January 2024 Top Cited -.pdf

January 2024: Top 10 Read Articles
ElectricalEngineering
Electrical Engineering: An International
Journal (EEIJ)
ISSN : 2349 – 3739
https://airccse.com/eeij/index.html
Citations, h-index, i10-index
Citations 06 h-index 01 i10-index 0

AN APPROACH TO SMART HOME SECURITY SYSTEM USING
ARDUINO
Abel A. Zandamela
The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering King Mongkut’s
University of Technology North Bangkok Bangkok, Thailand
ABSTRACT
Recent advancements in the field of Internet of Things (IoT) have turned this area in one of the
most promising research topics to bring innovative and useful technologies in the future.
Solutions for a low-cost and efficient Home Automation model have always been a widely
addressed problem; This study focuses on the architecture and design of wireless, flexible and
inexpensive smart home system. Using Mega 2560 Arduino Board Platform, we develop an
intelligent system able to send real-time video and GSM-based information of a break-in, fire
and motion detection, along with an advanced temperature and humidity monitoring system. A
prototype is designed, and tested on China Mobile Network, in 20 samples the prototype shows
a 9.4s average time of response.
KEYWORDS
Smart Home System; Arduino; IoT; Mega 2560; GSM; wireless
For More Details : https://airccse.com/eeij/papers/4317eeij01.pdf
Volume Link : https://airccse.com/eeij/current2017.html

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[5] B. Yuksekkaya, A.A. Kayalar, M.B. Tonsun, M.K.Ozean, and A.Z. Alkar, “A GSM, Internet, and
Speech Controlled Wireless Interactive Home Automation System,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer
Electronics, Vol.52, No.3, (2006), pp. 837-843.
[6] M. Khan, B. N. Silva, K. Han, "Internet of Things based energy-aware smart home control system,"
IEEE Access, vol. 4, pp. 7556-7566, 2016.
[7] Sivanathan A., Sherratt D., Gharakheili H., Sivaraman V., Vishwanath A., “Low-cost flow-based
security solutions for smart-home IoT devices,”
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7947781
[8] S. I. Azid and S. Kumar. (2011). Analysis and Performance of a Low-Cost SMS Based Home
Security System. International Journal of Smart Home, 5(3), pp.15-24.[6] H. ElKamchouchi and A.
ElShafee, “Design and prototype implementation of SMS based home automation system,” in Proc.
2012 IEEE International Conference on Electronics Design, Systems and Applications (ICEDSA),
Kuala Lumpur, pp.162-167
[9] Yanping Wang and Zongtao Chi, "System of Wireless Temperature and Humidity Monitoring
Based on Arduino Uno platform," 2016 Sixth International Conference on Instrumentation &
Measurement, Computer, Communication, and Control.
[10] Rajani US, Kadar A.A, “GSM Based Home Security System using PIR Sensor,” IJECT Vol.8,
Issue 2, April-June 2017.
[11] Abid Rahim, Zeeshan Ali, Raushan Bharti, Syed and Mrs. Ramya B.K, "Design and
Implementation of a Low-Cost Wireless Sensor Network using Arduino and nRF24L01(+)",
International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), May 2016.
[12] Sheikh Izzal Azid, Bibhya Sharma, Intelligent Home: SMS Based Home Security System with
Immediate Feedback, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 72, 2012.
[13] Mahendran.N, Geo Joe Mathai, Veenesh. M.U, Multiple Sensor Feeding Supported Building
Automation System Using Arduino Platform With Exposure of 802.15.4 Functionalities, International
Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, Vol. 4 Issue2, 2013.
[14] Nwankwo Prince, Nsionu Ifeanyi and E C Joseph, 2013 “Design and Implementation of
Microcontroller Based Security Door System (Using Mobile Phone & Computer Set)” Automation
and Control Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 1.

