet of Things devices vary based on their complexity and intention. But some of the common usable functioning blocks of IoT devices are Sensors, Processors, Connectivity Modules, Power supply, Memory and storage, User Interface, Security, Actuators, & data Processing & analytics INTRODUCTION OF SENSORS AND ACTUATORS Sensors can measure or quantify or respond to the ambient changes in their environment or within the intended zone of their deployment Generate responses to external stimuli or physical phenomenon through input functions and their conversion into electrical signals. It is insensitive to any other property besides what it is designed to detect A sensor does not influence the measured property A sensor node Combination of a sensor or sensors, a processor unit, a radio unit, and a power unit The nodes are capable of sensing the environment they are set to measure and communicate the information to other sensor nodes or a remote server Sensing Types Sensing is divided into 4 categories based on the nature of the environment being sensed and the physical sensors being used to do: 1) scalar sensing, 2) multimedia sensing, 3) hybrid sensing, and 4) virtual sensing Active or passive: Sensors can be categorized based on whether they produce an energy output and typically require an external power supply (active). Whether they simply receive energy and typically require no external power supply (passive). Invasive or non-invasive: Sensors can be categorized based on whether a sensor is part of the environment it is measuring (invasive) External to it (non-invasive). Contact or no-contact: Sensors can be categorized based on whether they require physical contact with what they are measuring (contact) or not (no-contact). Absolute or relative: Sensors can be categorized based on whether they measure on an absolute scale (absolute) or based on a difference with a fixed or variable reference value (relative). Categorization based on what physical phenomenon a sensor is measuring A machine or system’s component that can affect the movement or control the said mechanism or the system. Control systems affect changes to the environment or property they are controlling through actuators. The system activates the actuator through a control signal, which may be digital or analog. The outline of a simple actuation system. Actuators are divided into seven classes: Hydraulic Pneumatic Electrical Thermal / magnetic Mechanical Soft memory polymers Shape memory polymers. Hydraulic actuators Pneumatic actuators

1. UNIT-2
COMPONENTS IN INTERNET OF
THINGS
Prepared by
Dr. C. GOPINATH
Assistant Professor
St. Joseph College of Engineering

2. Functional Blocks of an IoT Ecosystem – Sensors, Actuators, and Smart Objects –
Control Units - Communication modules (Bluetooth, Zigbee, Wifi, GPS, GSM
Modules)
COMPONENTS IN INTERNET OF THINGS

3. Functional Blocks of an IoT Ecosystem
The functioning blocks of Internet of Things devices vary based on their complexity and intention. But some
of the common usable functioning blocks of IoT devices are Sensors, Processors, Connectivity Modules,
Power supply, Memory and storage, User Interface, Security, Actuators, & data Processing & analytics

4.  Sensorsare fundamentalbuildingblocksofIoTnetworks.
 Sensorsarethe foundationalelementsfoundinsmart objects—the“things”in the Internet of Things.
 Smart objects are any physical objects that contain embedded technology to sense and/or interact with
their environment in a meaningful way by being interconnected and enabling communication
among themselves or an external agent.

5. Parameters Transducers Sensors Actuators
Definition Converts energy from one
form to another
Converts various forms
of energy into electrical signals
Converts electrical signals
into various forms of energy,
typically mechanical
energy
Domain Can be used to represent
a sensor as well as an actuator
It is an input transducer It is an output transducer
Function Can work as a sensor
or an actuator
but not simultaneously
Used for quantifying environmental
stimuli into signals.
Used for converting signals
into proportional mechanical
or electrical outputs
Examples Any sensor or actuator Humidity sensors, Temperature Sensors
Anemometers (measures flow velocity),
Manometers (measures fluid pressure),
Accelerometers (measures the
acceleration of a body), Gas sensors
(measures concentration of specific gas
or gases), and others
Motors (convert electrical
energy to rotary
motion), Force heads (which
impose a force),
Pumps (which convert
rotary motion of shafts into
either a pressure or a
fluid velocity)
INTRODUCTION OF SENSORS AND ACTUATORS

6. Sensors
• Sensors can measure or quantify or respond to the ambient changes in their
environment or within the intended zone of their deployment
• Generate responses to external stimuli or physical phenomenon through input
functions and their conversion into electrical signals.
• It is insensitive to any other property besides what it is designed to detect
• A sensor does not influence the measured property
Simple Sensing Operation
6

