International health WHO UNICEF RED CROSS VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATION

1. International health
Medicine is one of the pillars
of peace

2.  First international sanitary conference
(1851)
 It is a failure
 Concentrated mainly on quarantine
 Pan-American sanitary bureau (1902)
 Pan American sanitary code was formed
 PASO would serve as WHO regional office for
the Americas (Washington D.C)
 In 1958 changed into Pan American health
organisation (PAHO)
 It was the first international health agency

3.  Office international D’hygiene publique
(1907)
 Paris office
 Initially it was predominantly European
but later Pan American sanitary bureau
and British India joined to form an
international agency. Did not had field
staff. Did remarkable work on
disseminating knowledge of
communicable diseases.
 In 1950 responsibilities were taken by

4.  The health organization of league of
nations (1923)
 “to take steps in international concern for
the prevention and control of diseases”
 Weekly epidemiological records is still
published by WHO

5.  The united nations relief and rehabilitation
administration (1943)
 Had a health division to care for the health of
millions of displaced persons, to restore and
help services after the second world war and to
revive a machinery for international exchange of
information on epidemic diseases
 It did a considerable work in malaria an typhus
 In the end of 1946, UNRRA terminated its official
existence and its health activities and financial
assets were taken over by interim commission
on the WHO

6. BIRTH OF WHO
 An interim commission was set up in
the conference held at New York.
 The ratifications was secured in 7th
April 1948
 WHO is a specialized, non political
health agency of the United Nations
with headquarters at Geneva

7. WORLD HEALTH
ORGANISATION
 Membership – those countries which
are not responsible for international
relationship rae associate members
 Associate members participate without
vote
 Others – members of both UN and
WHO
 Some are members of only WHO
 Members contribute to the budjet

8. Structure of WHO
1. World health assembly
2. Executive board
3. Secretariat

9. World health assembly
 Meets in May in Geneva
 But time to time in other countries (14th
 assembly I Delhi in 1961)
 Functions
 To determine international health policy and
programs
 To review the work of the past year
 To approve the budget needed for the following
year
 To elect member states to designate a person to
serve for 3 years on the executive board and to
replace the retiring members
 Also appoint director general on nomination of

10. Executive board
 No fewer than 3 from each area
 Members are technically qualified in health
 They do not represent their governments.
 1/3 of the membership is renewed every
year
 Executive board meets twice every year –
January and after May
 Work of the board is to give effects to the
decisions and policies of the assembly
 Has power to take action in emergency, like
epidemics

11. The secretariat
 Head – Director general
 Function to provide with technical and
managerial support
 There are following divisions
 Division of communicable diseases, division of
mental health, division of vector biology and
control, division of environmental health, division
of public health information & education for
health, division of family health, division of non
communicable diseases, division of budget and
finance

12. WHO regional Organizations
Region Headquarters
Southeast Asia New Delhi - India
Africa Harare - Zimbabwe
The Americas Washington D.C (USA)
Europe Copenhagen -
Denmark
Eastern Mediterranean Alexandria – Egypt
Western Pacific Manila ( Philippines)

13. South east asia region
 Malaria eradication
 T.B control
 Production of vaccines
 M.C.H
 Nursing environmental health &water supply
 Mental health
 Dental health.
 Medical rehabilitation,
 Quality control of drugs
 Medical education

14. Work of WHO
 Prevention and control of specific
diseases
 Automatic telex reply service (ATRS)
 Weekly epidemiological record
 Non communicable diseases
 Vector biology, quality control of drugs
etc.
 Expanded programme on immunization

15.  Development of comprehensive health
services
 Primary health care
 Manpower utilisation
 Appropriate technology for health
 Family health
 MCH, nutrition, reproductive health,
health education

16.  Environmental health
 Basic sanitary health
 Quality of air, water food ,radiation
protection
 WHO environmental health criteria
programme
 WHO environmental health monitoring
programe programme
 Water for all by 1990

17.  Health statistics
 Weekly epidemiological record
 World health statistics -quarterly
 World health statistics – annually
 International classification of diseases
(I.C.D)
 Biomedical research
 Stimulates and coordinates research
 Six tropical diseases eg,, malaria, filaria,
leishmania, leprosy,schistosomiasis