OVERCURRENT RELAY COORDINATION IN DISTRIBUTED
GENERATION WITH FAULT CURRENT LIMITER
Amit A. Chatte
Department Of Electrical Engineering, Yeshvantrao Chavan College of Engineering,
Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
ABSTRACT
The distribution network has many advantages when it is connected to distributed generation
(DG). Some problems in coordination of protection devices will occur in the presence of DG,
due to change in short circuit level at different points. Fault current limiter (FCL) is applying
limit to the fault current levels and the effect of DGs on coordination of overcurrent (O/C) relay
during the faults. In distribution network the use of FCL & DG causes some transient current
during fault condition. In such network steady state coordination method do not result
inaccurately. In this method we use fault current limiter for reducing the transient fault current
in the network. The method gives feasible and effective solutions for optimal coordination in
the practical power system networks in comparison to the previous steady state methods when
simulations are carried out on a sample network and the results are demonstrated.
KEYWORDS
Distributed generation (DG), fault current limiter (FCL), overcurrent, relay coordination,
distribution system

REFERENCES
[1] Barker, P., Demello, R.W.: ‘‘Determining The Impact Of Distributed Generation On
Power Systems: Part 1radial Power Systems’’. Proc. Ieee Power Engineering Society Summer
Power Meeting, 2000, Pp. 1645–1658
[2] El-Khattam, W., Sidhu, T.S.: ‘‘Restoration Of Directional Overcurrent Relay
Coordination In Distributed Generation Systems Utilizing Fault Current Limiter’’, Ieee Trans.
Power Deliv., 2008, 23, (2), Pp. 576–585
[3] Hadjsaid, N., Canard, J.F., Dumas, F.: ‘‘Dispersed Generation Impact On Distribution
Networks’’, Ieee Comput. Appl. Power, 1999, 12, (2), Pp. 22–28
[4] Brahma, S.M., Girgis, A.A.: ‘‘Microprocessor-Based Reclosing To Coordinate Fuse And
Recloser In A System With High Penetration Of Distributed Generation’’. Proc. Ieee Power
Engineering Society Winter Meeting, 2002 Pp 1645-1658
[5] Brahma, S.M., Girgis, A.A.: ‘‘Development Of Adaptive Protection Scheme For
Distribution Systems With High Penetration Of Distributed Generation’’, Ieee Trans. Power
Deliv., 2004, 19, (1), Pp. 56– 63
[6] Girgis, A., Brahma, S.M.: ‘‘Effect Of Distributed Generation On Protective Device
Coordination In Distribution System’’. Proc. Large Engineering Systems Conf. On Power
Engineering, July 2001, Pp. 115–119
[7] Tang, G., Iravani, M.R.: ‘‘Application Of A Fault Current Limiter To Minimize
Distributed Generation Impact On Coordinated Relay Protection’’. Presented At The Int.
Conf. Power Systems Transients, Montreal, Qc, Canada, 19–23 June 2005
[8] Paul, W., Rhyner, J., Platter, F.: ‘‘Superconducting Fault Current Limiters Based On High
Tc Superconductors’’. Iee Colloquium Fault Current Limiters – A Look At Tomorrow, 1995,
Pp. 4/1–4/4 [9] Kumara, J.R.S.S., Atputharajah, A., Ekanayake, J.B., Mumford, F.J.: ‘‘Over
Current Protection Coordination Of Distribution Networks With Fault Current Limiters’’.
Ieee Conf., Montreal, Quebec, 2006
[10] Steurer, M., Fro¨Hlich, K., Holaus, W., Kaltenegger, K.: ‘‘A Novel Hybrid Current-
Limiting Circuit Breaker For Medium Voltage: Principle And Test Results’’, Ieee Trans.
Power Deliv., 2003, 18, (2), Pp. 460–467
[11] So, C.W., Li, K.K.: ‘‘Time Coordination Method For Power System Protection By
Evolutionary Algorithm’’, Ieee Trans. Ind. Appl., 2000, 36, (5), Pp. 1235–1240

