Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that harnesses biological systems, living organisms or their derivatives to develop products and solutions that benefit society. it encompasses a wide range of scientific disciplines including biology, chemistry, genetics, microbiology, and engineering. At its core, biotechnology applies scientific principles and techniques to manipulate biological processes, organisms, or molecules for practical purposes. historical background of biotechnology. pharmaceutical sciences of biotechnology and its applications.

1. INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECNOLOGY
PRESENTED BY
V. LEELA LAKSHMI
M.PHARM ( PH.D)
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS
P. KRISHNAKEERTHI
PHARM D
INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY
PRESENTED BY
V. LEELA LAKSHMI
M.Pharm ( Ph.D)
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS
P. KRISHNAKEERTHI
PHARM D

2. DEFINITION:
❖ The term biotechnology represents a fusion or an alliance between biology and
technology. Thus biotechnology is a newly discovered discipline for age-old practices.
❖ The term biotechnology was introduced in 1917 by a Hungarian engineer, Karl Ereky.
❖ Ereky defined biotechnology as “ all lines of work by which products are produced
from raw materials with the aid of living things.”
❖ Biotechnology is defined as the use of microbial, animal or plant cells or enzymes to
synthesize, breakdown or transform materials.

3. OLD AND NEW BIOTECHNOLOGY:
❖ The term old or traditional biotechnology to the natural processes that have been in use
for many centuries to produce beer, wine, curd, cheese and many other foods.
❖ The new or modern biotechnology embraces all the genetic manipulations, cell fusion
techniques and the improvements made in the old biotechnological processes.

4. HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY:
❖From the historical perspective, the time (around 6000 BC) when the yeast was first
used to produce beer and wine, and bacteria were first used to prepare yogurt.
❖Louis Pasteur identified the role of micro-organisms in fermentation, ( between 1857 –
1876) as the father of biotechnology.
❖The biotechnology revolution began in the 1970s and early 1980s when the scientists
understood the genetic constitution of living organisms.

5. ❖Cohen and Boyer in 1973, when they could successfully introduce the desired genes of
one organism to another and clone the new genes. Example: Recombinant DNA
technology (rDNA technology).
❖The development of biotechnology, in the first half of twentieth century is associated
with the fields of applied microbiology and industrial fermentations ( production of
penicillin, organic solvents etc..).
❖The development of modern biotechnology is closely linked with advances made in
molecular biology.
HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY:

6. LIST OF HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY:
❖ 6000 BC – Wine preparation (using yeast).
❖ 4000 BC – Bread making (employing yeast).
❖ 1670 – 1680 – Use of micro-organisms for copper mining.
❖ 1865 – Inheritance of genetic characters of Gregor model.
❖ 1876 – louis Pasteur identified role microorganisms in fermentation.
❖ 1897 – Extraction of enzymes from yeast by Edward Buchner.
❖ 1910 – Sewage purification by employing microorganisms established.

7. LIST OF HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY:
❖ 1914 – Production of industrial chemicals ( acetone, butanol, glycerol) by using bacteria.
❖ 1917 – The term biotechnology was coined by Karl Ereky.
❖ 1928 – Discovery of penicillin by Alexander Flaming.
❖ 1943 – Industrial production of penicillin.
❖ 1944 – Identification of DNA as the genetic material.
❖ 1953 – Determination of DNA structure by Watson and Crick.
❖ 1958 – Semi-conservative replication of DNA by Messeison and Starl.

8. LIST OF HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY:
❖ 1961 – Launching of the Journal of Biotechnology and Bioengineering.
❖ 1961 – Lac operon model for gene regulation, proposed by Jacob and Monod.
❖ 1962 – Microbial mining of uranium.
❖ 1962 – 65 – Entire genetic code deciphered.
❖ 1970 – Isolation of the first restriction endonuclease enzyme.
❖ 1972 – Synthesis of tRNA gene by Khorara etal.
❖ 1973 – Establishment of recombinant DNA technology by Boyer and Cohen.

9. LIST OF HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY:
❖ 1975 – Production of monoclonal antibodies by Kohler and Mistein.
❖ 1976 – National Institute of Health, USA issued first guidelines for rDNA research.
❖ 1976 – Sanger and Gilbert developed techniques to sequence DNA.
❖ 1977 – First genome sequenced.
❖ 1978 – Production of human insulin in E.coli.
❖ 1980 – Site – directed mutagenesis by Gilam et al.
❖ 1981 – First diagnostic kits based on monoclonal antibodies approved in U.S.