18.  Health literature and information
 WHO library is the satellite centre of
MEDLAIRS – Medical literature analysis
and retrieval system of U.S national
medical library
 Cooperation with other agencies, with
U.N

19. UNICEF
 Established by U.N general assembly
in 1946
 H.Q is in newyork
 Regional office is in New Delhi – South
central Asian region
 Executive board has 30 nations
 Unicef and WHO worked together on
urgent problems like malaria, T.B,
venereal diseases

20.  Later assistance to nations in MCH,
nutrition, environmental sanitation,
water supplies, health education which
would directly or indirectly benefit child
health
 Recently the tendency is to turn away
from the programmes of eradication
unless they benefit children
 Concept of “whole child” is gained

21.  Not only to health and nutrition but
also to their long term personal
development and development of the
countries which they live – “Country
health programming” – to meet the
needs of children as an integral part of
the developmental efforts

22. Content of services
 Child health
 Vaccines and sera
 B.C.G Vaccination programme
 Penicillin plant near Pune
 DDT plant
 2 plants for iodized salt and triple vaccine
 Environmental sanitation- safe drinking water
 Primary health care to mother and children
 Services delivered economically at village level
through resident volunteer and part time primary
health workers

23.  Child nutrition
 Applied nutrition programme, supplementary
nutrition in schools, agricultural extension –so as
to stimulate and help the rural population to
grow their foods required for child nutrition
 Supplied modern dairy plants in cities
 Provision of large doses of vitamin A
 Enrichment of salt with iodine
 Iron and folate for anemia
 Encouraging national food and nutritional
policies

24.  Family and child welfare
 Parent education, day care centers, child
welfare and youth agencies, women’s clubs
 Through health nutrition and education etc.,
home economics extension programmes
 Education –formal and non formal
 Improvement of teaching science, science
laboratories equipment, workshop
tools,library books A-V aids ,etc.,

25. GOBI –FFF CAMPAIGN
(UNICEF)
 G- growth charts
 O- ORS
 B- Breast feeding
 I- Immunization
 F- Female edcation
 F- Family planning
 F- Supplementary feeding

26.  Urban basic services –( upgrade basic
services)
 eg,., health, nutrition, water supply, sanitation
and education
 especially for children and women
 in selected cities and towns
 objective is to improve the degree of quality
of survival and development of children of
urban low income families

27. UNDP- United Nations
Development Programme
 Main source of funds for technical
assistance
 To help poorer nations to develop
human and natural resources fully
 Covers virtually every economic and
social sectors – agriculture, industry,
education and science, health and
social welfare etc.,

28. UNFPA – UNITED NATION FUNDS FOR
POPULATION ACTIVIIES
 Funding national level schemes, area
projects for family planning in rural areas
 Manufacture of contraceptives
 Population education programmes
 Organized sector projects
 To strengthen programme management
 To improve output of grass root level health
workers
 Introduction of innovative approaches in
family planning

29. FAO – Food and Agricultural
Organisation
 Headquarters- Rome
 To help nations to raise living
standards
 To increase the efficiency of farming,
forestry and fisheries
 To better the condition of rural people
 Through all these means to widen the
opportunity of people for productive
work

30.  Improve production to keep pace with the
growing population
 Ensure that the food is consumed by the people
who need it, in sufficient quantities and I right
proportions to develop and maintain a better
state of nutrition throughout the world
 “Freedom from hunger campaign”
 Collaborates in applied nutrition programme
 Nutritional surveys and training courses,
seminars and coordination of research
programmes on brucellosis and other zoonosis

31. World Bank
 Helping less developed countries to
raise their living standards
 Loans for economic growth (India's
population projects)
 Electric power, roads, railways,
agriculture, water, education, family
planning, health and environment

32. ILO – INTERNATIONAL LABOUR
ORGANISATION (GENEVA)
 To contribute to the establishment of
lasting peace by promoting social
justice
 To improve through international action
labour conditions and living standards
 To promote economic and social
stability. The international labour code
is collection of international minimum
standards related to health, welfare,
living and working conditions of
workers

33. Bilateral agencies
 USAID
1. USAID
2. Public health law 480- (food for peace)
3. Us export- import bank
USAID is in New Delhi
Projects involved
1. Malaria eradication
2. Medical education
3. Nursing education

