MEDINA

MEDINA
1. When can an employee's religious belief qualify as a bona fide occupational qualification? In
order to use the BFOQ exception, an employer must prove that no member of the group you are
discriminating against could perform the job. Using the religious example, a Lutheran church would
argue that only a Lutheran could effectively practice and preach the tenants of their religion and a
Catholic would be unable to perform the job due to his or her beliefs.
Courts are very careful to only allow very narrow exceptions to the general prohibition of
discrimination against a protected status, and in the case of race there is no exception in case law.
The most common exceptions are generally crafted for religion and gender. As an employer, you ...
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417. (Rita Hall )
When this case goes before a jury, what decision do you think it will reach?
Schaefer's will win the case The ADA makes it illegal for businesses to discriminate against disabled
individuals. To prove a violation of the ADA, a plaintiff must prove three facts. First, he must have a
disability. Second, the business is a place of public accommodation. Third, he was denied full and
equal treatment because of his disability. Under the ADA, a business may have discriminated against
handicapped individuals because they have constructed and maintained "architectural barriers"
which prevent disabled people from enjoying the business as any other person. (42 USC § 12182,
subd. (b)(2)(A)(iv).)The Department of Justice created regulations which have become known as the
"Americans with Disability Act Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities." The
Department of Justice's Accessibility Guidelines listed the minimum requirements for ADA
compliance. The Accessibility Guidelines provide such things as the number of handicapped parking
spaces a business must have and the dimensions of the spaces, the slope requirements for a handicap
ramp, counter height, etc. It is these standards which serve as the cornerstone of an ADA
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Culture And Saudi Arabia 's Policy
Culture in Saudi Arabia's policy
What is culture? That is probably one of the most important questions to tackle before diving into
this topic. Culture is defined as the shared practices in a particular society and not shared by others,
which include language, history, etc. that unify people and make people different from others. One
has three choices on how he or she wants to use culture. Those three uses for culture are as a shield,
weapon or a bridge, which often times play a vital role in the decision making process. For the
discussion on Saudi policy, culture was used as a shield to form the policy for Saudi Arabia because
they are considered the leaders in which knowing this and other cultural aspects caused an
impediment in assessing policy with the other factions, ISIS, Yemen, Iran and the nuclear issue.
Saudi Arabia considers itself the leader of the Islamic world, which gives way to the idea that they
use culture as a bridge. Saudi Arabia is home to two of the most important places for the Islam.
These cities are Medina and Mecca, which are the holiest cities for Islam. Being that they hold these
two cities, they believe it is their right to assume leadership over the Islamic world. That in itself
shows that they are using culture to justify their actions such as sending help to those who need it
most. One country that they tend to help is Yemen, more specifically in the north due to their close
proximity, poverty, crime and like cultural aspects such as followers

Post Classical Islamic Cities Dbq
Muslim Cities DBQ
Muslim cities had an important role in the Post–classical Muslim society, which included the
diffusion of the Islamic faith in the Middle East, trade amongst both Muslim and non–Muslim cities,
as well as advancement in society.
The spread of the Islamic faith throughout the Middle East is through the presence of these Muslim
cities. As discussed in Document 4, the establishment of Medina contributed to the spread of Islam.
This was where it started. Muhammad and his followers fled to Medina when the ruling class of
Mecca started to persecute them. There, Muhammad was able to help the people accept the Islamic
faith which helped the overall spread of Islam. Muslim cities are scatted throughout the Middle East
(Document 9). The location of these holy cities allowed for a proper diffusion of the faith and is
significant because, without these establishments, the spread of Islam would have come to an abrupt
halt. Muslim cities are the driving force in the diffusion of Islam, and because of them, the Islamic
faith has grown to become a worldwide leader in religious affairs. ... Show more content on
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Damascus is "highly honored" as many Muslims believe that Jesus and Mary sought refuge in
Damascus. Which also helped the diffusion of the Islamic faith. Ibn Jubayr provides a sufficient
observation, his opinions are masked by his occupation as a traveler and geographer. As a traveler,
Ibn Jubayr was exposed to a lot of different environment both the good and the bad. Damascus
could be seen as luxurious compared to many of the poorer countries Ibn Jubayr has been exposed

The Drawback of Destroying Old Sites and Putting Up New...
Mosque Project
Since pre–Islamic times Mecca has always been known as a sacred site, however due to mass
construction and modernization, the sacredness of this holy city may be slowly dying. Mecca
contains the Holy Mosque and the Kaaba. The Kaaba is a tall, box–like structure which stands in a
courtyard in the center of the Holy Mosque, and it became established as the main object of
pilgrimages to Mecca (Dictionary of Islamic Architecture). Mecca is the birth place of the prophet
Muhammad and contains a lot of important historical sites such as the site where Muhammad was
born, the house of the prophet's wife Khadijah and the house of Abu Bakr, as well as Muhammad's
grandson's house which was flattened by the King's palace. All of these ... Show more content on
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I think that there are two sides. One being the Saudi Arabian government who operate under
Wahhabism, in which they think that it is good to demolish Islamic historical sites (such as the
birthplace of Muhammad, or the house he lived in) because they see it as encouraging sinful
idolatry. I get that they think that people may start worshiping those historical sites and lose focus on
the heart of Islam, but I don't think that is their only motive. I think that the Saudi Arabian
government sees a lot of other cities and countries modernizing and urbanizing themselves and
making advances in architecture and having a more modern way of life, and I think they are afraid
to get stuck. What I mean by that is they are afraid that because the holy mosque is in Mecca, that
there city will never make cultural advances but rather be stuck back in the time of the prophet. It is
easy to forget that Mecca is a city just like any other, which just happens to house the holy mosque.
While it is a mainly visited by Muslims doing the hajj, it is also visited by Nonmuslims and has
other attractions than the mosque and Kaaba and I think that the Saudi Arabian government is trying
to expand that aspect of Mecca. The other side of the argument is that in destroying historical sites,
and building skyscrapers around the mosque, it takes away for the sacredness of the place as well as
the spiritual aspect of the Hajj as a whole. I think lots people

The Most Dominant And Influential Empires
The Umayyads created the first true Muslim dynasty– passing down power strictly within family
boundaries from generation to generation. During their reign lasting from 661 to 750 AD, they built
the early Islamic community up into one of the most dominant and influential empires in the world.
During this time, the Umayyads would create the basis of how the Islamic Empire would be
operated moving forward. They would soon become a dynasty in question because of their lack of
descent from Muhammad, their arguable passage of power from father to son, and their injustice and
ill–treatment of non–Arab Muslims. Their desecrating rulers overall had a negative impact on Islam
and ultimately led to their fall.
The Umayyad clan was openly one of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ali then succeeded Uthman as the next caliph. Muawiya wanted the assassins responsible for
Uthman's death to be handed over, but Ali was unable to comply with his demands. This conflict led
to the first Muslim civil war or fitna. Ali defeated Aisha, a supporter of Muawiya who was also the
Prophet Muhammad's widow, and other prominent Muslims at the Battle of the Camel, but then later
lost to Muawiya at the Battle of Siffin in Syria. The civil war ended with no winner, but shortly after
Ali was assassinated by a kharijite in Kufa. Muawiya emerged as the leader after convincing Al–
Hasan, Ali's son, to give up his right to the caliphate– establishing himself as the first Umayyad
caliph. He was driven to create a strong, effective, and somewhat centralized government. He
moved the capital from Medina to Damascus and gave Christians, in many cases ex–Byzantine
officials– government positions, which led to some new financial and administrative systems that
were unwelcomed by many. Muawiya was the beginning of a long line of impious rulers who did
not give in to what the people of the province wanted, had his own personal agenda, and really only
gave in to the religion of Islam around the time they assumed a government position.
Muawiya broke the status quo by appointing his son Yazid his successor. This was a serious
problem, which

