This material consists of theory of approahes, methods, techniques, and strategies in teaching English.

1. APPROACHES, METHODS,
PROCEDURES, TECHNIQUES
METHODOLOGY OF LANGUAGE
TEACHING
DWI SETTYA MP

2. THE THREE DIFFERENT THEORETICAL VIEWS OF
LANGUAGE
the structural view,
The functional view,
and the interactional view.

3. STRUCTURAL VIEWS
 Language is a system of structurally related
elements for the coding of meaning.
 Language learning: The mastery of elements of
the system of language, which are generally
defined in terms of phonological units,
grammatical units, grammatical
operations, and lexica items.

4. FUNCTIONAL VIEWS
 Language is a vehicle for the expression of
functional meaning.
 Functional vs. structural?
Functional emphasizes the semantic and
communicative dimension rather than merely
the grammatical characteristics of language.
 The language teaching content is organized and
specified by categories of meaning and function.

5. INTERACTIONAL VIEWS
 Language as a vehicle for the realization of
interpersonal relations and for the performance of social
transactions between individuals.
 In the interactional view, language teaching content is
specified and organized by patterns of exchange and
interaction, or is left unspecified, to be shaped by the
inclination of learners as interactors.
 The rationale behind the interaction theory: Students
achieve facility in using a language when their attention
is focused on conveying and receiving authentic
messages (Rivers, 1987).

6. APPROACH
METHOD
PROCEDURE
TECHNIQUE
action
trick
assumption
plan

7. APPROACH
 An approach refers to the general assumptions about
what language is and about how learning a language
occurs (Richards and Rodgers, 1986).
 It represents the sum of our philosophy about both the
theory of language and the theory of learning.
 In other words, an approach to language teaching
describes:
The nature of language,
How knowledge of a language is acquired,
And the conditions that promote language
acquisition.

8. METHOD
 A method is a plan for presenting the language material
to be learned and should be based upon a selected
approach.
 It includes decisions about:
The particular skills to be taught,
The roles of the teacher and the learner in language
teaching and learning,
The appropriate procedures and techniques,
The content to be taught,
And the order in which the content will be presented.

9. STRATEGY
 Strategy usually requires some sort of planning
for setting goals.
 Learning strategies is a teacher of learning
activities undertaken with the aim of the
learning process that takes place in the
classroom can achieve (goals) to effectively and
efficiently.
 the strategy is “a plan for achieving goals”
while the method is “a way for achieving goals”

10. TECHNIQUE
 Technique means a systematic procedure,
formula, or routine by which a task is
accomplished and steps to achieve certain
goals.
 For instance, when using videos, teachers often
use a technique called “silent viewing” which
consists of playing the video without sound and
asking students to figure out what the
characters were saying.

11. PROCEDURES
 procedures’ as “an ordered set of techniques.”
 They are the step-by-step measures to execute
a method
 According to Harmer, a procedure is “smaller
than a method and larger than a technique.”

12. MODEL
 Learning model is a frame from the application
of an approach, strategy, methods, and
techniques of learning.
 The learning model is basically a form of
learning which is reflected from start to finish is
typically presented by the teacher.

14. APPROACHES
1. AURAL-ORAL APPROACH
2. COGNITIVE APPROACH
3. COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH
4. TASK-BASED APPROACH
5. CONTENT BASED APPROACH
6. PARTICIPATORY APPROACH
7. ECLECTIC APPROACH

15. METHODS
1. GRAMMAR TRANSLATION METHOD
2. DIRECT METHOD
3. READING METHOD
a method which target language is used in teaching
learning process without translating.
a method of teaching foreign languages derived from the
classical (sometimes called traditional) by translating
every words of language
Teaching method that focused the students to understand
words and grammatical patterns from written text.

16. 4. AUDIO LINGUAL METHOD
5. COGNITIVE LEARNING METHOD
6. COMMUNICATIVE LG LEARNING
is a style of learning that focuses on more
effective use of the brain.
Audiolingual Method is a method for foreign language
teaching which emphasized the teaching of listening and
speaking before reading and writing.
an method that developed in reaction to the
Oral activties

17. METHODS
7. COMMUNITY LANGUAGE LEARNING
8. SILENT WAY
9. SUGGESTOPEDIA
a method which involves psychological aspect
and students work together
a method that makes extensive use of silence as a
teaching technique.
a teaching method, which focuses on how to deal with the relationship
between mental potential and learning ability and it is very appropriate to
use in teaching speaking

18. 10. TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE
11. ACTION FUNCTION METHOD
a method of teaching language or vocabulary
concepts by using physical movement to react
to verbal input.
Method where the students responses
teacher’s command on producing
language

19. TECHNIQUES
1. GRAPHIC ORGANIZER TECHNIQUE
2. COOPERATIVE LEARNING TECH.
3. BRAINSTORMING TECH.
4. MAPPING TECHNIQUE
5. JIGSAW TECHNIQUE
6. BEND IT, SHAPE IT TECHNIQUE
7. MANY OTHERS

20. Procedures: BEND IT, SHAPE IT TECHNIQUE
1.Distribute one Osborn Question Check List one Bend it,
Shape It Handout to each participant, review them with
the participants, and answer any questions they may
have
2.Have the groups practice using the checklist using a
challenge of their choice or one common to all groups
3.Encourage the participants to generate at least one idea
for each of the words on the checklist
4.Ask each group to share two or three of their ideas
5.Tell them to write down any ideas on Post-it Notes (one
idea per note) and place them on flip charts for
evaluation

21. AURAL-ORAL APPROACH
• Emphasis of meaning and the
rules and structures of spoken
language
• Refers to acquisition of
speaking and listening skills

22. COGNITIVE APPROACH
deals with mental
processes like
memory and problem
solving

23. COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH
based on the idea that learning language
successfully comes through having to
communicate real meaning.
When learners are involved in real
communication, their natural strategies for
language acquisition will be used, and this
will allow them to learn to use the language.

24. TASK BASED APPROACH
the lesson is based around the
completion of a central task and
the language studied is
determined by what happens as
the students complete it

25. CONTENT BASED APPROACH
designed to provide
students of instruction in
content and language

26. PARTICIPATORY APPROACH
based on solving of learner’s
problem in real life, using the target
language as a tool this purpose.
Learners bring their outside
problems intoclass

27. ECLECTIC APPROACH
is a teaching approach that is not based on a
single method (e.g. task-based teaching) but
draws on several different method principles that
are made use of in practice.