INSIGHTS INTO STABILITY ASPECTS OF HYBRID SYSTEM; AN
ENABLING TECHNOLOGY FOR RURAL ELECTRIFICATION IN
BANGLADESH
Subir Ranjan Hazra1 , Md. Mostafizur Rahman1* and Rowsan Jahan Bhuiyan1**
1Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Dhaka University of Engineering &
Technology (DUET), Gazipur, Bangladesh
ABSTRACT
The development of a country is dependent on the per person energy consumption rate,
which is very low in Bangladesh. Bangladesh installed a capacity of 10416 MW electricity on
June 2014 and three fourth of which is considered to be accessible. Near about 45% people has
no access to electricity. Therefore, electricity shortage is an acute crisis in Bangladesh.As
Saint Martin Island is far away from the main land, it is almost impossible and cost ineffective
to supply electricity from the national grid. For connection of nearly 6000 peoples of Saint
Martin to the main stream of development and to make this island more attractive to the tourists,
it is very essential to provide electricity for them. Power generation by combining solar, wind
and diesel, known as hybrid system can be the most efficient technique for the electrification
of these types of Island. Based on this principle, in this paper a hybrid system is designed for
electrification of Saint Martin’s Island. In the analysis, realistic data is used for load calculation
and optimization analysis for most effective solution. Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric
Renewable (HOMER) software is used to find out the final optimization and sensitive analysis
of hybrid system. This system satisfies the load demand and reduces carbon emission which
will help to generate green energy.
KEYWORDS
Biomass, Solar PV, Hybrid System, Gasification, HOMER, Power Generation

REFERENCES
[1] K. M. S. Islam, M. M. Rahman, M. Alam, H. Mondal and F. Alam, “Hybrid energy system for St.
Martin Island, Bangladesh; an optimized modeling proceeding.” Evolving Energy-IEF International
Energy Congress (IEF-IEC2012); vol. 49, pp. 179-188, 2012.
[2] G. M. Shafiullah, and M. T. Amanullah, “Economic analysis of hybrid renewable model for
subtropical climate.”Int. Journal of thermal and Environmental Engineering; 1:57-65, 2010.
[3] M. S. Islam and T. Mondal,“Potentiality of Biomass Energy for Electricity Generation in
Bangladesh.” Asian Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, vol. 2, no. 2, pp.103-110, 2013.
[4] J. Waewask, M. Mani, P. Buaphet and P. Panichayunon, “A Biomass Gas Engine System for Power
Generation of OTOP Building in Southern Thailand,” International Conference on Clean Electrical
Power, ICCEP '07, pp. 415-422, 2007.
[5] A. Demiroren, U. Yilmaz, “Analysis of change in electric energy cost using renewable energy
sources in Gokceada, Turkey: an island example.” Renew Sustain Energy rev, vol. 14, pp. 323-33, 2010
[6] K. Q. Nandi, “A wind-PV-battery hybrid power system at Sitakunda Bangladesh.” Energy Policy
2009, vol. 37, pp. 3659-64, 2005
[7] M. R. Nouni, S. C. Mullick and T. C. Kandpal, “Biomass gasifier projects for decentralized power
supply in India: A financial evaluation,” Energy Policy, vol. 35, pp.1373-1385, 2007.
[8] K. Q. Nguyen, “Long term optimization of energy supply and demand in Vietnam with special
reference to the potential of renewable energy,” Germany: University of Oldenburg. 2005.
[9] M. A. Saaklayen, M. M. Rashid, S. Sharmin and A. Haque, “Integrated Analysis of Hybrid System
for Electrification of Island in Bangladesh.” Canadian Journal on Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, vol. 4, no. 1, February-2013.
[10] M. S. Kaiser and S. K. Khadem, “Energy efficient system for St. Martin’s island of Bangladesh.”
proceeding of the Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 1, pp. 93-97, 2006.
[11] A. H. Mondal and M. Denich, “Hybrid system for decentralized power generation in
Bangladesh,” Energy for Sustainable Development; 14:48-55, 2010.
[12] S. S. M. Shaahid, El-Amin, “Techno economic evaluation of off-grid hybrid photovoltaic-
dieselbattery power system for rural electrification in Saudi Arabia- a way forward for sustainable
development.” Renew Sustain Energy Rev; vol. 13, pp. 625-33, 2009

