This ppt is about anatomy of skeletal system

2. AXIAL SKELETON
I. VERTEBRAL COLUMN
= long, curved, slightly movable pillar
= united together by cartilage & ligaments
= 71 – 75 cm. long
= formed by series of bones -- vertebrae
FUNCTION:
1. support of the trunk
2. contains & protects the spinal cord &
nerves

3. VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Classification of vertebra young adult
cervical 7 7
thoracic 12 12
lumbar 5 5
sacral 5 1
coccygeal 4 1
33 26
Intervertebral discs = flattened plates of fibrocartilage that
are interposed between the adjacent surfaces of the
bodies of vertebrae
FUNCTION: 1. uniting medium between vertebrae
2. main shock absorber
3. give flexibility & movement to the whole
vertebral column

4. Cervical Vertebrae
(7)
Thoracic Vertebrae
(12)
Lumbar Vertberae (5)
Sacrum
Coccyx
The Vertebral Column

5. VERTEBRAL COLUMN
General parts of vertebrae
1. body 5. transverse process
2. arch 6. articular process
3. pedicle or root 7. spinous process
4. lamina 8. spinal or vertebral foramen
Special characteristics of individual vertebrae
a. Cervical vertebrae (7) = forms the skeleton of the neck,
all have transverse foramen
atypical cervical vertebrae:
1. atlas -- 1st
2. axis or epistropheus = 2nd
3. 7th cervical vertebrae = spinous process not
bifid, small transverse foramen
b. Thoracic vertebrae (12) = costal pits - rib attachment
= circular vertebral canal

6. VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Special characteristics of individual vertebrae cont’n
c. Lumbar vertebrae (5) = presence of mamillary &
accessory processes
= triangular vertebral foramen
d. Sacrum = inverted triangular bone situated between
hip bones
e. Coccygeal vertebrae (1) = 4 small incomplete vertebrae
fused to form the coccyx / tail bone; triangular

8. Spinal abnormalities - Kyphosis

9. Spinal abnormalities - Kyphosis

10. Spinal abnormalities - Scoliosis

11. Spinal abnormalities - Scoliosis

12. Spinal abnormalities - Scoliosis

13. Spinal abnormalities – Lumbar
Lordosis

14. Spinal abnormalities – Lumbar
Lordosis

15. Fig. 6.18

16. Cervical Spine

17. Typical Cervical vertibra

18. Cervical Vertebrae

22. Cervical Spondylosis

27. Lumbar vertebra

28. “Slipped disc” – herniation /
prolapse

29. Lumbar disc prolapse or
hermiation

31. Sacrum and coccyx

32. Sternum
True Ribs (7)
False Ribs (3)
Floating Ribs (2)
The Thoracic Cage

33. AXIAL SKELETON
I. STERNUM (breast bone)
= flat bone, found -- anterior thoracic wall
= composed of 2 plates of compact bone
with a layer of spongy bone in
between
containing red bone marrow
PARTS:
a. Manubrium
b. Corpus or body
c. Xiphoid process

34. AXIAL SKELETON
I. RIBS (12 pairs)
= narrow arched flat bones with 2 ends
1. vertebral - posterior; attaches with thoracic
2. sternal - anterior; attaches with costal cartilages
Classification of ribs:
a. Sternal or true ribs (1st to 7th)
- ribs whose costal cartilages are directly
attached to sternum
b. Asternal or false ribs (8th to 12th)
- ribs whose costal cartilages are not attached
directly to the sternum but to 7th
subdivisions: 1. false rib proper - 8th, 9th, 10th ribs
2. floating or hanging ribs – 11th & 12th

35. Fig. 6.21

36. Bones of the Pectoral Girdle

38. Fracture - Clavicle

39. Clavicle and subclavian artery

42. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
BONES of the UPPER EXTREMITY (UE)
1. Clavicle (collar bone)
2. Scapula (shoulder blade) – articulates with
humerus & clavicle
3. Humerus (arm bone) - longest & largest
bone of UE
articulates with scapula (above)
radius & ulna (below)
4. Radius - lateral bone of the forearm; cup-
shaped head
5. Ulna - principal bone of the forearm;
longer & larger than radius

43. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
BONES of the UPPER EXTREMITY (UE) cont’n
6. Carpals (wrist bone) - 8 bones arranged
into 2 rows
- proximal & distal rows
7. Metacarpals (bones of the hand) - 5 long
bones placed between carpals &
phalanges
- numbered from lateral to medial
• Phalanges (bones of the fingers) = 14 long
bones of the fingers -- 3 bones except
thumb - 2 bones

44. Humerus
Ulna
Radius
8 Carpals
14 Phalanges
5 Metacarpals

45. Axillary artery and nerve

46. Radial groove

47. Radial nerve within spinal groove of
humerus

48. Fig. 6.26

49. Ulnar nerve on elbow

50. Fig. 6.22

51. Fig. 6.27

52. X-rays

53. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
BONES of the LOWER EXTREMITY (LE)
1. Hip bone (innominate bone)
right & left hip bones + sacrum = pelvic girdle
3 bones: 1. ilium*
2. ischium*
3. pubis*
2. Femur (thigh) = longest, strongest, largest bone in
the body
3. Tibia (shin bone) = long bone; anterior, medial,
& larger of the 2 bones of the leg
4. Fibula (peroneal bone) = long slender bone placed
parallel with the tibia but located laterally
*Converge on acetabulum  a
concave fossa -- articulates with
head of femur  form hip joint