The World Of The Middle East
Pilgrimage is no more! For hundreds, even thousands of years, pilgrims across the Middle East have
been undertaking immensely costly and onerous journeys to reach holy sites, such as: Mecca,
Medina, Damascus, among many others. Although, their reasons for the visit varied, they all shared
a common underlying importance– to please God. This great tradition, which brought millions of
Muslims spiritual elevation and honor by obeying Allah, does not exist anymore. Colonialism and
modernity have taken their tolls on Islam, which left very little of its purest form untainted. The
industrial capitalist agenda of the west sped up technological advancement, which subsequently
warped the world into a smaller, more easily accessible place. No longer did a pilgrim must rely
solely on his own feet, or that of a camel's. While the Middle East became a smaller place, new
ethnic, religious, and geographic borders were raised that, ever so rapidly generate logistical,
religious, as well as, ethical issues which Islam must continually contend with. So, has true
pilgrimage really been destroyed and simply replaced with a purely commercialized shell? Despite
some of the arising negative aspects and challenges, I argue that spiritual pilgrimage persists to this
day; it has merely adapted to the world's increasing volatility. Before attempting to presenting the
basis for my argument, it is important to loosely lay out what a pilgrimage to a holy site such as
Mecca means and what it entails.

Saudi Arabia And Its Culture
Mohammed Alharthy
10–2–2016
Full Sentence Preparation Outline
I. Introduction
a. Attention Getter: When people think of Saudi Arabia, the first thing that pops up in the mind is
oil. Hello everyone my name is Mohammed and I'm going to inform you about Saudi Arabia
b. Background: I was born and raised in Saudi Arabia.
Speaker Credibility: I was born in Saudi Arab and have grown up there before immigrating to the
United States. My family is Saudi Arabian which gives me a firsthand experience in living in the
country and practicing its culture.
c. Thesis: Through this Personal Purpose Speech I hope to inform you about Saudi Arabia and its
culture.
d. Preview of Main Points: First I will speak about the location of Saudi Arabia I will then speak
about what is Saudi known for then I will conclude with some information about the holy cities in
Saudi
II. Transitionto1st MainPoint: I will first speak about the location of Saudi Arabia.
III. Main Point 1: a lot of people thinks Saudi Arabia is in Africa which is a mistake Saudi Arabia is
located in Asia
a. Sub–point A: Located in the continent of Asia, Saudi Arabia covers 2,149,690 square kilometers
of land, making it the 13th largest nation in terms of land area. Saudi Arabia shares land borders
with 8 countries: Kuwait, Palestine, Iraq, Yemen, Qatar, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Jordan. Saudi
Arabia is bounded on the east by the Arabian Gulf on the west by the Red Sea and the Gulf of Al
aqaba.
b. Saudi Arabia 's capital

Muhammad 's Influence On Islam
In the year wchih followed the Revelation, Muhammad began his public preaching. The first
converts include his wife – Khadija, cousin – Ali, other people closely related to him, and eventually
more people from his own clan of Hashim. At first there was no sign of opposition against
Muhammad's teaching, but as it become more widespread in Mecca, people start seeing it as a threat
to the city's stability. Muhammad's message about a single, all–powerful deity negates the
legitimacy of the haram and its idols, puting the holy and neutral status of the site at risk. This
theological clash continued to put pressure on Muhammad and his followers. However, they receive
protection because of the solidity of the clan system. It had been Abu Talib, Muhammad's uncle,
who united the Hashim in support of Muhammad and protected him for his Meccan opposition.
In 619, both Khadija and Abu Thalib, two of Muhammad's most important protecters passed away
and his opposition became even more bold and determined to pressure Muhammad. It is important
to remember that the previous early success of the spread of Islam in Mecca could only be achieved
because of Muhammad's allegience and close relationship with these two important Meccan figures.
In other words, Muhammad's kinship paved the way for his teachings to be disemminated within the
Meccan society. As Meccans become more hostile towards Muhammad, he began to look outside his
native city for support. At this crucial point, Muhammad was

Report On The Constitution Of Medina
Report on The Constitution of Medina
The Constitution Of Medina, ed. and tr. A. Guillaume; reprinted in C. Warren Hollister et al.,eds,
Medieval Europe: A Short Source Book (New york, N.Y.: McGraw–Hill, 1982; 4th ed.2002), 81–83.
The Constitution of Medina was both a religious and political document written by Muhammad and
his followers. It was written in the later part of the early sixth century of the current era. The
document shows the structure upon which Muhammad organized both the political and spiritual life
of those he governed. The Constitution of Medina was created in a time when Muslims were part of
different tribe and lacked a definitive political structure.
The purpose of the Constitution of Medina was to create an agreement between the Quraysh and the
people of Yathrib, which was later known as Medina. The Quraysh were the prominent community
within Mecca, whom Muhammad had triumphed over. Muhammad wished to unite Muslims and
addressed this concern by keeping the Quraysh's custom of paying blood prices within the
constitution. For this reason, Muhammad created an agreement which abode to certain traditions
already present within Mecca. Muhammad established a practical governance of Muslims, by
allowing tribal customs to remain present even after he took over.
To further establish a bond between Muslims, Muhammad wrote into the document the principle of
God's protection. This protection, granted by God, was for all Believers. Believers were not to kill
other

Importance Of Islam In The Long Distance Trade
Islam played a key role in the long–distance trade between the South China Sea and the
Mediterranean Sea from the 7th century until the late 15th century. During this time, Islam had a
large number of merchants which allowed for them to play such a role in the expansion of trade and
which also allowed for the expansion of Islam as a religion. The Silk Road was the most used land
routes between the 7th and 15th century and this was because it was the largest, most active trade
routes that stretched the longest distance which allowed for further reach of resources, commodities,
ideas, technology, and religion. The silk road had many different land and sea routes that went a
range of distances and to a variety of different places. The role that Islam played in the trade
between the South China Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, was also beneficial for them. The long–
distance trade allowed for Islam to grow and develop in many ways. Due to the extreme distances
that the trade routes covered, Islam, the second largest religion, behind Christianity, was able to
share their beliefs as a culture and as a religion. There were many different key assets and events
that help with the expansion of the long–distance trade routes and their goods between the 7th and
the 15th century. During this time, Muhammad was a key figure in the Islamic religion and the
Islamic culture. Which also meant that he was a key role in helping Islam gain its role in the long–
distance trade. The prophet

