Bs Criminology Reviewer

1. HUMAN BEHAVIOR
CENETENEIL O. SUMILANG

2. Human Behavior
anything an individual does that involves self-
initiated action and/or reaction to a given
situation.
the sum total of man's reaction to his
environment or the way human beings act

3. Human Beings
Human beings are intelligent social
animals with the mental capacity to
comprehend, infer and think in rational ways.

4. Views in Human Behavior
1.Neurological View – deals with human actions in
relation to events taking place inside the body
such as the brain and the nervous system.
2.Behavioral View – emphasizes on external
functions of the human being that can be
observed and measured.

5. 3.Cognitive View – it is concerned with the way
the brain processes and transforms information
into various ways.
4.Psychoanalytical View – emphasizes
unconscious motives that originate from
aggressive impulses in childhood.

6. 5.Humanistic View – focuses on the subject’s
experience, freedom of choice and
motivation toward self-actualization.

7. Two Basic Types of Behavior
1.Inherited (Inborn) behavior – refers to any behavioral reactions or
reflexes exhibited by people because of their inherited capabilities or
the process of natural selection.
2.Learned (Operant) behavior – involves knowing or adaptation that
enhances human beings’ ability to cope with changes in the
environment in ways which improve the chances of survival.
Learned behavior may be acquired through environment or training.

8. Classifications of Human Behavior
1.Habitual – refers to motorized behavior
usually manifested in language and emotion.
2.Instinctive –unlearned and simply comes
out of man’s instinct

9. 3.Symbolic – are behaviors that are usually
carried out by means of unsaid words and
shown through symbols or body signs.
4.Complex – are those behaviors that
combine two or more of the classified ones.

10. Causes of Human Behavior

11. Sensation – is the feeling or impression created by a
given stimulus or because that leads to a particular
reaction or behavior.
Human Senses:
Visual – sight
Olfactory – smell
Cutaneous – touch
Auditory – hearing
Gustatory – taste

12. Perception – refers to the person’s knowledge
of a given stimulus which largely help to
determine the actual behavioral response in a
given situation
Awareness – refers to the psychological
activity based on interpretation of past
experiences with a given stimulus or object.

13. Factors that affect Human Behavior

14. Heredity – it is the passing of traits to
offspring (from its parent or ancestors).

15. Environment – refers to surroundings of an object.
It consists of conditions and factors that surround
and influence behavioral pattern.
Learning – is the process by which an individual’s
behavior changes as a result of experience or
practice.

16. What is human development?
Human Development
It is the process of person’s growth and
maturation

17. Theories of human development

18. A. Personality Theory
I. Psychoanalytic theory Sigmund Freud)
1.ID
2.EGO
3 Superego

19. Levels of awareness
1.conscious
2. pre conscious
3.sub conconscious

20. Freud’s Model of Personality Development
1.Oral Stage(0-18 months)
2.Anal Stage (18 months-3 years)
3.Phallic Stage (3-6years )
4.Latency Stage(6-11 years)
5.Genital Stage(11 years on)

21. Two basic instinct
1.Eros
2.Thanatos

22. II. Personality Traits that Affect
Human Behavior
Traits –refers to the characteristics of an
individual, describing a habitual way of behaving,
thinking and feeling.

23. 1.Extroversion – interests directed toward the
external environment of people and things rather
than toward inner experiences and oneself.
2.Introversion – characterized by direction of
interest toward oneself and one’s inner world of
experiences. Introverts, in contrast, tend to be
more reserved, less outgoing, and less sociable.

24. 3.Ambiversion – is a balance of extrovert and introvert
characteristics.
4. Neuroticism – persons high in neuroticism react intensely
and are generally moody, touchy, depressed, sensitive and
anxious or nervous. They respond more poorly to
environmental stress, and are more likely to interpret ordinary
situations as threatening, and minor frustrations as hopelessly
difficult.

25. 5.Psychoticism – is characterized by cold
cruelty, social insensitivity, disregard for
danger, troublesome behavior, dislike of
others and an attraction towards unusual.