54. Fig. 6.29

55. Fig. 6.30

56. Fig. 6.31

58. Fig. 6.33

60. Fig. 6.34

61. Common peroneal nerve behind fibular head

62. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
BONES of the LOWER EXTREMITY (LE) cont’n
5. Tarsals (ankle bone) = short bones;
2 rows: internal & external rows
6. Metatarsals (bones of foot) = 5 long bones
numbered from medial to lateral
7. Phalanges (bones of toes) = similar to bones
of the fingers

66. 275 bones
12 weeks (6-9 inches
long)

67. cartilage
calcified
cartilage
bone
epiphyseal
plate
epiphyseal
line
Endochondral Ossification
2o ossification
center
Fetus: 1st
2 months
Adult
Childhood
Just before
birth

68. Common Fractures
greenstick fracture
= the bone does not break
all of the way through.
simple, or closed
= when the bone breaks but
the skin does not.
compound, or open
= when the broken bone
tears through the skin,
introducing the dangerous
possibility of infection.
The area around a break
swells and discolors, but
some fractures can be
detected only by X-ray.
The weakened bones of the
elderly are especially
susceptible to fractures.

71. hematoma
callus bony callus
bone
remodeling

72. Diseases of the Skeletal System:
Osteoporosis- bone reabsorption
outpaces bone deposit; bones
become lighter and fracture easier
Factors:
• age, gender (more in women)
• estrogen and testosterone decrease
• insufficient exercise (or too much)
• diet poor in Ca++ and protein
• abnormal vitamin D receptors
• smoking

73. Osteoporosis

75. Rickets- vitamin D deficiency
Osteomalacia- soft bones, inadequate
mineralization in bones, lack of vitamin D
Pagets Disease- spotty weakening in the
bones, excessive and abnormal bone
remodeling
Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune
reaction
Diseases of the Skeletal System:

76. Bone Deformation
Rickets can result from
insufficient vitamin D in the diet
or from insufficient amounts of
ultraviolet radiation from the
sun.
It can lead to skeletal
deformation, such as vertebral
or leg curvature.

77. Growth hormone regulates skeletal growth
stimulates cell division in epiphyseal disks
in long bones
Growth stops when epiphyseal disks are
converted to bone
When excess growth hormone is produced in
childhoodgigantism
In adulthood- acromegaly. Bones can’t grow
but soft tissue can

79. J O I N T S

80. JOINTS
= a site where 2 or more bones
come together whether
with movement or none
ARTHRITIS

81. JOINTS
CLASSIFICATION:
1. Fibrous joints
= articulating bone surfaces
= sutures of skull, inferior tibiofibular
joints
= very little movement possible

82. Immovable Joints
(synarthrosis)
suture
pubis symphisis

84. JOINT
CLASSIFICATION: cont’n.
2. Cartilagenous joints
2 types:
a. Primary - united by a plate or bar of
hyaline cartilage
b. Secondary - united by a plate of
fibrocartilage
= articular surfaces of bones --
covered by a thin layer of
hyaline cartilage
= small amount of movement

85. Slightly Movable Joint
(ampharthrosis)

86. JOINT
CLASSIFICATION: cont’n.
1. Synovial joints
= articular surfaces of bones covered
by thin layer of hyaline cartilage
separated by a joint cavity
= permits great degree of
movement

87. femur
ligaments
pelvis
(diarthrosis)- freely moveable

88. femur
pelvis
hyaline
cartilage synovial
cavity
joint
capsule

90. Fig. 6.39a

91. Fig. 6.39b

92. • POSSIBLE MOVEMENTS of JOINTS
• 1. Gliding - simple slipping or rubbing of
the apposed flat surfaces
• - no angular or rotary movement
• e.g.: in between vertebral bodies
• 2. Angular - generally found in long bones
• a. Flexion - movement that forms an
acute
• angulation between 2 approximating
joints
• = angle is decreased
• b. Extension - movement that form an
obtuse
• angulation between 2 parts
• = angle is increased

93. • POSSIBLE MOVEMENTS of JOINTS (cont’n)
1. Angular (cont’n)
• c. Abduction - movement that carries
extremity
• away from the median plane of the
body
• d. Adduction - movement that carries
extremity
• towards the median plane of the body
• 4. Circumduction
• - circular motion
• 5. Rotation
• - movement along a central axis without the
bones being displaced from such axis
• - directed medially or laterally
•

94. • POSSIBLE MOVEMENTS of JOINTS (cont’n)
• 6. Peculiar movements & positions
• forearm & hand
• a. Supination
• b. Pronation
• foot
• a. Inversion
• - plantar surface of the foot
directed
• towards the median plane
• b. Eversion
• - plantar surface of the foot
directed
• away from the median
plane

95. Abduction
Extension
Rotation
Flexion
Adduction
Synovial Joint Movement

97. Fig. 6.41f

98. Tutorials
• http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/menu
/menu.html
• http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/skeleton.htm