7. A sensor node
 Combination of a sensor or
sensors, a processor unit, a
radio unit, and a power unit
 The nodes are capable of
sensing the environment they
are set to measure and
communicate the information
to other sensor nodes or a
remote server
The functional blocks of a typical sensor node in IoT
7

9. Sensors in a Smart Phone

10. Sensing Types
 Sensing is divided into 4 categories based on the nature of the environment being
sensed and the physical sensors being used to do: 1) scalar sensing, 2) multimedia
sensing, 3) hybrid sensing, and 4) virtual sensing

11. Categories Of sensors
Active or passive:
 Sensors can be categorized based on whether theyproduce an energy output and
typically require an external power supply (active).
 Whether theysimply receive energy and typically require no external power supply
(passive).
Invasive or non-invasive:
 Sensors can be categorized based on whether a sensor is part of the environment
it is measuring (invasive)
 External to it (non-invasive).

12. Contact or no-contact:
 Sensors can be categorized based on whether theyrequire physical contact with what
they are measuring (contact) or not (no-contact).
Absolute or relative:
 Sensors can be categorized based on whether they measure on an absolute scale
(absolute) or based on a difference with a fixed or variable reference value (relative).

13. Categorization based on what physical phenomenon a sensor is
measuring

14. 11

17.  A machine or system’s component that can affect the movement or control the said
mechanism or the system.
 Control systems affect changes to the environment or property they are controlling
through actuators.
 The system activates the actuator through a control signal, which may be digital or
analog.
 The outline of a simple actuation system.
Actuators

20. Classification Of Actuators
Actuators are divided into seven classes:
 Hydraulic
 Pneumatic
 Electrical
 Thermal / magnetic
 Mechanical
 Soft memory polymers
 Shape memory polymers.

22. Hydraulic actuators
 Works on the principle of compression and decompression of fluids
 Facilitates mechanical tasks such as lifting loads through the use of hydraulic power
derived from fluids in cylinders or fluid motors
 The mechanical motion applied to a hydraulic actuator is converted to either linear, rotary,
or oscillatory motion.
 The almost incompressible property of liquids is used for exerting significant force. These
hydraulic actuators are also considered as stiff systems
 The actuator’s limited acceleration restricts its usage.

23. Pneumatic actuators
 Works on the principle of compression and decompression of gases
 These actuators use a vacuum or compressed air at high pressure and convert it into either linear or
rotary motion
 Pneumatic rack and pinion actuators are commonly used for valve controls of water pipes.
 Pneumatic actuators are considered as compliant systems and has quick response to starting and
stopping signals.
 Small pressure changes can be used for generating large forces through these actuators.
 Example: Pneumatic brakes, it convert small pressure changes applied by drives to generate the
force required to stop or slow down a moving vehicle.
 Responsible for converting pressure into force.
 The power source in the pneumatic actuator does not need to be stored in reserve for its operation.

24. Electric actuators
 Electric motors are used to power an electric actuator by generating mechanical torque. This generated
torque is translated into the motion of a motor’s shaft or for switching.
 For example, solenoid valves control the flow of water in pipes in response to electrical signals.
 The cheapest, cleanest and speedy actuator types
Thermal or magnetic actuators
 The use of thermal or magnetic energy is used for powering this class of actuators.
 These actuators have a very high power density and are compact, lightweight and economical.
 Example: shape memory materials (SMMs) such as shape memory alloys (SMAs)
 These actuators do not require electricity for actuation.
 They are not affected by vibration and can work with liquid or gases.
 Magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs) are a type of magnetic actuators.