AVAILABILITY, PERFORMANCE AND RELIABILITY EVALUATION
FOR PV DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
Abdulrahman K. Al-Sefri1 , Abdullah M. Al-Shaalan2 , Abdulhameed A. Al-
Ohaly2
1Schneider Electric Company Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 2Department of Electrical
Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, renewable energy resources play an important role in replacing conventional energy
resources. Photovoltaic energy is considered to be promising renewable energy resources
which grew rapidly in the past few years. The primary objective of this paper is to facilitate the
increasing penetration levels of PV systems in the electric distribution networks. The PV
electrical model is presented and implemented on MATLAB to simulate the nonlinear
characteristics I-V and P-V curves. In addition, the reliability evaluation of distribution
networks, including distributed generators of solar photovoltaic (PV) with varying of output
power capacity is also presented. The Monte Carlo simulation algorithm is applied to test the
distribution famous networks RBTS Bus 2 as well as substation 7029 located near Riyadh city.
The two distribution networks have been modified to include the PV’s of distributed generators.
The distributed generators contribute to supply a part of the load during normal mode and
supply the entire load during component failure or failure of grid operation supply. The PV
stochastic models have been used to simulate the randomness of these resources. The study
shows that the implementation and integration of renewable resources as distributed
generations have noticeably improved the reliability and service continuity of the distribution
networks.
KEYWORDS
Reliability Evaluation, Photovoltaic System (PV), Distributed Generations, Monte Carlo
Simulation.

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[14] S. Cha, D. Jeon, I. Lee, and J. Kim, "Reliability evaluation of distribution system
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ANALYSIS OF EMI SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS OF BUILDING
MATERIALS
Dr.N.Suresh Kumar1 , Dr.L.Andal2 , P.Rajeswari1 , A.Gobinath1 and B.Parthiban
1 1Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,Velammal College of
Engineering and Technology, Madurai-09 2 Department of Civil Engineering,Velammal
College of Engineering and Technology, Madurai-09
ABSTRACT
Modern radio electronic devices with intensive usage of electromagnetic resource cause
electromagnetic interference problems, which also affects neighboring systems functionalities.
It is necessary to secure high sensitive electronic equipment in a shielded room from an
electromagnetic interference. Generally, these equipments are shielded through metallic
enclosures. In this paper, building materials are proposed to enhance shieldingeffectiveness of
shielding enclosures. The shielding effectiveness (SE) of building materials are studied using
CST-MWS and simulated results are presented over the frequency up to 2 GHz.
KEYWORDS
Electromagnetic Interference, Shielding effectiveness, Building Materials.
Volume Link : https://airccse.com/eeij/current.html

REFERENCES
[1] Richalot, E.; Bonilla, M.; Man-Fai Wong; Fouad- Hanna,V.; Baudrand, H.; Wiart, J.,
“Electromagnetic propagation into reinforced concrete walls”, IEEE Trans. On Microwave
Theory and Techniques, Vol. 48, Issue 3, March 2003, pp. 357 – 366.
[2] Long Zhang, Xiaofeng Hu,Xinfu Lu,Genchun Zhu,Yongqiang Zhang “Simulation
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Science and Wireless Technology Conference, pp. 32-35,2011.
[3] Ade Ogunsola, Ugo Reggiani, Leonardo Sandrolini, “Modelling shielding properties of
concrete”17th International Zurich Symposium on Electromagnetic compatibility, pp. 34-
37,2006.
[4] See Khee, Yee, Mohd Zarar and Mohd Jenu, “Shielding Effectiveness of Concrete with
Graphite Fine Powder in between 50MHz to 400MHz” Asia-Pacific International Symposium
and Exhibition on Electromagnetic Compatibility : APEMC 2013. Barton, ACT: Engineers
Australia, 2013: 127-130.
[5] T. Frenzel, J. Stumpf, and M. Koch. “Shielding effectiveness of original and modified
building materials” Adv. Radio Sci., vol. 5, pp .69–73, 2007.
[6] L. Sandrolini and et al., “Modeling shielding properties of concrete for shielding
effectiveness prediction” Journal of physics D: Applied physics, vol. 40, p. 5366,2007.
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conductive concrete against transient electromagnetic disturbances” in Microwave,
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International Conference on, 2009, pp. 1-5