The Discovery Of Saudi Arabia
I asked a friend of mine to come with me to visit the Asian Art Museum. I told him that the Museum
is exhibiting pieces of recent archeological discoveries of Saudi Arabia. Since we were both Saudis,
we felt curious to explore the museum for the first time. When we arrived to the museum, we paid
15 dollars each because we were adults. It was not until we finished our visit that we realized that
we could have used our student identification cards to pay only 10 dollars each. However, we did
not feel bad about it because we agreed that our visit was totally worth the price; if not, what we
paid for the entrance was very little.
Brief exploration of the Museum's galleries:
I was taking notes about my visit while exploring the content of the museum. The Asian Art
Museum is exclusively exhibiting recent discoveries of Saudi Arabia, under the title of "Roads of
Arabia." The "Roads of Arabia" section is divided into four galleries. Each gallery contains objects
that present a theme. For example, the first gallery, which takes place in the Ocher gallery, has the
theme of "Prehistoric Arabia." The gallery contains archeological objects and tools that date back to
a million years ago. Some archeological discoveries such as tools and stones show the presence of
prehistoric human settlements in today's Saudi Arabia. The theme of the second gallery is " Incense
Roads," as it is held in the Hambrecht gallery. This gallery contains ancient objects that are
associated with the incense

Epistemic Vices Medina
Prior to the Department of Education sending out its Dear Colleague letter schools were not
encouraged to adopt a uniform and swift response to any allegations of sexual assault or sexual
harassment. Although the Dear Colleague letter maintains that schools must provide due process to
the alleged perpetrator, however this ideal is far from reality as the experiences I endured will show
how this letter contributed to the three epistemic vices Medina ascribes to those in power, which in
this context are the Department of Education, administrative departments at colleges and
universities tasked with enforcing these recommendations. The vices Medina ascribes to those in
power are: epistemic arrogance, epistemic laziness, and close–mindedness. He ... Show more
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Multiple articles in the school newspaper and other local papers referenced my name perpetuated the
belief that the allegations me were hundred percent truthful and this distorted perception decimated
any due process I believed was owed. Page twelve of the "Letter" maintains that schools must
provide due process to the alleged perpetrator, however because schools are required to promptly
conduct their own investigations independently, prior to the conclusion of any criminal
adjudication(s) or investigations, schools have an inherent interest to resolve any and all accusations
as quickly as possible. This is evidenced by the University adjudicating the allegation in January
2011, only two months after it was brought against me. The assistant dean of the university
represented the university and the complainant in the hearing. Also, detective assigned to investigate
the allegations brought against me, chose to withhold nearly every piece of his investigative
findings, including his investigative police log, until after the presiding adjudicator rendered a
decision at the conclusion of the hearing. Upon the advice of my attorney, I did not attend or testify
at the Title IX hearing because the matter was still under investigation by the University, however he
was there to represent me in my absence. As a result of the hearing, the

My Country, Saudi Arabia, is Face Many Problems
Although my country is facing a lot of internal and external challenges, it remains steadfast, thanks
to the wise policy that instilled confidence in our hearts, but there are some problems that can
happen in a lot of developed countries, such as environmental , social and educational problems.
Solving these problems helps to push vehicle of progress and civilization forward , so I will talk
about three problems face my country .
The first problem environmentally is dust storms. In the last ten years, a rate of dust storms in Saudi
Arabia has been increased. For example, Statistics indicate that it has compiled by Salih Rubaiaan,
who is a historian , that proportion of dust increased from eight days in 1983 to 82 days in 2007,
meaning that sandstorms increased by eight times what it was in 1983. Reasons for the increasing
due to a lack of rainfall as the main reason, but there are others, such as: overgrazing, receding green
space; loss of a large number of trees that is buffer dust, and wars in neighboring region. The
military mechanisms led to crack solid layers that formed over time, so environmental damages are
health and economic problems. The health problem is increasing incidence of allergic diseases,
asthma and eye diseases. In a report to Ministry of Health says that number of patients and visitors
to hospital emergency departments in Riyadh region are more than 700 cases daily due to dust
storms. The economic problem is business

Mohammad 's Creation Of A Trans Tribal State
Mohammad's creation of a trans–tribal state occurred during his population of Medina. After he was
persecuted in Mecca, Mohammad sought refuge in Medina. After successfully gaining protection
from its tribes Mohammad sought to make Medina a better place. Mohammad immediately planted
crops, created employment, found water alternatives, and created a town center. After surpassing
necessities Mohammad moved on to his ultimate goal– a unified, religious state. Mohammad sought
to make Medina a monotheistic state in contrast to the rampant paganism. Those who lived in
Medina and did not agree with Mohammad's ideals were either kicked out or ended up converting.
Mohammad created an environment in which different tribes could live while following ... Show
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The aim of the Constitution was to unify, this meant that "non–natives" and "immigrants" would be
considered equal in the eyes of the law. The term, believer, frequently used in the document was not
exclusive to Muslims, the articles clarify that a protected believer could be from a different faith so
long as they agree to the terms of the Constitution. It is important to note that some Muslim
countries today would actually be in violation of the Constitution seeing as they do believe in a
hierarchical social and legal system. The ideal state sought to eradicate Pagan practices from the
land by bringing in other nations for a stronger monotheistic presence. Articles 29–40of the
Constitution deal with the specifications for Jewish tribes, including protection and status. At first
glance the extensive amount of articles seems unnecessary, but Khan points out that each article is
specified to show the Jews' equality in the eyes of Muhammad. Each article specified a different
Jewish tribe, this showed Muhammad's acknowledgement of each unique tribe while also stating
their equality in his eyes; each tribe's article is identical therefore no tribe is considered loftier than
another. Article 28 states that all disagreements which cannot be settled between people will be
answered by Allah and Muhammad. Although other minorities agreed to live in peace with and
declared loyalty to

Rise Of Islam Research Paper
Muhammad and the Rise of Islam
The Prophet Muhammad was born sometime around 570 AD. Both of his parents died before he
reached the age of six. He was raised by his uncle and grandfather. He was born in the Quraish, the
most powerful tribe in Mecca. The power of the Quraish come from the work of successful
merchants. They controlled trade along the west coast of Arabia, north to Syria, and south to Yemen.
The two polytheistic cults, who resided in Mecca, believed their success in trade was protected by
their Pagan gods. Muhammad worked as a merchant for several years when he was hired to ensure
safe passage on caravans to Syria, by a rich widow named Khadija who he would eventually marry.
They had six children, two boys, and four girls. All of his children unfortunately died, except for his
daughter, Fatima. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It all began when he was meditating on Mount Hira, near Mecca, to seek some peace. This is when
the Archangel Gabriel appeared to him and instructed him to recite "The name of (your) Lord".
Muhammad began to believe that he was called on by God to be a prophet and teacher of a new
faith, Islam. This was the first of many revelations that became the basis of the Qur'an (the holy
book of Islam). This contradicted the polytheistic beliefs of the pre–Islamic Arabian Peninsula, it
made many people believe that there was only one God. This new faith incorporated aspects of both
Judaism and Christianity. It respected the holy books of these religions and its great leaders and
prophets – Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and others. Muhammad called Abraham "Khalil" (meaning
God's Friend) and named him Islam's ancient

