This ppt describes about the types and uses of Microscopes. it also gives a brief idea about staining techniques used in Microbiology. Microscopes are the essential instrument used in microbiology lab to identify various microbes like Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa , helminths and viruses. Staining techniques provide a colour contrast while observing under microscope and make us to identify the organisms with ease. Staining like Grams staining helps to differentiate microbes. DR. C P Prince is an eminent Microbiology teacher with 24 years of teaching and research experience. He has written 4 text books in Microbiology for various degree courses. This ppt will be useful for medical and paramedical students. Especially students of AHS ( allied health sciences)

1. Microscopy
DR.PRINCE C P
HOD & Associate professor
Department of Microbiology
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences
(Govt. of Puducherry Institution)

2. MICROSCOPES
&
STAINING TECHNIQUES

3. Antony Philips van Leeuwenhoek
(October 24, 1632 – August 30, 1723)

4. Robert Hooke’s Microscope

5. Robert Hooke FRS (1635 – 1703)

6. Ernst August Friedrich Ruska (1906 –
1988)
• German physicist who won the Nobel Prize in
Physics in 1986 for his work in electron optics,
including the design of the first electron
microscope.

7. Ruska’s electron microscope

8. Types of Microscopes
• Simple Microscope
• Compound Microscope
• Ultraviolet Microscope
• Fluorescent Microscope
• Polarizing Microscope
• Dark ground Microscope
• Phase contrast Microscope
• Inverted Microscope
• Electron Microscope

9. Magnification
• THE ENLARGEMENT OF IMAGE SIZE OF
THE OBJECT
• The final image seen is thus inverted, magnified
and virtual.

10. Magnification
• Relative enlargement of the specimen
• The power of magnification is calculated by
multiplying the power of the eye piece lens by
the power of the objective lens.

11. Resolution
• Resolution is the ability to distinguish between
two points .The closer the two points, the higher
the resolution
• The resolving power of normal human eye is 200
microns. (The minimum size of the object a
human eye can see)

12. Resolution
• The most important part of the microscope is the
objective, which must produce a clear image, not
just a magnified one.
• Thus resolution is extremely important.
Resolution is the ability of a lens to separate or
distinguish between small objects that are close
together

13. Microscopes are magnifying instruments used to observe and study
Microorganisms.

15. Objective lenses

16. Diaphragm

17. Binocular microscope

18. Care of Microscope
▫ Clean the microscope with a clean soft cloth
▫ The Objectives and oculars must be cleaned with
lens paper
▫ Alcohols should not be used as it dissolves the
cement, which binds the lenses.
▫ Direct sunlight on to the mirror should be
avoided.
▫ For prolonged work, artificial light of particular
wave lengths are advisable.
▫ When not used, protect it from dust and damages.

20. Phase contrast microscope

24. Fluorescent microscope

27. Fl. microscope image of neuron

29. Electron microscope

34. SEM

37. SEM image

39. TEM image

40. RABIES VIRUS

41. PSEUDOMONAS BACTERIA

42. VIBRIO CHOLERAE

43. BACTERIOPHAGE-VIRUS

46. Staining
• In vivo staining ( Intra Vital Staining ) is the
process of dyeing living tissue
• In vitro staining involves colouring cells or
structures that have been removed from their
biological contexts

47. Examples for staining
• Negative staining
• Gram staining
• Ziehl-Neelsen stain
• Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining
• Papanicolaou staining
• Periodic acid-Schiff staining
• Masson's trichrome
• Romanowsky stains
• Silver staining

51. Staining- procedure
• Specimen
• Slide
• Processing
• Fixation
• Staining
• Drying
• Microscopy
• Preservation

52. STAINED BACTERIA SEEN IN LIGHT MICROSCOPE (ROD SHAPED
BACTERIA)

53. STAINED BACTERIA SEEN IN LIGHT MICROSCOPE (ROUND
SHAPED BACTERIA)

54. MALARIA PARASITES INSIDE
BLOOD CELLS

55. Negative staining

56. Myocardial infarct emmolition phase
histopathology

57. Methylene blue staining

58. LPCB staining of Fungi

60. Thank you……