2. DEFINING CONTEMPORARY
WORLD
• Modern times, Modern world,
Present times , a more or less
definite period of time now or
previously present; "it was a
sign of the times".
3. DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
• Network of economic/cultural/social
/political interconnections, beyond national boundaries
• Expansion / intensification of social relations, consciousness across
world-time and world-space (Manfred Steger)
• It is an outcome of the capitalist progress
(Glazter & Rueschemeyer 2005).
• It "is not a policy option but a fact to which policy makers
must adapt"
• Process of world shrinkage, distances getting shorter, things moving
closer... (Thomas Larson)
• In simple terms- The economic trade between different countries /
process in which goods and people move easily across borders
4. GLOBALIZATION:
*Develops the global economy – integrated global economic system
*Easy accessibilities for trade
*Causes technological advancements
*Availability of materials
Eg:
-> Indigo plants traded from India to Europe. Europeans had high
demand for blue dye.
-> Peppers and capsicum traded from Europe to Americas.
-> Tobacco traded from America to Asian countries.
5. Transnational
• Processes that
interconnect individuals
and social groups across
specific geo-political
borders.
Transnationality
• The rise of new
communities and
formation of new social
identities and relations
that cannot be defined
through the traditional
reference point of
nation-states.
Globality
• Asocial condition,
potentially the end-point
of globalization, whereby
individual and collective
consciousness is focused
increasingly at the global
level and away from the
national level.
• Globality
is omnipresence of the
process of globalization
Conceptualization
6. ADVANTAGE OF GLOBALIZATION
• Transfer of Technology
• Better Services -water supply, mobile networking,
internet, electricity supply
• Standardization of Living - integration of economies
(key process of globalization) enables countries to
fight against poverty.
• Foreign Exchange Reserves - international financial
flows.
• Affordable Products - promotes competition in
domestic economies and their endeavor to compete
against competition, companies reduce product price
/ follow penetration pricing strategy.
• Extensions of Market - the domestic companies can
sustain and satisfy the growing demands of foreign
customers.
7. DISADVANTAGE OF GLOBALIZATION
◦Growing Inequality - increasing specialization and
trade.
◦Increasing of the Unemployment rate- higher-skilled
work with cheaper price.
◦Trade Imbalance(Trade deficits)-imbalance of values
between a country’s import and export’s goods and
services.
◦Environmental Loots- chemical industries are very
harmful to our health by polluting the soil, water and
air.
9. • A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to
an object or action to which is not literally applicable.
• Example: Time is money, There is weight on my shoulder.
• Metaphors help the human mind to gain a better
understanding of the world that surrounds him /her.
• Metaphor globalization is a growth on worldwide scale, it
is the process of integration international influence of
economic and cultures.
• As with any aspects of the world political globalization is
bound up in metaphors
• Example: Creolization, Flexibilization etc.
What is metaphors?
10. globalization:
• People, things, information, and
places harden over time and
therefore have limited mobility.
SOLIDITY:
• Increasing ease of movement of
people, things, information and
places in the global age.
LIQUIDITY:
HEAVY:
• Difficult to
move.
LIGHT:
• Easier to move .
11. FLOWS:
• Movement of people, things,
information and places due, in part, to
the increasing porosity of global
barriers
• From solid to liquid.
12. ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION
The Silk Road:
• 4000 mile road [6400km]
• Land Routes found by Han dynasty in 130 B.C
• Network of trade routes connecting: China, India, Byzantine
• Zhang Qian was sent to the west in 138 BC
• Marco polo travelled (13th to 14th century)
• Trade between civilizations of Rome and China.
• Certain techniques: Silk fabric making, gunpowder,
gun production, stained glass making learnt in China.
• Slaves – commodities from Europe.
• Black death plaques – 1347 from China.
• First postal service introduced – in China.
Good traded by
China to the west
Goods traded to
China by the west
Silk, jade, tea,
spices, salt,
Honey, fur, woolen
goods
porcelain Cattle, horses
Precious stones Bark, rice, cotton,
skins
Dyes Grape seeds, wine,
sesame seeds,
string beans,
onions
gunpowder Carrots, spinach,
eggplants
Ivory Cucumber
Rice, glassware Watermelons,
13. The Columbian exchange:
• After the voyage of Christopher Columbus [1492]
• The discovery of New World- Caribbean Island, The Bahamas, etc.
• Led to trade Between Old world (Europe, Africa, Australia, Asia)
and the new world (America, Caribbean)
• Caused huge population growth.
• Christopher Columbus – Father of Globalization
Diseases:
• Syphilis from new world to old world
• Small pox, Measles, typhus, cholera- from old world to
new world.