Key Characteristics Of Muhammad And Islam In The Islamic...
Islam came to influence during the 7th century there were key characteristics that led to the Islamic
Empire becoming one of the greatest civilisations of the era. During this initial period of Islam there
were crucial elements that influenced the direction of the Islamic world. These were the emergence
of caliphates and the rise of ruling dynasties, the rapid expansion of Islamic territories through trade
and conquest, and finally the development of cultural, intellectual and scientific collaboration and
exchange.
The prophet Muhammad and Islam, brought about an age of unification for the people of the
Arabian Peninsula. The initial response to Muhammad and his teachings were slow, but saw religion
replacing kinship as the basis of a collective identity, however, he was a charismatic peacemaker
who preached the divine revelations of the one true God – Allah, these would later become part of
the Qur'an. Muhammad became a leader in Medina, and his followers became known as the Ummah
(a single community of believers which transcends place). The Muslim people saw Muhammad not
as a 'divine figure' but as the 'perfect man', he had so completely given himself to his divine
revelations that he influenced Muslim society so fully that it enabled his people to live in harmony
(Armstrong 2002, p.24).
The death of Muhammad in 632CE saw the emergence of caliphs (supreme religious and political
rulers), the first four had all been close to the prophet and had learned directly from his

Religious Tourism
Mosques and Kramats
Kramats and mosques are an important part of South African heritage as they represent the second
oldest religion introduced to the country. The first Muslims brought to the cape arrived as Malay
slaves, who practiced their faith in secret until the early 19th century. Prisoners who were fighting
for freedom in the Dutch East Indies were also brought to the Cape. They included teachers of
Islam. Some of these holy men were of noble birth and those who died were buried in shrines
known as Kramats or Mazaars, of which there are about 30 in and around Cape Town. Kramats in
South Africa can be found from Muizenberg to Mowbray, with four on signal hill alone. The most
visited by pilgrims is that of Sheikh Yusuf of Macassar ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The function was attended by the official delegation of the General Presidency of Youth Welfare,
Saudi Commission for Tourism & Antiquities and staff members of the Royal Embassy of Saudi
Arabia.
Ambassador of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia opens the documentary feature: Journey to Mecca
Pretoria, January 22, 2010. The Ambassador of the Custodian of the two Holy Mosques in South
Africa, Mr. Mohamed bin Mahmoud Al Ali opened the IMAX documentary feature: Journey to
Mecca which tells the story of Ibn Battuta following his first pilgrimage to Mecca. The documentary
also focuses on the contemporary Hajj, a pilgrimage to Mecca that draws three million Muslims
from around the world.
The opening night was attended by Ms. Naledi Pandor, Minister of Science and Technology in the
Republic of South Africa, and the South African veteran politician Mr. Ahmed Kathrada. The show
was also attended by number of diplomats and prominent South African figures.
HE Ambassador of the Custodian of the two Holy Mosques Hosts Meeting of the Arab Ambassadors
in Republic of South Africa.
On 4th of August 2009 HE Mr. Mohamed bin Mahmoud Al Ali, Ambassador of the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia to the Republic of South Africa, hosted the regular meeting of the Council of Arab
Ambassadors. The meeting was held at the Royal

The Umayyad Dynasty And Abbasid Dynasty
Essay prompt # 1
A famous historian and sociologist in the 14th century named Ibn Khaldun who developed one of
the most outstanding model to describe nomadic societies and their lifestyles. Ibn
Khaldun analyze the different forms of governments, explaining their strengths and weaknesses by
presenting the 4 steps of his model to reveal the cyclical rises and declines of dynasties. I 'm using
Ibn Khaldun 's model to explain the history of the Umayyad dynasty and Abbasid dynasty.
Throughout the 7–13th centuries, Islamic history, empires have risen and fallen and been replaced
by one after another. It started during the period of the prophet Muhammad and the four rightly
guided caliphs and continues with the Umayyad dynasty which is the first dynasty of caliphs of the
prophet Muhammad who are not descended of the prophet.
The Umayyad dynasty began in the year (661 CE) after the period of the rightly guided caliphs and
it is acknowledge to be an influential period in Islamic history. The founder of
Umayyad dynasty is Mu 'awiya who had been the governor of Syria during the period of 3rd and
4
th caliphs and became the caliphate after the assassination of the last rightly guided Caliph Ali.
Then the Umayyad dynasty unified all the regions that the prophet Muhammad and the four rightly
guided caliphs conquered during their time. Furthermore the dynasty expanded to North
Africa, Spain, etc...
Ibn Khaldun states that nomads were known as great warriors, possessing great tribal

The Cultural Framework Of Saudi Arabia
Introduction "Culture is a set of basic assumptions and values, orientations to life, beliefs, policies,
procedures, and behavioral conventions that are shared by a group of people and that impacts each
member's behavior." Culture is extremely powerful. It is so deeply rooted in people's subconscious
that it has permeated every aspect of individuals' and groups' way of life. Culture is evident in one's
biological processes, emotional responses, intellectual pursuits, social interactions, and worldview
construction. Culture influences what we can eat, what we cannot wear, how we interact with
different people, and yes, even how we use the library. Navigating the intricate connection among,
culture, education, and gender, this essay will discuss the different library practices among Saudi
male and female students. The Cultural Framework of Saudi Arabia To better understand the library
practices among Saudi men and women, one has to acquaint himself/herself with the complex
cultural framework of Saudi Arabia. In this section, we will explore the influence of religion in the
Saudi culture, particularly in education and by extension, existing library practices.
Islam: The Cornerstone of Saudi Culture, of Education, and of the Library In as much as culture
affects who we are collectively and individually, culture is also determined by different factors –
economy, politics, and religion. Being the birthplace of Prophet Mohammed and the keeper of the
Ka'ba, Islam largely

Biography of Muhammad Essay
A desert peninsula in 6th century was the cross roads of the world, the bridge between Europe, Asia
and Africa. Arabia was a vacant wasteland of desert, rarely seeing any life besides that of the trade
caravans. City states dominated the political life and the only form of centralized government was in
chaos. This was Arabia in the 6th century, this even though Christian was to become the staging
ground for the growth of the 2nd largest religion that exists today. This is where the "Prophet"
Muhammad was born in the city of Mecca.
In 570 Muhammad was born, son of Abdullah who had died just a few short weeks before. Nobody
knew that in 53 years a journey was to start that would change the world for thousands of year. After
being ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Upon his return to Mecca Khadijah was very, very pleased with the large amount of money that had
been taken in and offered him her hand in marriage and he began his work for the poor (Hamidullah,
par. 13).
In the city of Mecca the leaders' decided to help the well being of the poor by making an
organization called "Hilf–al–Fudul" (Hamidullah, par. 13). Muhammad became very involved in
this organization in Mecca. The world at this point was very Christian and Muhammad worked
closely with many charities to help the poor.
The majority of people on Arabia were either Christian or Jewish, Muhammad began getting
revelations at the age of 40 years old and believed that he saw and angel in "The Mountain of Light"
a cave where he, and his father before him, would go to fast for the month of Ramadan (Pickthall,
par. 6). Well in the cave he heard a voice forcefully tell him to read, this is what he read;
"Read: In the name of thy Lord who createth.
"Createth man from a clot.
"Read: And it is thy Lord the Most Bountiful
"Who teacheth by the pen,
"Teacheth man that which he knew not." (Pickthall, par. 5)
When he left the cave he say an angle who said to him "O Muhammad! Thou art Allah's messenger,

and I am Jibril (Gabriel)." Muhammad consulted his wife's uncle who was a scholar in the
scriptures. Her uncle