25. Mechanical actuators
 The rotary motion of the actuator is converted into linear motion to execute some
movement
 The use of gears, rails, pulleys, chains and other devices are necessary to operate.
 Used in conjunction with pneumatic, hydraulic or electrical actuators
 Also work in a standalone mode.
 Example: hydroelectric generator convert the water-flow induced rotary motion of a
turbine into electrical energy

26. Communication Modules
Bluetooth
Zig bee
Wi-Fi
GPS,
GSM

27. Bluetooth is a technology standard used to enable short-range wireless communication
between electronic devices. Since Bluetooth operates on radio frequencies, rather than the
infrared spectrum used by traditional remote controls, devices using this technology do not
have to maintain a line of sight to communicate.
BLUE TOOTH

28. Short range wireless application areas
Voice Data Audio Video State
Bluetooth ACL/HS x Y Y x x
Bluetooth SCO/eSCO Y x x x x
Bluetooth low energy x x x x Y
Wi-Fi (VoIP) Y Y Y x
Wi-Fi Direct Y Y Y x x
ZigBee x x x x Y
ANT x x x x Y
Low Power
State = low bandwidth, low latency data

29. How much energy does traditional Bluetooth use?
Traditional Bluetooth is connection oriented. When a device is connected, a link is
maintained, even if there is no data flowing.
Sniff modes allow devices to sleep, reducing power consumption to give months of
battery life
Peak transmit current is typically around 25mA
Even though it has been independently shown to be lower power than other radio
standards, it is still not low enough power for coin cells and energy harvesting
applications
29

30. What is Bluetooth Low Energy?
Bluetooth low energy is a NEW, open, short range radio technology
Blank sheet of paper design
Different to Bluetooth classic (BR/EDR)
Optimized for ultra low power
Enable coin cell battery use cases
< 20mA peak current
< 5 uA average current

31. Basic Concepts of Bluetooth 4.0
Everything is optimized for lowest power consumption
Short packets reduce TX peak current
Short packets reduce RX time
Less RF channels to improve discovery and connection time
Simple state machine
Single protocol
Etc.
31

32. Bluetooth low energy factsheet
Range: ~ 150 meters open field
Output Power: ~ 10 mW (10dBm)
Max Current: ~ 15 mA
Latency: 3 ms
Topology: Star
Connections: > 2 billion
Modulation: GFSK @ 2.4 GHz
Robustness: Adaptive Frequency Hopping, 24 bit CRC
Security: 128bit AES CCM
Sleep current: ~ 1μA
Modes: Broadcast, Connection, Event Data Models, Reads, Writes

33. Existing system
 Bluetooth is focused on connectivity between
laptops, PAD’s as well as more general cable
replacement.
 It can only connect two devices at once.
 It can support the less number of nodes.
 Battery use increased on device.

35. Introduction
 Technological standard created for control and sensor networks.
 Based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. it can provide the wireless personal area
network.
 Zig Bee specification is to be simpler and less expensive compare with the
other WPN’s such as Bluetooth.
 Designed for low power consumption allowing batteries to essentially last for
ever.

36. Proposed system
 ZigBee is focused on control and automation.
 ZigBee uses low datarates,lowcost,low power
consumption and work with small packet
device.
 ZigBee network can support a larger number
of devices and a longer range between devices
than Bluetooth.

37. architecture

38. Zigbee device types
Zig bee system structure consists of three
different types of devices such as
 Zig bee Coordinator(ZC)
 Zig bee Router(ZR)
 Zig bee End devices (ZED)
Each Zigbee network has one Zigbee Coordinator (ZC) to
form the root of the network. A Zig bee End devices
(ZED) provides only basic functionality and cannot send
or receive directly with other devices. A Zigbee Router
(ZR) passes data between devices and/or the coordinator;
it can also run applications. A network can run in either a
beacon or beaconless mode. If operating in beacon-
enabled mode, routers periodically transmit; devices may
turn off in between beacon transmission to save energy.

39. Network topologies
The number of routers ,coordinators and end
devices depends on the type of network such
as
Star Topology
Mesh Topology
Cluster tree Topology

41. Zig Bee Network Topologies
• Star Topology
• Advantage
• Easy to synchronize
• Low latency
• Disadvantage
• Small scale
• Mesh Topology
• Advantage
• Robust multi hop communication
• Network is more flexible
• Lower latency
• Disadvantage
• Route discovery is costly
• Needs storage for routing table
• Cluster Tree
• Advantage
• Low routing cost
• Allow multi hop
communication
• Disadvantage
• Route reconstruction is costly
• Latency may be quite long

42. In future all devices and their controls will be based on this
standard.
Since Wireless Personal Area networking applies not only to
house hold devices, but also to individualized office automation
application , zigBee is here stay it is more than likely the basis of
future home networking solution.