Methods of research

1. METHODOLOGY

2. WHAT IS RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
• a way of explaining how a researcher intends to
carry out their research.
• It's a logical, systematic plan to resolve a
research problem.

3. WHAT IS RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
• details a researcher's approach to the research
to ensure reliable, valid results that address
their aims and objectives.

4. WHAT IS RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
• encompasses what data they're going to
collect and where from, as well as how it's being
collected and analyzed

5. WHY IS A RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
IMPORTANT?
• encompasses what data they're going to
collect and where from, as well as how it's being
collected and analyzed

6. WHY IS A RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
IMPORTANT?
• A research methodology gives research legitimacy
and provides scientifically sound findings. It also
provides a detailed plan that helps to keep
researchers on track, making the process smooth,
effective and manageable.

7. HAVING A SOUND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY IN
PLACE PROVIDES THE FOLLOWING BENEFITS:
• Other researchers who want to replicate the
research have enough information to do so.
• Researchers who receive criticism can refer to the
methodology and explain their approach.
• It can help provide researchers with a specific plan
to follow throughout their research.

8. HAVING A SOUND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY IN
PLACE PROVIDES THE FOLLOWING BENEFITS:
• The methodology design process helps researchers
select the correct methods for the objectives.
• It allows researchers to document what they intend
to achieve with the research from the outset.

9. RESEARCH DESIGN
• refers to a set of steps or procedures of inquiry used
in any research.
• set-ups the decision-making process from problem
identification to data analysis.
• it guarantees the reliability and validity of the
information to be collected and how these relate to
the research questions.

10. TYPES OF RESEARCH
DESIGN

11. QUANTITATIVE
• Researchers usually use a quantitative methodology
when the objective of the research is to confirm
something.
• It focuses on collecting, testing and measuring
numerical data, usually from a large sample of
participants.
• They then analyze the data using statistical analysis
and comparisons.

12. QUALITATIVE
• Involves collecting and analyzing written or spoken
words and textual data.
• It may also focus on body language or visual elements
and help to create a detailed description of a
researcher's observations.
• Researchers usually gather qualitative data through
interviews, observation and focus groups using a few
carefully chosen participants.

13. QUALITATIVE
In a qualitative research, the researcher plays a significant
role in formulating the research design.

14. REFLEXIVITY
• one of the important criteria in a qualitative research
design.
• it means, the researcher describes and justifies the
choice of research design including the potential
strengths and weaknesses.

15. REFLEXIVITY
• Reflexivity statements ensure credible qualitative
research by acknowledging biases and outlining
mitigation strategies.
• It’s an essential part of conducting robust qualitative
research.

16. REFLEXIVITY
a robust qualitative research design helps student
researchers avoid confusing, irrelevant or false
conclusions.

17. TYPES OF
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGNS
• Phenomenology
• Ethnography
• Narrative Research
• Case Study

18. PHENOMENOLOGY
• the study of “phenomena” such as appearances of
things, or things as they appear in our experience, or
the ways we experience things, thus the meanings
things have in our experience.

19. CATEGORIES OF
PHENOMENOLOGY
• the study of “phenomena” such as appearances of
things, or things as they appear in our experience, or
the ways we experience things, thus the meanings
things have in our experience.

20. CATEGORIES OF
PHENOMENOLOGY
• Transcendental phenomenology
• Hermeneutic phenomenology
• Existential phenomenology.

21. DESCRIPTIVE
PHENOMENOLOGY
• also known as Husserlian or transcendental
phenomenology, aims to describe the essential
meanings and structures of the phenomena
without imposing any preconceptions or
interpretations.

22. DESCRIPTIVE
PHENOMENOLOGY
• The data analysis process involves four steps:
bracketing, horizonalization, clustering, and
textualization.
• Bracketing means setting aside one's own
biases and assumptions to focus on the data.

23. INTERPRETIVE
PHENOMENOLOGY
• also known as existential or psychological
phenomenology, acknowledges that the
researcher cannot completely bracket their own
perspective and background, and that the data
analysis involves a co-construction of meaning
between the researcher and the participants.

24. INTERPRETIVE
PHENOMENOLOGY
• The data analysis process involves three steps:
reading, reflecting, and writing.

25. HERMENEUTIC
PHENOMENOLOGY
• also known as Heideggerian or philosophical
phenomenology, emphasizes that the data
analysis is not a linear or sequential process, but
a circular and dynamic one.

26. HERMENEUTIC
PHENOMENOLOGY
• The data analysis involves a constant dialogue
between the researcher, the participants, the
data, and the literature, in which the meanings
and insights emerge and evolve.
• The data analysis process involves four steps:
⚬ naive reading,
⚬ structural analysis,
⚬ comprehensive understanding,
⚬ and critical reflection.

27. NARRATIVE
PHENOMENOLOGY
• also known as Ricoeurian or linguistic
phenomenology, focuses on the data analysis
as a creative and expressive process, in which
the researcher uses language and narrative
techniques to construct and communicate the
meanings and experiences of the phenomena.

28. NARRATIVE
PHENOMENOLOGY
• The data analysis process involves three steps:
emplotment, configuration, and refiguration.