Spread Of Islam Dbq Essay
Mecca was known as a trading city, for its camel caravans that would constantly visit, and an
important religious shrine known as the Ka'ba which was economically beneficial since traders
would pay to visit it and its other idols. Islam would begin with the teachings of Muhammad:
monotheism, support for the weak and the poor, and that Muhammad was allah's prophet.
Muhammad would be unaccepted by the people of Mecca because his teachings threatened their
economy and he wanted to eliminate idol worship. Muhammad fled to Medina and began to create a
following known as the Ulma and later developed into a political leader. Eventually, Muhammad
would return and conquer the city of Mecca, establishing Islam and destroying everything but the
Ka'ba. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As seen in Document D, Islam would prevent Muslims from attacking other Muslims which lead to
an increase in ghazu raids against non–Muslims. As Muslims attacked the already weak Byzantine
and Persian Empires, they would spare people's lives. They would take their food and clothing but
allow them to continue living. This deviation from the normal procedure of killing those whom you
stole from allowed for people to join the religion in order to avoid future attacks. Document F
presents a retelling of the Battle of Yarmuk between the Byzantines and the Muslims. It explains
how the Hims, non–Muslims from Syria, joined the Muslims because Islam offered an escape from
the oppressive Byzantine government. Islam united various cultures under one political and
religious

The Issues Of Saudi Women
INTRODUCTION Organization Behavior is a social unit that sits goals and studies the impact of an
individuals, groups and structure on the organization effectiveness. For that reason, organization
aims to avoid negative attitude so that employees and groups can be motivated and functional and
try to control and predict how group members will react under a certain circumstance In this
research, we highlighted two main issues that Saudi women could struggle in a diversity work place.
One of these issues is unfair discrimination that she could face because she is considered a minority
in organization from a perspective of her male colleagues and managers. Second, the previous issue
could lead to power abuse and negatively affect her behaviors, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He has seven years of experiences who loves doing what he does. But he holds undergraduate
degree unfortunately. He decided to take his bachelor degree because his uncle assured him; he will
support him to get promoted. Finally, the main focused character in the story is Sara. She is a Saudi
HR coordinator who has fine experiences. She is a workaholic and ambitious person who never say
no to any challenges. In the HR department, she is new and the only female. She is currently seeking
to get promoted through finishing her master degree in MBA. The story began when the department
uncertainty heard that the manager will be replaced soon, so the two employees were competing and
doing their best to get promoted. First, the manager gave Sara boring yet unimportant tasks because
from his point of view women generally can't do the work right as men. So Sara talked to her
manager to take her seriously, but he ignored her. As a result, Sara directed straight forward to the
head of department. She discussed with him how her manager was treating her unequally and not
giving her any attention. In order to make Sara feel pleased, the head of department told his nephew,
Mohammed to guide Sara and divide some of his work with her to decrease his loaded tasks and
stress. When basically Mohammed, her colleague knew that she is taking MBA, he felt threaten
because he wanted to be promoted to the manager position. For

Sunni History Essay
Sunni History
During the early periods of Islam and after the death of Muhammad, the controversy of choosing the
next successor paved the way to the separation of Islam. There are two different perspectives
between the two groups. Sunni Muslims dominated majority of the Middle East with their
interpretations of "rightfully guided" successors. After the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632,
many of his important followers became caliphs to lead the Umma. The Umma is defined as the
Muslim community and as leader of the community, it was the most important title a man could
have held during the early Middle Eastern development. Its beginning come from the Sunnis
acceptance of the rightful chosen successor to be the Prophet's close friend, Abu Bakr ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the birth of Islam, Muhammad started to gain many followers. His followers accompanied
Muhammad on the Hijra in the year 622. The Hijra was the migration of Muhammad and his
followers to Yatrib; now known as Medina. During Muhammad's time in Medina, it was the
beginning to strategically set himself up for a jihad against the pagan Meccans. It was important to
spread Islam across the Middle East and diminish the pagan practices in the holiest city of Islam.
Some of his followers are recognized to take Islamic expansion in the Middle East for decades,
spreading Islam as far into the western hemisphere of the world, and keeping the Umma together.
"For the Sunnis, the new caliph had to be a male, a member of the Quraysh tribe (Muhammad's
tribe), and possess the ability to keep the Muslim community united in the face of numerous
existential internal and external threats (Moore, 2015)". Amongst Muhammad's followers were Abu
Bakr, Umar (634–644), Uthman (644–656), and Ali (656–661) in which were known as the
Rashidun Caliphs: defined as the righteous caliphs. This acknowledgement divides Sunni and Shi'ite
Muslims due to Sunnis claiming the four caliphs as the legitimate successors of the

Medina County Essay
Medina County Medina county is located in southwestern Texas. On February 12, 1848, Medina
county became its own county when the legislature separated it apart from Bexar County, but on
August 7, 1848 the county began to be organized. The county is named after the Medina River
which passes through the county. The county seat was Castroville (1848–1892) but is now Hondo.
The population of Medina county is estimated to be 48,417. Agribusiness, tourism, and commutes to
San Antonio are mainly the economical features. Most of the area in Medina county is used for
farming and ranching. The county is said to be subtropical and sub–humid. The average amount of
rainfall in Medina county is about 30 inches per year. In Medina county, there are about ... Show
The home of the Briscoe family was also used for church and social gatherings. The home was
claimed a historical site in 1977. The first Baptist Church of Devine is also a historical site. The first
church organized in Devine was founded in 1882 by the Rev. D. Johnson, the Rev. C.B. Hukill, and
35 others. Before the church uplifted a sanctuary in 1890, the members met under an oak tree and in
a local school building. Built in 1912, was the second sanctuary and in 1951, was the third. Devine's
Baptist and Bethania Baptist Churches were resulted from the religious group. Former Texas
Governor Thomas M. Campbell and many other former presidents of Baylor University were guest
speakers for churches. One of the most important historical sites in Medina county is the Spanish
Explorations. By the time 1531 came around, Spain had ruled (present day) Mexico, much of the
U.S., Central America, half of South America, and the Caribbean. Spanish expeditions from present
time Texas continued because of the hunt for new land north of the Rio Grande. Spanish expeditions
that were led by Alonso de Leon, Father Juan LaRios, Fernando del Bosque, Dominojo Teran de los
Rios, and Father Isidro de Espinosa established many missions, presidios or forts,