COAL SYNTHESIS GAS : A SUBSTITUTION OF NATURAL GAS IN
BANGLADESH
Md. Kamruzzaman1*, Asiful Habib2**, Kazi Sakhawat Hossain3 and Md. Abdullah Al
Jubaer 4
1 , 2 Sr. Lecturer, Dept. of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Atish Dipankar University of
Science & Technology, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh
3 Project Engineer (Electrical), Engineering Division, Max Group. Dhaka, Bangladesh
4 Dept. of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and
Technology (DUET), Gazipur, Bangladesh
ABSTRACT
Energy is one of the most important factors for a developing country like Bangladesh. Like the
rest of the countries of the world, the demand for energy is increasing day by day in our country.
Energy sector of Bangladesh is exceedingly depended on the limited gas reserve. Given the
rising demand for fuel it will be very difficult t to meat this demand with only indigenous
natural gas. About 80% of the power generation in the country is now gas based. Therefore
diversification of fuel has become indispensible it has been envision 2021 that 53%of the power
generation will be coal based by year 2021. The worldwide scenario shows that, Coal is the
ultimate fuel for future. The paper gives an overview of the current state of coal scenario and
natural gas scenario in Bangladesh. Here we discuss the principles of coal to syngas conversion
technology and aside from a brief introduction to 5 process methods for conversion of coal to
Synthesis Natural Gas (SNG). The Steam-Oxygen Gasification, Hydrogasification, Catalytic
Steam Gasification, Underground Steam-Oxygen Gasification, Underground
Hydrogasification processes are discussed with the help of process flow diagram. This paper
also summaries the present scenario of Syngas production worldwide. Finally we propose a
coal based syngas infrastructure, where coal is converted to syngas, thenprocessed to make
Synthesis Natural Gas (SNG), then it transmitted via dedicated pipeline or injected into existing
natural gas pipeline to the different types of user like Household, Thermal Power Plant, Brick
Field, Ceramics & Glass Industry and any kind of thermal process industry. This proposed
technology is design to reduce the dependency on natural gas.
KEYWORDS
Coal, Coal gasification, Synthesis Gas, SNG, Bangladesh, Substitution of Natural Gas

REFERENCES
[1] Md. Raju Ahmed, Md. Kamruzzaman, Asiful Habib, “Perspective and Prospect of Coal
Gasification Technology to Generate Clean Electricity", Paper ID: ECERE2014-P049, 27th
November 2014, National Conference on Electrical & Communication Engineering and
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2014, http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=bg#ng
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:http://www.energybangla.com/index.php?mod=article&cat=GasSector&article=2354
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removal for gasification”, Prepared for DOE/NETL, 2002
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[15] Meyer Steinberg, “Processes For Conversion Of Coal To Substitute Natural Gas (SNG)”
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ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK BASED POWER SYSTEM
STABILIZER ON A SINGLE MACHINE INFINITE BUS SYSTEM
MODELLED IN DIGSILENT POWERFACTORY AND MATLAB
Ali Kharrazi
School of Engineering and Information Technology
Murdoch University, Western Australia
ABSTRACT
In this paper the use of artificial neural network in power system stability is studied. A
predictive controller based on two neural networks is designed and tested on a single machine
infinite bus system which is used to replace conventional power system stabilizers. They have
been used for decades in power system to dampen small amplitude low frequency oscillation
in power systems. The increases in size and complexity of power systems have cast a shadow
on efficiency of conventional method. New control strategies have been proposed in many
researches. Artificial Neural Networks have been studied in many publications but lack of
assurance of their functionality has hindered the practical usage of them in utilities. The
proposed control structure is modelled using a novel data exchange established between
MATLAB and DIgSILENT power factory. The result of simulation proves the efficiency of
the proposed structure.
KEYWORDS
MATLAB, DIgSILENT PowerFactory, Power System Stabilizer, Artificial Neural Network

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no. 4, pp. 316 - 329, 1969.