Goods traded
New world to old
world
Goods traded
old world to new
world
Maize, potato,
pumpkins, corn
Sugarcane
Manioc, peanuts Coffee, sugar
Papaya, guavas,
avocado,
Peppers, tomatoes
Vanilla, cacao Capsicum
Tobacco Cattles (horses)
14. THE FIVE PERSPECTIVES ON THE ORIGIN OF
GLOBALIZATION
• Hardwired
• Cycles
• Epoch
• Events
• Recent changes
1. Hardwired:
• Basic human needs– make lives better
• States that African ancestors moved to diff. countries for better food and goods – led the
start of globalization.
• Urges of people – Commerce, religion, politics and warfare
• Four aspects of globalization – Trade, missionary work, adventure and conquest.
15. 2. Cycles:
• Globalization – A long cyclical process
• It has gone through various cycles in history.
• The global age today may be modified later in future.
3. Epoch:
• The word Epoch- a period in history
• 4th – 7th centuries: Religious Globalization
• Late 15th century: The European colonial conquests
• 18th – 19th centuries: Intra European wars
• Heyday of European imperialism
• Post -World War II period
• Post-cold war period
16. 4. Events:
• Spread of Christianity after fall of Roman Empire.
Important Voyages :
• Discovery of America - Christopher's Columbus[1942]
• Rounding of Cape of Good Hope – Vasco da Gama [1498]
• Circumnavigation of the Globe – in Ferdinand Magellan’s
Ship[1522]
• Technical advancements: Invention of telephone/
Modern internet, first television, twin towers attack, etc.
• Gibbon-military conquests[roman conquests] before coming
Of Jesus Christ/ rampage of Genghis khan’s armies in Eastern
Europe.
17. 5. Recent changes:
In the latter half of 20th century
Three causes for origin of globalization
• United States as Global power – North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA),
signed in 1993. NAFTA's effects was to give American auto manufacturers the
incentive to relocate their manufacturing to Mexico to save the costs of labor. NAFTA
replaced by the Unites States-Mexico-Canada-Agreement (USMC). (2020)
• Emergence of MNC’s
• Demise of Soviet Union and end of cold war
"Globalization is a fact of economic life" - Carlos Salinas
18. PHILOSOPHIES OF GLOBALIZATION
• Philosophy is most important in age of globalization. Since it is
a set of ideas about how do to something or how to live, all
people have their own philosophy.
• People should be free to buy and sell their goods and services
from whomever they want.
• People should be free to live and work in peace wherever they
choose
• The value of work is not be determined by geographical
location in which it is done but by the value of work .
• Measures taken by governments to restrict the flow of people
and to erect trade barriers for goods and services are
counterproductive and destructive to human progress, but
serve only to advance the cause of special interests at the
19. • The freedom of the industrialist/businessman to establish
industry, trade or commerce either in his country or abroad;
free exchange of capital, goods, service and technologies
between countries.
• Free trade between countries; absence of excessive
governmental control over trade.
• Control of economic activities by domestic market and
international market. Coordination of national economy and
world economy.
• Localities being connected with the world by breaking national
boundaries; forging of links between one society and another,
and between one country and another through international
21. First wave (1880-1914):
• Increasing international trade.
• Falling transport and
communication costs.
• Total free flow of capital and
people.
• “Golden age” of globalization.
Second wave(1945-1979):
• Much trade liberalisation between
rich countries.
• Cheaper transportation.
• Flow of capital restricted.
THIRD WAVE
(1980-):
• Much trade
liberalisation by
developing countries.
• Flow of services
increases
• Freeing up of capital
flows
• Flow of labour is
highly restricted.
22. GLOBALIZATION THEORIES
1. World system theory
• It refers to the inter-regional and transnational division of
labour, which divides the world into core countries, semi-
periphery countries, and the periphery countries
• Core countries focus on higher-skill, capital-intensive
production, and the rest of the world focuses on low-skill,
labour-intensive production and extraction of raw materials.
• This constantly reinforces the dominance of the core
countries. The system has dynamic characteristics, as a result
of revolutions in transport technology, and individual states
can gain or lose their core (semi-periphery, periphery) status
over time.
• This structure is unified by the division of labour
23. 2. Modernization theory
• It is a model of a progressive transition from a
'pre-modern' or 'traditional' to a 'modern' society
• This theory suggests that traditional societies will
develop as they adopt more modern practices.
• Also claims that modern states are wealthier and
more powerful, developments such as new data
technology and the need to update traditional
methods in transport, communication and
production make modernization necessary
• As modernization takes hold traditional religious
beliefs and cultural traits, usually become less
important
24. 3. DEPENDENCY THEORY
• It is of the notion that resources flow from a
"periphery" of poor and underdeveloped
states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching
the latter at the expense of the former.