Deir El-Medina
The ruins of Deir el–Medina provide many insights into the daily lives of a village of tomb–
builders. The people who lived in Deir el–Medina left many clues as to what they did from day–to–
day. One such clue is the abundance of poems found in a well, carved into shards of broken pottery.
Many of these poems describe romantic relationships and the relationship's effect on the speakers'
behaviors. Whether the speaker feels lovesick, obsessive, or excited, the behavior of the speaker is
different than it was when he/she was not in love. These love poems from Deir el–Medina depict the
effects of a romantic relationship on the behavior of the people involved.
Many of the poems found in Deir el–Medina compare being in love to a sickness, thus affecting ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the poem, "I Passed before His House," the speaker uses the word "rejoice" multiple times to
describe her reaction to her lover's attention. Because "rejoice" means "to show or feel that you are
very happy about something," the excessive use of the word in the poem emphasizes the speaker's
excitement about her beloved's attention (Merriam–Webster). Furthermore, in "My Heart Flutters
Hastily," the speaker references her heartbeat multiple times; her "heart flutters hastily", suggesting
that even the mere thought of her lover is enough to make her heart beat faster. This concept can be
explained scientifically: her heart beat faster because her adrenaline was pumping throughout her
body. Adrenaline is "a substance that is released in the body of a person who is feeling a strong
emotion (such as excitement, fear, or anger) and that causes the heart to beat faster," perfectly
matching the speaker's description of her feelings for her lover (Merriam–Webster). The speakers of
both poems are excited, either about receiving attention from their beloved or just thinking about
their

The Great Mosque At Damascus
Aside from the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the mosque of Cordoba, the Great Mosque at
Damascus is perhaps one of the grandest symbols of Islamic art still standing in the 21st century.
The building borrows palatial architecture and is decorated with intense mosaics and paintings; most
of which have been destroyed but evidence is still there. Underneath the impressive double decker
arches are arrangements of spolia from the Roman Empire and intricate images of a beautiful natural
landscape. This landscape, which includes specific buildings but no animals or humans, has been a
source of academic debate to find the true meaning. Many scholars believe the landscape is an
interpretation of Islamic paradise while other scholars dispute that, claiming it is just a landscape of
the nearby area. Klaus Brisch and Maria Georgopoulou argue these sides in their publications on the
Great Mosque and ultimately this paper sides with Brisch and critiques Georgopoulou through a
geographic and historical lens. The Great Mosque at Damascus does appear to demonstrate the
images of Islamic paradise from the geographic perspective of the Umayyad Empire.
Georgopoulou's central argument in, "Geography, cartography, and the architecture of power in the
mosaics of the Great Mosque at Damascus" is that while the 'town' and landscape are elaborate and
not architecturally possible, the setting is a little too realistic to be considered an ideal paradise. She
points to architectural holes in the

The Prophet Muhammad : The Rise And Fall Of Islam
The Prophet Muhammad is undoubtedly one of the single most important figures in all of history.
His messages as the Prophet of God created a new community of Believers that has morphed into
the second largest religion in the world, and created one of the greatest states in history, the
caliphate. However, since his death 1400 years ago, his followers have struggled to define exactly
how Muhammad's authority and teachings apply in their day and age (Donner xi). Was he a
commanding military leader, a devout theologian, or a master legislator? Muslims throughout
history have taken vastly different positions on this spectrum, yielding varied sects of Islam, and
leading to the rise and fall of caliphates throughout the ages. Two good examples of this are the
Kharijites and the Umayyad dynasty, who through their actions show us their opinions on the
authority of the prophet Muhammad, whether as a political leader or spiritual icon. These definitions
shaped the rise and fall of the Umayyad dynasty and Kharijite sect by affecting their policy towards
other religions and sects of Islam. Through their arguably extreme beliefs and actions, the Kharijites
show us that they firmly believed Muhammad was both a moral exemplar and spiritual master and a
military leader. Their hardline beliefs led them to become a marginalized people, who were often
fomenting insurrection against the caliphate. This position cemented their status as the original
fundamental Muslims, and led to their

Pilgrimage to the Prophet Muhammad’s Grave Essay
The Prophet Muhammad died in 632 CE. He was believed to be the Seal of the Prophets, meaning
the last prophet; therefore his grave is a very sacred place (A Concise Introduction to World
religions, 210–215). Visiting the Prophet's grave is a controversial issue. Scholars have different
perspectives on traveling to his grave, each based on the Islamic Law, shari'ah. Al–Nawawi and Bin
Baz each have differing yet similar rulings on the proper way of Pilgrimaging to the Prophets place
of burial. Abd al–Aziz Bin Baz has a very specific set of circumstances on visiting the Prophet
Muhammad's grave. He suggests that someone may not visit Medina with the sole purpose of seeing
his grave. Bin Baz explicitly states: "It is not permissible to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
6). The two scholars have several differences between their ideas on visiting the grave of the
Prophet. Bin Baz suggest that one should visit the grave before or after Hajj. He also forbids women
from travelling to the grave of the Prophet. Bin Baz justifies this by stating that Muhammad has
cursed women who go to graves (Fatawa of Shaykh Abdulaziz b. Baz Volume 16). Al–Nawawi
recommends visiting it only as one is leaving Mecca, after Hajj. He also has a more strict policy on
visiting the graves. Al–Nawawi suggests that the visitor must perform ghusl before arriving in
Medina, in which a ritual washing takes place. After they have completed this then they must put on
their cleanest clothes (The Explication of the Rites of Hajj Ch. 6). Bin Baz and al–Nawawi each
have specific rituals that must take place once at the grave itself. Both scholars say that one should
enter with their right foot, as they should in any other Mosque. Both of them suggest praying in the
rawda, or garden, upon entering the mosque. After the prayer both scholars inform the visitors to
approach the Prophet's grave, then the scholars have different steps.
Al–Nawawi has a list of greetings that should be recited in front of his grave. The list is 31 lines
long, but if needed be he states they may be shortened into one line of: "Peace be upon you O
Messenger of God". And thereafter they may convey salams (when someone wishes peace to
another

Rise Of Islam Research Paper
Islam's spread throughout the Middle East has a unique history. Muhammad vision for a new faith,
the use of military power, and developing a system of administration control of the people in the
Middle East, even for Christians and Jews.
Muhammad who founded Islam from a vision he had was dedicated to reaching out teach it. The
first three years were rough for Muhammad following his vision, many people weren't interested in
the teaching of Islam. In the beginning roughly a hand full of follows decided to get together and
enhanced their teaching methods to pave the way for social reform in the local governments.
Muhammad decided to order the destruction of several idols of Ka'ba and made countless people in
Mecca angry, and eventually chased him and his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the sixth century, several conflicts erupted between the Arab nations and the Byzantine
Empire. The city of Constantinople was attacked several times by the Arabs, but the city never fell.
Many European nations were getting upset about how fast Islam is spreading. Islam was growing
through Afghanistan, Africa, parts of India and China through conquest.
The Islamic region wasn't hostile towards fellow Christians and Jews. Muslims gave them safe
haven, because they all have something in common they believe in one
God. Christians and Jews still followed the local laws and taxes in the regions they desire to live
their lives. Government's formed similar administrations from the Byzantines around the Egyptian
areas, and it worked quite well. The Islamic people took advantage of the seas to dominate trading
bringing vast wealth to support the people and the governments throughout the Islamic Empire.
Shar'I law would support the new Imperial government, and would determine how people would be
punished if there were violations