ANALYSIS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC COUPLING BETWEEN TWO
NON-PARALLEL MICROSTRIP LINES ON A HIGH SPEED PRINTED
CIRCUIT BOARD
M.Anandan1 , Dr.N.Suresh Kumar2 ,P.Rajeswari2 , A.Gobinath2
1Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,Latha Mathavan Engineerign
College, Madurai.
2Velammal College of Engineering and Technology, Madurai
ABSTRACT
Coupling among interconnects and PCB traces is a major limiting factor of signal quality in
high speed digital system. This paper evaluates a possible way of far-end coupling reduction
in a special geometry of traces. In this work, via stitch guard is constructed between the non-
parallel microstrip lines to control the coupling. In a practical high speed printed circuit board,
coupling between non-parallel traces is common. The effects of via stitch guard for alleviating
the coupling are investigated. The coupling is controlled by adjusting the inclination of any one
of the line. The results are compared with conventional traces. Some design guidelines for
proper inclination angle of line for reducing the far-end coupling are concluded.
KEYWORDS
Coupling, Non-parallel microstriplines, Via stitch guard, Inclination
Volume Link : https://airccse.com/eeij/current.html

REFERENCES
[1] Fengchao Xiao, Kimitoshi Murano, and yoshio kami. “The Use of via Holes for
Controlling the crosstalk of Non Parallel Microstrip lines on PCBs” Proceedings of the IEEE
Trans. 2002.
[2] David A.Hill, fellow, IEEE, Kenneth H.Cavcey, and Robert T.Johnk, Member, IEEE
“Crosstalk Between Microstrip Transmission Lines” IEEE Trans. On Electromagnetic
Compatibility., Vol36, no 4, PP. 314-321, (November) 1994.
[3] Y. S. Sohn et al., “Empirical equations on electrical parameters of coupled microstrip lines
for crosstalk estimation in printed circuit board,” IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag., vol. 24, no.4, pp.
521–527, (November). 2001.
[4] T. H. Kim et al., “Signal transient and crosstalk model of capacitively and inductively
coupled VLSI interconnect lines,” J. Semiconductor Technol. Sci., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 260–266,
(December). 2007.
[5] S. K. Lee et al., “FEXT-eliminated stub-alternated microstrip line for multi-
gigabit/second parallel links,” Electron. Lett., vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 272–273, (February). 2008.
[6] L. Zhi, W. Qiang, and S. Changsheng, “Application of guard traces with vias in the RF
PCB layout,” in Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. Electromagn. Compatibil., Beijing, China, (May) 2002,
pp. 771–774.
[7] E. Bogatin, Signal Integrity Simplified. Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice Hall, 2004, p.
304.
[8] J. F. Buckwalter et al., “Cancellation of crosstalk-induced jitter,” IEEE J. Solid State
Circuits, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 621–632, (March). 2006.
[9] K. Lee et al., “Reduction of transient far-end crosstalk voltage and jitter in DIMM
connectors for DRAM interface,” IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon. Lett., vol. 19, pp. 15–
17, (January). 2009.
[10] Howard W. Johnson, High-speed digital design: a Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : handbook of
black magic. Prentice Hall, 1993.

DATABASES ANALYSIS OF HYDROPOWER RESOURCE
POTENTIAL AROUND THE GLOBE
Qasim Rauf, YanpinLi and Anam Ashraf
North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Henan, China
ABSTRACT
The renewable generation is one of the fast growing power system .Whereas the world is facing
the challenge of effectively exploiting and utilizing renewable energy resources, not only to
meet the increasing energy demand, but also to preserve and to reduce the depletionof fossil
fuels and to lessen the amount of CO2 emissions in our atmosphere .The national energy
generation resources of every country plays an important role in the development. Theenergy
transition is well underway in most European countries. It has a growing impact on electric
power systems as it dramatically modifies the way electricity is produced. In this paper, our
focus is to perform a systematic review of hydropower resource potential around the Globe. In
this study we will address three research queries: 1) what is the existing statusof hydropower
resource potential around the globe? 2) What kind of methodologies frameworks and
approaches are used for exploiting and utilizing renewable energy resources
3) What are the limitations of exploiting renewable resource potentials. The purpose of the
study is to highlight the current research issues, to provide valid solutions to these issues and
to find out the limitations of existing work in this area of hydropower resource potential. This
will be done by performing quantitative literature analysis of different databases and all the
results will be gathered by analysing the statistical data using “SPSS”. Remedial techniques for
handling the limitation of usability engineering management will be planned in future.
KEYWORDS
Sustainable energy resource; Hydroelectricity; Renewable energy source; Sustainable
hydropower; Hydroelectric energy; Hydropower technology ; Hydroelectric power
Hydropower; Resource potential; Systematic study of hydropower; Database analysis of
resource potential; Resource potential around the globe