• It is a central contention of dependency theory
that poor states are impoverished and rich ones
enriched by the way poor states are integrated
into the "world system"
• This theory was officially developed in the late
1960s following World War II, as lack of
development in Latin America
25. DYNAMIC OF LOCAL AND
GLOBAL CULTURE
l
Culture is no longer perceived as
knowledge system inherited
ancestors. As a result, many
scientists now treat culture as a
of ideas, attributes, and
expectations that change as
react to changing circumstances.
26. GLOBAL CULTURE
• Global culture is a set of shared experiences,
norms, symbols and ideas that unite people at the
global level. Cultures can exist at the global,
national, regional, city, neighborhood, subculture
and super culture levels
• Examples of social forces that are creating a global
culture include electronic communications
(telephones, e‐mail, fax machines), the mass
media (television, radio, film), the news media, the
Internet, international businesses and banks.
27. LOCAL CULTURE
Local culture is commonly used to
characterize the experience of everyday
life in specific, identifiable localities .
It is a group of people in a particular
place who see themselves as a
collective or a community, who
share experiences, customs, and traits,
and who work to preserve those traits
and customs in order to claim
uniqueness and to distinguish
themselves from others.
28. GLOBAL FLOWS
Global flows are creating new
degrees of connectedness
among economies and playing
an ever-larger role in
determining the fate of
nations, companies, and
individuals. To be
unconnected is to fall behind.
29. Cultural
differentialism
• Culture are essentially
different from one another and
are superficially affected by
global flow.
• Eternal cultural differences
increasing interaction - intense
clashes
Cultural
hybridization
• New culture - merging two or
more than two different
cultures through a period of
contact and interaction.
• Cultural hybridization is a
universal process which is
speeded up through
interactions among socities
Cultural
convergence
• Different cultures become
similar or even come together
by increasing their
interactions.
• The more that cultures
interact, the more that their
values, ideologies, behaviors,
arts, and customs will start to
reflect each other.
Three
perspective of
global culture
flows
30. GLOBALIZATION APPROACHES
• Hyperglobalist approach
• It presents the stance in the globalization theory which claims that the world
has entered a 'truly global age' legalizing the dominance of 'global capitalism'
• The logic of hyperglobalist stance is underpinned by 'neo-
liberal agenda' which views globalization 'in terms of open market'
• Skeptical approach
• The skeptical approach questions the effectiveness of trading blocs and views
the issue through historic perspective.
• Moreover, sceptics do not perceive globalization as a novelty and
do not observe any global changes. The world is just the same
• European Union, the Pacific Rim and other trading blocs
can serve as examples. Sceptics claim that “the logic of global capitalism
has led to greater polarization between the “developed” and
developing countries”
31. Transformationalist approach
• The transformational approach represents
intermediary, more balanced stance towards
globalization
• On the one hand it promotes economic, cultural
and political integration, and on the other hand it
causes stratification distancing 'First World' from
'Third World'
• Some nations, states and communities get full
advantage by being part of the global world,
whereas others become more and more
disadvantaged
32. REGIONALIZATION
• Breaking apart a large area into smaller regions
is something known as the regionalization
process.
• This is how geographers identify the
parameters of regions within a greater area of
space.
• Therefore, the regionalization process isn't
about creating regions as much as it is about
identifying regions that already exist.
• Regionalization can be conceived as the growth
of societal integration within a given region
• It can be best understood as a continuing
process of forming regions as geopolitical
units, as organized political cooperation within
a particular group of states
33. GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION
• REGIONALIZATION IS A SORT OF COUNTER-GLOBALIZATION
Globalization Regionalization
• Globalization is the interaction and trade between
nations, globally
Regionalization can be conceived as the growth of
societal integration within a given region
• Regionalization can be conceived as the growth of
societal integration within a given region
• Regionalization includes the undirected processes of
social and economic interaction among the units
(such as nation-states)
• Spurs economic development, Solves
economic problems Promotes shared
cultural understanding
• “an approach to consideration and solution of
economic, social, political and other issues in terms
of this or that region interests and needs”
• Globalization- many region regionalized together Regionalization is a part of globalization
• Eg: McDonald's, Amazon • Eg: the European Union, Caribbean Community
34. CONCLUSION
• We have benefitted greatly from the globalization of the economy in the
last 30 years. - Phil Gramm
• Today in the era of globalization there is no such issue as borders
between states of the same nation. - Fatos Nano
• “I think globalization actually maintains and fosters various elements of
national and cultural identities. I don't think everything is being
homogenized. If anything, your food, your culture, and your ethnicity
might become part of the globalized world, and thus absorbed by other
countries.” - Nouriel Roubini