How Did Bedouin Society Impact The Spread Of Islam
37. How did Bedouin society impact the spread of Islam?
The Bedouins originally revolted against Islam but were later defeated and converted. Once they
became muslims they helped spread islam through their trading and aided in the expansion of the
islamic world through war.
38. What were the succession disputes after the death of the Muhammad and how were they
resolved?
After the death of Muhammad there were two people who were the most fit for the positions which
were Ali and Abu Bakr. People wanted Ali since he was a cousin and son in law of Muhammad. Abu
Bakr was chosen due to him having more support than Ali.
39. How is Islam able to grow and spread so quickly?
When Islam began to spread through the use of armies they faced

Summary Of ' A True Story Of Life Behind The Veil ' Saudi...
Ciara Campos
Professor Coleman
Sociology 200
February 6, 2015
A True Story of Life Behind the Veil in Saudi Arabia Jean P. Sasson wrote a true event story about a
Saudi Arabian princess. It was about Sultana's own life story and the whole book is in her point of
view. To protect her identity she had to change names and obviously not explicit hers. It's a
nonfiction story of the outrage that is forced upon women throughout Saudi Arabia even today, a
story that leaves readers praying for change before it is too late for the next generation of girls
growing up in Saudi Arabia. This story is quite scary and very unbelievable how women around the
world are being treated. Even though Arabians have a very different point of view of religion and
marriage it's really all sexist and very sad what women have to go through, no matter rich or poor.
Sultana is an actual princess living the "rich" more successful life than others in Saudi Arabia. She
grew up in a luxury mansion since her dad came from a royal family closely related to a King. She
literally has four mansions on three continents, has her very own private jet, different types of jewels
and designer dresses. But in reality she's not happy with all she has because she's living like a slave
in her own gilded cage with absolutely no time of freedom. She can't ever leave the house, she has
no control over her own life and no value. Behind her veil she is more like a prisoner jailed by her
own dad, husband, as well as her

Living Behind The Veil In Saudi Arabia
A veil is a piece of sheer material worn by women to conceal their faces, that very piece of material
symbolizes sacredness. In traditional Christian religion the veil is worn by the bride in white on her
wedding day as she approaches her groom at the alter. He uncovers her face at the end of the
ceremony and they kiss. Once that tradition is done the bride and the groom live their lives together
without her ever having to wear the veil again. However, In the Muslim religion predominantly in
Saudi Arabia the veil is also considered sacred, but used for different purposes. For the women of
Saudi Arabia wearing the veil is part of their everyday life. In fact it is forbidden for them not to
wear it, their veil is worn routinely. The women of Saudi should know that living behind the veil is a
form of abuse toward them. A life in front of the veil is more enjoyable and liberating. Just because
they walk in the street without their veil does not make them promiscuous nor should they be
punished for it. Living behind the veil may be all the women of Saudi Arabia know, some may be
comfortable with it, others afraid of the consequences they will face for not wearing it. Either way
they do not have much of a choice since they are constantly chaperoned around by a male guardian
know as a "mahram", according to theweek.co.uk 4 "The guardian is often a male relative and will
accompany women on all their errands, including trips and visits to the doctor". Can you imagine
having to go

A Discussion Of Faith Rose Surrounding The World Trade Center
After the Brussels massacre that took place on March 22nd, a question of faith rose surrounding the
sanctity of the Islamic faith. In an article meant to expose answers to this very question John Kasich
brings up a point that when people claim France is at war with Islam, they actually should be
referring to radical Islam. This point pulled further controversy as those who were not Islamic began
to wonder if the faith condoned suicide bombings in the name of expelling infidels and bringing the
coming of the Caliphate. Another case mentioned in the same article details the prosecution of the
Blind Sheikh, whose terrorist group attempted to bring down the World Trade Center back in 1993.
While the U.S. government had attempted to paint ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Muslim conquests lasted from 622 AD to 750 AD, and would continue to move forward until the
18th century. These expansions of religion and politics were led by dynasties of Caliphs , beginning
with the prophet Muhammad and then the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs. Islam spread from Mecca
to Medina and furthered into central Asia, North Africa, Spain, and parts of the old Byzantine and
Persian empires. Despite this, there is a large misunderstanding about the spread of Islam during this
period of time and why the expansion of the Catholic Church after the Dark Ages instead takes
precedence in Western Europe. The halt of the expansion of Islamic rule in Europe can be linked
back to the Battle of Tours back in 733 AD. This battle was meant to be the Islamic Empires first
expansion into Europe nearing the end of the period called the Dark Ages in European history. This
resulted in the expansion of the early modern Catholic Church in Europe during the Renaissance and
the misunderstanding of Islamic politics. The Prophet Muhammad's large influences over the
foundations of Islam helped shape its empire into a powerful militant group that would result in the
unification of Arabia in 622 AD . From there, Muhammad would be looked to by many as both a
religious prophet and a competent military leader. Conquests made my Muhammad lasted from 622
CE to

Faith Of Islam Research Paper
Around 570 C.E., Muhammad, the leader of the Islamic religion, was born in Mecca. Shortly after
he was born, his mom sent him to live with a nomad family in the desert. When Muhammad was
around six years old, he returned to Mecca, around that time, his mother and grandfather died and he
was left as an orphan. His uncle, who was a trader, took him in. When Muhammad was around
twelve years old, he went on a trading trip with his uncle, there Muhammad saw places outside of
the Arabian desert. When he was a young adult, he took up a job for managing caravans for a
widow, Muhammad and her soon got married. For the next fifteen years, Muhammad continued his
job as a trader. Muhammad told his followers that, in the year 610 C.E, Muhammad went into a cave
to pray, an angel named Gabriel payed Muhammad a visit, telling him he was to be the prophet of
God., Muhammad left the cave in fear. Gabriel kept speaking to him, soon he told his wife about it.
The faith of Islam is based on only one Allah, or god. The faith of Islam teaches about treating
people with compassion, honesty, and justice. Over the next twenty years, Muhammad gradually
developed a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He gained followers from different social classes and clans. Most people in Mecca rejected
Muhammad's teaching. Leaders worried that if the religion grew stronger, Muhammad would seize
political power in Mecca, merchants were scared that if they stopped worshipping the gods they
wouldn't make any pilgrimages to Mecca. Many Arabs called Muhammad a liar and boycotted him
so less people would follow him. He also lost two important members of his family, who had kept
him safe. During this difficult time, the Koran tells the story about the Night Journey. It says how a
winged horse took him to heaven and he met many prophets, who guided him through the seven
levels of heaven. This story is about a good event happening in a period of bad