10. LIST OF HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY:
❖ 1981 – First automated DNA synthesizers sold.
❖ 1982 – Approval given in Europe for the use of first animal vaccine produced by rDNA technology.
❖ 1983 – Use of Ti plasmids to genetically transform plants.
❖ 1987 – Gene transfer by biolistic transformation.
❖ 1988 – Development of polymerase chain reaction.
❖ 1990 – Official launching of human genome project.
❖ 1992 – First chromosome sequenced.
❖ 1994-95 – Genetic and physical maps of human chromosomes elucidated.

11. LIST OF HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY:
❖ 1996 – First eukaryotic organism sequenced.
❖ 1997 – The first mammalian sheep, Dolly developed by nuclear cloning.
❖ 2000 – First plant genome sequenced.
❖ 2001 – Human genome, the first mammalian genome sequenced.
❖ 2002 – First crop plant genome sequenced.
❖ 2003 – Mouse (Mus muscuris) genome, the experimental animal closest model to man, sequenced.

12. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY:
In pharmaceutical sciences, biotechnology plays a crucial role in drug discovery, development, and
production.
❖ Drug Discovery
❖ Biopharmaceuticals
❖ Genetic Engineering
❖ Bioprocessing
❖ Personalized Medicine
❖ Regenerative Medicine
❖ Drug Delivery systems

13. DRUG DISCOVERY
❖Biotechnology enables the identification and validation of drug targets using
techniques such as genomics, proteomics, and bio-informatics.
❖This allows for the development of more targeted and effective therapies.

14. BIOPHARMACEUTICALS:
❖Biotechnology has revolutionized the production of drugs through the use of
biologically derived molecules such as proteins, peptides, antibodies, and nucleic
acids.
❖These biopharmaceuticals are used to treat a wide range of diseases, including cancer,
autoimmune disorders and infectious diseases.

15. GENETIC ENGINEERING:
❖Techniques such as gene editing (e.g., CRISPR-Cas9 ) allow for the manipulation of
genetic material to create novel therapeutics or modify existing ones for improved
efficacy and safety.

16. BIO-PROCESSING:
❖ Biotechnology facilitates the large scale production of biopharmaceuticals through
fermentation, cell culture, and purification techniques.
❖ This ensures consistent quality and scalability of production.

17. PERSONALIZED MEDICINE:
❖Advances in biotechnology enable the development of personalized therapies tailored
to an individuals genetic makeup, leading to more precise and effective treatments with
fewer side effects.

18. REGENERATIVE MEDICINE:
❖Biotechnology offers innovative approaches for tissue engineering and regenerative
medicine, including the production of artificial organs, stem cell therapy and gene
therapy for treating genetic disorders.

19. DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS:
❖Biotechnology contributes to the development of advanced drug delivery systems, such
as nanoparticles and liposomes, which improve drug stability, bioavailability and
targeted delivery to specific tissues or cells.

20. BIOTECHNOLOGY A MULTIDISCIPLINARY GROWING TREE:
Biotechnology
Growing tree
Scientific
foundations of
biotechnology
Biotechnological
Tools

21. SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY:
The scientific foundations of biotechnology lie in several key disciplines:
• Molecular biology
• Genetics
• Cell biology
• Microbiology
• Biochemistry
• Biophysics
• Bioinformatics

22. BIOTECHNOLOGICAL TOOL:
Biotechnology employs a diverse range of tools and techniques to manipulate biological
systems for various purposes.
• Recombinant DNA Technology
• PCR ( Polymerase Chain Reaction)
• Genetic Editing Tools
• DNA Sequencing
• Proteomics Tools
• Fermentation Technology
• Bioinformatics Software
• Cell Culture Tecchniques

23. APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY:
Biotechnology has a wide range of applications across various sectors, including:
❖ Medicine & Healthcare – pharmaceuticals, diagnosis and treatment, regenerative medicine and drug
delivery systems.
❖ Agriculture and Food Production – Genetically modified organisms (GMOs), crop improvement, and
Food processing.
❖ Industrial Biotechnology – biofuels, bioremediation and enzyme applications.
❖ Environmental Conservation – biological control & conservation biology.
❖ Energy and Sustainability – bioprocessing and waste management.

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