Duetorapideconomicexpansion,Indiahasoneoftheworld's fastestgrowingenergymarketsandisexpectedtobethesecond-largest contributortotheincreaseinglobalenergydemandby2035,accounting for18% oftheriseinglobalenergyconsumption.GivenIndia'sgrowing energydemandsandlimiteddomesticfossilfuelreserves,thecountryhas ambitiousplanstoexpanditsrenewableandnuclearpowerindustries. Indiahastheworld'sfifthlargestwindpowermarketandplanstoadd about20GW ofsolarpowercapacityby2022.Indiaalsoenvisagesto increasethecontributionofnuclearpowertooverallelectricitygeneration capacityfrom 4.2% to9% within25years

1. Lect.No.2
Energy Utilization Pattern in Crop Production
Energy management approach for farm:
The first approach for energy management
at farm is to assess total energy consumption,
which can be easily calculated from the farm
records.
This calculation consists of total annual
energy requirements and costs in relation to
production.

2. The information would be:
• Pattern of energy consumption, energy cost
and production level over recent years.
• Detail that might assists in allocating energy
used, at least approximately to particular
products or to certain farm activities i.e. 12 %
to grain drying, 10 % for homestead etc.
• Calculation of energy required per unit of
production.
The above figures provide an average energy intensity
for farm products and can be used to assess the
success of energy management programmes over the
coming years.

4. Energy saving in farming operations:
Minimum tillage:
• The tillage is the mechanical manipulation of soil
surface to bring a good tilt bed.
• In tillage operation both commercial energy source
(petroleum) and animate energy sources (human and
animals) are being used.
• The most significant energy saving can be made
through reducing liquid fuel consumption and animate
energy consumption by means of adoption of
minimum tillage techniques.
• In fact, the fuel saving through adopting minimum
tillage vary greatly from place to place.

5. Energy saving can be achieved
• Cultivation at shallow depth and direct drilling can
reduce cultivation requirement as well as soil
erosion.
• Selection and use of implements that have a low
draft.
• The pre-emergent application of weedicide for grass
control can reduce the need for cultivation.
• Change in the tractor operation can also yield
saving in energy.
• The application of fertilizer at seeding rather than
as an extra pre seeding operation also result in
reduction in overall energy use.

6. Energy savings in live stocks and poultry industries:
• (A) Sheep and Beef cattle:
In fact, most of the energy is used in the
production and conservation of fodder used
for animals.
This is the place, where maximum amount of
savings can be made.

7. (B) Dairying:
• In dairy industries, the extent of possible savings
depend on how one dairy is set out and how
efficient it already is?
•Install solar water heater to pre-heat water or use
manure to produce biogas for use as a heating fuel.
•The biogas through animal waste not only providing
clean combustible gas for cooking but also produced
enriched manure for more agriculture production.
•Use drain water or waste wash water in dung mixing
for biogas production.This act as a seeding material for
enriched gas production.
•Set hot water thermostat no higher than necessary.

8. (C) Poultry:
• The poultries need comfort through confined
condition with artificial lighting and artificially
controlled air temperature.
• Constructing or refro-fitting any shed according to
low energy design principles will minimize the need
for energy intensive control system.
• Artificial lighting cycles are also used some times in
our country to optimize production.
• Lighting requirement vary for each class of bird,
depending requirement
• Light sensitive switches can automatically allow for
varying light conditions over the lighting period.

9. (D) Housing for Livestock and Poultry:
Efficient energy use strategies to maintain optimal
temperature in livestock shelter fall in to three
categories:
• Correct design and construction of sheds permitting
adequate lighting, air and proper ventilation.
• Regular maintenance of buildings and energy saving
equipment for animal raising, preparing feed and
cooking etc.
• Planning and coordination of livestock and energy
requirement as per type of breed and seasons.

10. Buildings design:
• Building design can be used to minimize the need
for artificial heating, cooling and lighting.
• Correct orientation, window placement, ventilation,
landscaping and insulation reduce the cost of
running building and except for insulation, need not
increase the initial construction cost.
• Correct placement of trees and shrubs around
buildings can also assist in maintaining ideal
temperature.

11. Maintenance:
• Regular maintenance ensures that equipment
is operating at maximum efficiency and
energy is not being wasted.
• Current energy bill can often be reduced by
up to 30 per cent by such measures as closing
holes and cracks, covering windows with
plastic.

12. Planning:
• Coordinating the use of heating, cooling and
lighting to suit weather conditions and
livestock and poultry production phases
ensures minimum energy usage.