The Byzantine Empire: The Rise Of Islam
While the Byzantine Empire tried to get back some territories which were conquered by the
Germans in the 600's; a man named Muhammad, who was considered a smart, charismatic and
honest person, became the leader of a new religion, the Islam. He aimed to profess God's message
and, until the day of his dead, he convinced people to join him. His believes were based in that there
is only one God, that if people doesn't believe, they must die and, that Christians and Jews should
not interact with Muslims. After Muhammad died in 632, some things changed for the Muslims,
nothing stayed the same as when Muhammad was alive. Nowadays, 1400 years later, his religion
has become the second most powerful religion in the world, and its number of followers ... Show
In order to analyze this section, we need to talk about the economic development of the first
Muslims, that produced the Muslim social classes. Because the lands of Egypt were very fertile, the
economy of the Muslim world enhanced leaded by the agriculture sector. The owners of the land
were, together with the religious authorities and the military sector, the powerful population of the
Arab world of the 7th century. This changed through time, and in the 11th century, the Hawala was
establish, an early informal transfer system that facilitated the financial transactions of that time. On
the other hand, there was only one currency for all the Muslim world, the Dinar. This advantages
make of the traders and bankers the powerful people of the Arab world. Another big change was the
role of women, in Christianity women had some freedom over themselves even though they
depended on men, however, when Muslims conquered Egypt, the power of women over themselves
was reduced. Even though it seemed that they care about women and in the Quran and in the Hadith
were some rules about that, women were treated worst. Finally, we have to talk about the tensions
between Islam. After Muhammad's dead in 632, there was a dispute about who should succeed him.
The Muslims split in two: the Shiites and the Sunnis. The Shiites support that the successor of
Muhammad should be a relative from him, while

How Early Islamic Caliphates
The first three caliphates to rule after the death of Muhammad shaped the foundation for the growth
and development of the early Islamic community. The goal of the caliphates was to unify the Islamic
people and spread the word of Islam as far as they could. Although their main goal was the same,
the Rashidun Caliphate, the Umayyad Caliphate, and the Abbasid caliphate went about this goal in
separate ways. The different techniques used by each caliphate was dependent on the individual
caliphs. The treatment of groups of peoples inside the empires also differed between the caliphates.
The Rashidun Caliphate, the Umayyad Caliphate, and the Abbasid Caliphate each employed styles
of rule unique to their empires.
The Rashidun Caliphate was the first of the Islamic caliphates established after Muhammad's death.
After his death, the early Islamic community was almost torn apart due to a crisis of control. The
Rashidun caliphate had the important job of keeping the community together and growing without
the Prophet. Because of the Arab–Islamic conquests, the Muslims gained large amounts of territory;
however, the Arab–Muslim leaders did not have the experience that was needed to rule an empire. In
The Rise of Islam, Matthew Gordon writes, "a fundamental challenge for the caliphs, their
governors, and the Arab military elite was to understand how large–scale agrarian economies
functioned" (28). In order to rule an empire, the authority of the Rashidun caliphs had to be
legitimized.

How Did Muhammad Spread Islam
Muhammad was born around 570 CE in Mecca. Muhammad had a lot of struggles since meeting
Gabriel to spread Islam. All his hardwork and sacrifice paid off when the Muslims won the battle of
Madinah. Since his early life, he became a prophet and brought Islam to the Arabians. Towards the
end of his life, he moved to Madinah and did his last Sermon. After his death Islam grew into a great
empire that helped mold the world we know today by helping create advanced technology to make
life easier for us today. Around 570 CE, the birth of Muhammad happened in Makkah. His clan, the
Hashim, was poor. Unfortunately for Muhammad, his dad died early throughout Muhammad's life.
His mom sent him to a nomad family, where he learned Arab traditions. At the age of 5 or 6, he went
back to the city, reunited with his mom. Unfortunately for both of them, Muhammad's mom died
shortly after some time. He became a trader at the age of 12 with his uncle, and has success at Seria.
When he was 25, he had his marriage with Khadijah and had one kid to spread the bloodline of the
Muhammad family. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gabriel told him that he must spread the new religion according to Muhammad. He only told these
conversations with family and friends, but later he started telling everyone about his conversations
with god. Followers of Muhammad wrote down what he said in a book called the Qur'an.
Around 613 CE, Muhammad was telling people to worship only one god. His followers were called
Muslims, but many people rejected him. People were worried that Muhammad would gain power
and lose their money, so they boycotted Muhammad and all the Muslims. In this time, his uncle Abu
Talib and Muhammad's wife Khadijah died. Muhammad told people that some white horses took
him on a night journey and took him to pray with the other prophets in

The Urban Areas Of Islam
Introduction Makkah and Madina are the sacrosanct urban areas of Islam where the principle havens
are arranged – mosques al–Masjid al–Haraam (The Sacred Mosque) with Kaabah and al–Masjid a
Nabawi (mosque of the Prophet Muhammad, PBUH).Millions of adherents from everywhere
throughout the world go to these urban communities to perform hajj journey. This momentous aide
gives a regulated and striking record of history and purposes of enthusiasm for Makkah and Madina,
and pragmatic guidance, request to God writings and a short expression book. This is certain to
make these urban communities more justifiable for explorers and other individuals. (Maksimovich)
Makkah and Madinah are two havens of Islam. These urban areas are the most heavenly urban
communities for all Muslims. Lamentably, because of lack of awareness or out and out
thoughtlessness, numerous Muslims going to the sacrosanct urban communities don 't watch
legitimate behavior. Incredible behavior is a fundamental piece of the Islamic Faith. This manners is
all inclusive and must be shown by each Muslim all over the place at all times. Notwithstanding, in
Makkah and Madinah they must be additional steady in indicating admiration and nobility in their
conduct. (Soharwardy) An extraordinary number of books and booklets exist, in almost all dialects
of the world, about the customs to be performed in Makkah and Madinah. Some of these books
portray in point of interest the different undertakings and exercises of Hajj and

The Concept, Limited Understanding And Negative...
The Concept, limited understanding and negative stereotypes
Of Islam and Muslims in western countries.
Throughout the history, from the creation of the universe and mankind, there have been prophets
and messengers sent down to different nations and they descends down to mankind one after the
other calling their people to spirituality, morality and self–consciousness. Among these prophets and
messengers one regarded by the Muslims as the seal of the prophet hood with a scripture titled 'The
Qur'an" revealed unto him from Allah an Arabic name for God through angel Jibril also known as
angel Gabriel. And he is known to us as "Muhammad" may the peace and blessing of God be with
him and all those that came before him.
Prophet Muhammad PBUH was also known as Muhammad Ibn Abd'Allah meaning "Muhammad
the son of Abd'Allah". Because mostly in some Arabian cultures, one is either surnamed by the clan
or tribe or region one come from or one's name attached to that of one's parents mostly a father's
name. Prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca situated in Saudi Arabia in 570 CE and died June 8,
632 CE at age 62 in Medina also a city in Saudi Arabia. Muslims all over the world regarded
prophet Muhammad as the real source of Islam a very well monotheistic religion that has in its
verses and chapters a story about almost all the prophets and messengers that came before him.
Qur'an is also very highly regarded scripture from which many Muslims used and uses to this day as
a source of

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