26. B. Psychosocial Theory of Development
1.Trust vs. Mistrust
2.Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
3.initiative vs. guilt
4.industry vs. inferiority
5.Identity vs. confusion
6.adolescence
7.Young adulthood
8.Generativity vs. stagnation

27. Stage 1 Trust vs. Mistrust
(Infancy to 18 months)
-development of strong base of trust

28. Stage 2 Authority vs. Shame
(18 months to 3 years)
-children begin to express a greater
need for Independence

29. Stage 3 Initiative vs. Guilt
(Ages 3-5 years old)
-this stage can develop leadership

30. Stage 4 Industry vs. Inferiority
( 6-11 years old)
-according to Erickson this stage is vital
in developing self confidence

31. Stage 5 Identity vs. Confusion
(Ages 12-18 years old)
-this is the transition from childhood to
adulthood, teens begin feel confused or
insecure about themselves and how they fit in
the society

32. Stage 6 Intimacy vs. Isolation
(19- 40 years old)
- this stage centers on forming intimate,
loving relationship with other people

33. Stage 7 Generativity vs. Stagnation
(Ages 40-65 years old)
-developing relationship with family
-making commitment to other people

34. Stage 8 Integrity vs Despair
(65 years and ends to death)
-during this stage people reflect back on
the life they have lived and come away
with either a sense of fulfillment or
regret

35. HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND
COPING/DEFENSE MECAHNISM

36. EMOTION
refers to feelings affective responses as a
result of physiological arousal, thoughts and
beliefs, subjective evaluation and bodily
expression.

37. Theories of Emotion
1.James-Lange Theory
2.Cannon-Bard Theory by Philip Bard and Walter
Cannon
3.Two Factor Theory

38. Conflict
It is a stressful condition that occurs when a
person must choose between incompatible or
contradictory alternatives.

39. Three Basic Forms of Conflict
Approach-Avoidance Conflict - occurs when an
individual move closer to a seemingly desirable object, only to
have the potentially negative consequences of contacting that
object
Approach-Approach Conflict - conflict resulting from
the necessity of choosing between two desirable alternatives.
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict - This form of conflict
involves two undesirable or unattractive alternatives where a
person has to decide of choosing one of the undesirable things.

40. Frustration refers to the situation which
blocks the individual’s motivated behavior.
Sustained frustration may be characterized by
anxiety, irritability, fatigue or depression.

41. Common Responses to Frustration
1.Aggression –response made with the intent of harming some
person or objects.
2.Displaced Aggression-redirecting aggression to a target other
than the actual source of one’s frustration
3.Scapegoating-act of blaming a person or group of people for
condition
4.Escape- reducing comfort by leaving frustrating situation

42. Coping Mechanism
It is defined as the way people react to
frustration. People differ in the way they react
to frustration.

43. Frustration Tolerance
It is the ability to withstand frustration
without developing inadequate modes of
response.

44. Broad Reactions to Frustration
Fight – is manifested by fighting the problem in a
constructive and direct way by means of breaking down
the obstacles preventing the person reaching his goals.
Flight – it can be manifested by sulking, retreating,
becoming indifferent and giving up.

45. Different Types of Reaction to Frustration
1.Direct approach
2.Detour
3.Substitution
4.Withdrawal or retreat
5.Developing feeling of inferiority
6.Aggression
7.Use of Defense Mechanism

46. What is defense mechanism?
Defense Machanism-are the unconscious
psychological strategies brought into play by
various entities. According to Freud this are the
methods that ego uses to avoid recognizing ideas
or emotions that may cause personal anxiety.

47. Common Defense Mechanism
1.Displacement –anger displaced unto another person or object
2.Rationalization- justification of their wrong doing
3.Compensation- overcoming feeling of inferiority by
concentrating on areas where they can excel
4.Projection-transferring of unacceptable feeling or idea unto
other

48. 5.Reaction formation- behaves in opposite way
6.Denial –refuses to recognize and deal with
reality
7.Repression- passive forgetting
8. Suppression- active forgetting

49. 9.Identification- taking the characteristics of
someone
10.Regression-return to the state of form
adjustment

50. 11.Fantasy-ambition that did not materialize
into reality
12.Sublimation-unacceptable thought and
behavior diverted into acceptable channel

51. Abnormal Behavior (Deviant)
-Literally means "away from the norms.
-Unusual, socially unacceptable
-known in medical term as a mental
illness

52. Models of Abnormality
1.Behavioral
-behavior is learned from our environment.
-abnormality seen as the development of behavior
patterns that are maladaptive.
-abnormal behavior is acquired through the
environment

53. 2.Cognitive
-person’s thought are responsible for their
behavior
-psychological disorders result from learning
maladaptive ways of thinking and behaving

54. 3.Medical/Biological
-disorders have an organic or physical cause
-focus on genetics, neurophysiology,
neuroanatomy biochemistry etc.

55. 4.Psychodynamic
Freud’s believe that abnormality came from
psychological rather than physical causes.

57. Mental disorder

58. A. NEUROSIS– a condition where a person
compromises with reality by developing imaginary
ailments, phobia, obsession or compulsion.

59. Some of the more common neuroses are:
1.anxiety
excessive levels of negative emotions, such as
nervousness, tension, worry, fright, and
anxiety.