REFERENCES
1. S. C. Bhattacharyya, “Energy access programs and sustainable development: A critical
review and analysis,” Energy Sustain. Dev., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 260–271, Sept. 2012.
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3. Abdel aziz, E.A., Saidur, R., Mekhilef, S. “A review on energy saving strategies in industrial
sector”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 2011, pp.150–168.
4. International Energy Association (2015) Energy and Climate Change, World Energy
Outlook special
report(page#18).Retrievedon4thOctober2019from.https://www.iea.org/publications/freepubli
cations/pu blication/ WEO2015SpecialReportonEnergyandClimateChange.pdf
5. Apergis N, Payne JE (2011a) On the causal dynamics between renewable and non-
renewable energy consumption and economic growth in developed and developing countries.
Energy Syst 2:299–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12667-011-0037 6
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Michael K. Danquah , Razif Harun “Renewable energy deployment to combat energy crisis
in Pakistan” Energy, Sustainability and Society 2016
9. Mahendra P. Lama ,“India-Pakistan Energy Cooperation: Rethinking Opportunities and
Newer Approaches “ 2014
10. Sanya Carley, Elizabeth Baldwin, Lauren M. MacLean, Jennifer N. Brass, “Global
Expansion of Renewable Energy Generation: An Analysis of Policy Instruments
“Environmental and Resource Economics , October 2017, Volume 68, Issue 2, pp 397–440
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renewable and non-renewable energy consumption in CO2 emissions: a disaggregate analysis
of Pakistan” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, November 2018, Volume 25,
Issue 31, pp 31616– 31629
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Topographical Asset for Pakistan” Applied Solar Energy ,January 2013, Volume 49, Issue 1,
pp 49–53

13. Pierre Mukheibir “Potential consequences of projected climate change impacts on
hydroelectricity generation , Climatic Change November 2013, Volume 121, Issue 1, pp 67–
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among three complex issues with specific focus on the Pakistan’s case “,Environment,
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AN EFFICIENT BASE-4 LEADING ZERO DETECTOR DESIGN
Alvernon Walker1 and Evelyn R. Sowells-Boone2
1Dept. of Engineering and Aviation Sciences, UMSE, Prince Anne, USA
2Dept. of Computer Systems Technology,
North Carolina A&T State University, GSO, USA.
ABSTRACT
A base-4 leading zero detector (LZD) design is proposed in this paper. The design is similar
to the approach originally proposed by V.G. Oklobdzija with a different technique. The circuit
modules used in the base-4 LZD approach are designed and several N-bit LZD circuitsare
implemented with a standard cell realization in the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing
Company (TSMC) 0.65um CMOS process. The performance and layout area of the base-4
LZD realization is compared for implementations that contain only 4-to-1 and 2-to-1
multiplexers.
KEYWORDS
Leading Zero Detector, Multiplexer, Floating-point Unit

REFERENCES
[1] V.G.Oklobdzija, “An Implementation Algorithm And Design Of A Novel Leading Zero
Detector Circuit,” Signals, Systems And Computers, 1992. 1992 Conference Recordof The
Twenty-Sixth Asilomar Conference On, Vol., No., Pp.391-395 Vol.1, 26-28 Oct.1992. Doi:
10.1109/ACSSC.1992.269243
[2] V.G. Oklobdzija, "An Algorithmic And Novel Design Of A Leading Zero Detector Circuit:
Comparison With Logic Synthesis," Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems,
Ieeetransactions On, Vol.2, No.1, Pp.124-128, Mar 1994.Doi: 10.1109/92.273153
[3] "IEEE Standard For Floating-Point Arithmetic," IEEE Std 754-200, Vol., No., Pp.1-58,
Aug. 29 2008 DOI: 10.1109/IEEESTD.2008.4610935
[4] I, Sutherland, B. Sproull, And. D. Harris, “Logical Effort: Designing Fast CMOS
Circuits,” (Morgankaufmann Publishers, San Francisco, CA, 1999).

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