34. 4. Health education
5. Water and sanitation
6. Communicable diseases
7. Nutrition
8. Family planning
Recent trend is reduction of activities in
public health field but more in agriculture
and family planning

35. THE COLOMBO PLAN
 Commonwealth foreign ministers met in
Colombo 1950. a plan was drawn up for
cooperative economic development in south
and south east Asia
 20 developing countries within the region
and 6 non regional members, U.S.A,U.K,
Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand
mainly supports industrial and agricultural
but some support is also given to health
promotion mainly through fellowships

36.  All India institute of medical sciences at
New Delhi is funded and established by
financial assistance with New Zealand.
This plan provides visits to countries by
experts who can give advice on local
problems and train the local people
 Canada contributed to cobalt therapy
units to medical institutions
 Plan seeks to improve the standards of
people by reviewing developmental plans
and coordinating development assistance

37. SIDA – Swedish International
Development Agency
 Assist national tuberculosis control
programme
 X- ray units
 Microscopes
 Anti T.B drugs
 Short course chemotherapy
 Drug regimens

38. DANIDA – Danish International
Development Agency –
government of Denmark
 National blindness control programme

39. NON GOVERNMENTAL
AGENCIES
 ROCKFELLER FOUNDATION- Mr.
John. D. Rockfeller
 Mainly public health and medical
education
 Subsequently life sciences, social
sciences, humanities, agriculture and
family planning
 Hookworm disease in Madras
 All India Institute of Hygiene and Public
Health in Calcutta
 Training abroad of candidates from India
through fellowships and research grants

40.  Sponsoring visits from U.S.A
 Providing grants to selected
institutions
 Development of medical college
libraries. Population studies
 National institute of virology in Pune
 Ballabhgarh block of AIIMS

41. FORD FOUNDATION
 Rural health services and family planning
 Orientation training centers in public health
 Research cum action projects - RCA latrine
 Pilot projects in rural health services –
Gandhi gram
 Establishment of NIHAE in New Delhi
 Calcutta water supply and drainage scheme
 Family planning programme

42. CARE – cooperative for
assistance and relief everywhere
 Worlds largest, independent, non
profit, non sectarian, international relief
and development organisation
 CARE provide emergency aid and long
term development assistance
 Food for children 6-11 years
 Food support in ICDS
 Integrated nutrition and health project
 Better health and nutrition project

43. CARE – contd.
 Anemia control project
 Improving women’s health project
 Improved health care for adolecent
girls project
 Child survival project
 Improving women’s reproductive
health and family spacing project
 Konkan integrated development
project

44. INTERNATIONAL RED
CROSS
 Henry Dunant, Swiss
 Traveling north Italy
 Battle of Solferino
Indian red cross
Junior red cross
 Village up liftment
 First aid
 Anti epidemic work
 international friendliness
 Understanding and cooperation

45. Voluntary health agencies
 Defined a an organisation that is
 Administered by autonomous board
 Which holds meetings,
 collects funds for its support chiefly
from private sources
 And expends money,
 Whether with or without paid workers

46.  in conducting a programme directed
primarily to furthering the public
health by providing the health services
or health education
 Or by advancing the research or
legislation for health
 Or by combination of these activities

47. Functions
1. Supplementing the work of
government agencies
2. Pioneering
3. Education
4. Demonstration
5. Guarding the work of government
agencies
6. Advancing health legislation

48. Voluntary health agencies in India
 Indian red cross society – functions
1. Relief work
2. Milk and medical supplies
3. Armed forces rehabilitation
4. Maternal and child welfare
5. Family planning
6. Blood bank and first-aid

49.  Hindu Kust Nivaran Sangh –
previously British Empire Leprosy
Relief Association (BELRA)
 Publication of leprosy in India
 Financial assistance to leprosy homes,
clinics, health education, training of
medical workers, research, all India
leprosy conferences

50. 1. Indian council of child welfare
2. Tuberculosis Association of India
3. Bharath Sevak Samaj
4. Central social welfare board
5. Kasturba memorial fund
6. Family planning association of India
7. All India women’s conference
8. All India blind relief society,
9. Professional bodies
10. International health agencies