60. Types of Anxiety disorder
1.Generalized Anxiety disorder
2.Obsessive Compulsive
3.Panic Disorder
4.Post Traumatic Disorder
5.Specific Phobias

61. TYPES OF PHOBIAS
Acrophobia - high places
Agoraphobia - open spaces and market places
Malgophobia - pain
Astraphobia - storms, thunder, and lightning
Gynophobia – fear of dogs
Claustrophobia - closed places
Hematophobia - blood
Mysophobia - contamination or germs

62. Monophobia - being alone
Nyctophobia - darkness
Ochlophobia - crowds
Hydrophobia - water (deep water)
Pathophobia - disease
Pyrophobia - fire
Syphilophobia - syphilis
Zoophobia - animals or some particular animals

63. 2.Obsessive compulsive disorder
people who suffer from this have unwanted,
intrusive and repetitive thoughts or
behaviors.

64. EXAMPLES OF COMPULSION
1. Arithomania – the impulse to count anything.
2. Dipsomania – the impulse to drink liquor.
3. Homicidal mania – the impulse to kill.
4. Kleptomania – the impulse to steal.
5. Megalomania – the impulse for fame or power.
6. Pyromania – the impulse to set fire.
7. Suicidal mania – the impulse to take one’s life.

65. 3.Delusional Disorder
-sometimes known as paranoia
-false belief

66. Types of Delusional Disorder
1.Persecutory type
-individuals who hold these beliefs are either suspicious
2.Jealous Type
-associated with individual’s spouse or lovers
being unfaithful

67. 3.Erotomatic Type
delusional disorder in which an individuals
believes that another person is in love with him
4.Somatic Type false belief that a person’sinternal
and external bodily functions are abnormal

68. 4. DEPRESSION
extreme feeling of low morale, sadness,
loneliness, self-pity, despair, rejection, boredom
and pessimism;
-extreme loneliness

69. B. Psychosis - a mental condition where the person
may withdraw from the real world into the world
of fantasy and make-believe, where a person’s
hidden or unexpressed desires can be fulfilled.

70. Symptoms of Psychosis
1.Involution reaction-manifestation of severe
depression
2.Affective Reaction- inappropriate exaggerated
mood and marked change in activity level
3.Manic depressive –various combination of
attention between excitement and delusional
optimism
4.Schizophrenic reaction –withdrawal from reality

71. PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Personality disorders, formerly referred to as
character disorders
-chronic maladaptive cognitive behavioral
patterns

72. Types of Personality Disorders
1. Paranoid Personality – characterized by
suspiciousness, hypersensitivity, rigidity, envy, excessive
self-importance, and argumentativeness plus a
tendency to blame others for one's own mistakes and
failures and to ascribe evil motives to others.
2. Schizoid Personality Individuals with this personality
disorder neither deserve nor enjoy close relationship.

73. 3. Schizotypal Personality –this type of
personality disorder exhibit odd behaviors
based on a belief in magic or superstition

74. 4. Histrionic Personality – this is characterized
by attempt to be the center of attention
through the use of theatrical and self-
dramatizing behavior

75. 5.Narcissistic Personality – Individuals with
this type of personality have a pervasive
sense of self-importance

76. 6. Antisocial Personality – This is characterized
by a lifelong history of inability to conform to
social norms.

77. 7.Borderline Personality – characterized by
instability, reflected in drastic mood shifts and
behavior problems
8. Avoidant Personality –characterized as
fearful of becoming involved with people
because of excessive fears of criticism or
rejection

78. 9. Dependent Personality – This is
characterized by inability to make even daily
decisions without excessive advice and
reassurance from others

79. 10. Compulsive Personality – This is characterized
by excessive concern with rules, order efficiency

80. Dissociative Disorder
1.Psychogenic Amnesia
-also known as dissociative amnesia
-it is the temporary or permanent loss of a part or all of the
memory
Three types of Amnesia
a. Retrogade amnesia- forget all the things happened in the
past
b. Anterograde amnesia-forget the things that just occurred
c. Localized amnesia-forgot some part of the memory

81. 2.Depersonalization disorder
-feeling disconnected or detached from one’s
body and thoughts
-sometimes described as feeling like you are
observing yourself from outside your body or like
being in a dream

82. 3.Multiple personality disorder
-also known as dissociative identity disorder
-defined as occurrence of two or more personalities
within the same individual

83. SEXUAL DEVIANCY
A sexual act that seeks gratification by means
other than heterosexual relationship

84. TYPES OF SEXUAL DEVIANCY
Homosexuality - sexual desire towards the same
sex
Transvestitism - obtaining sexual gratification by
wearing the clothes of the opposite sex.
Voyeurism - obtaining sexual pleasure by watching
the members of the opposite sex undressing or
engaging in sexual activities.

85. Exhibitionism - obtaining pleasure by exposing
one’s genitals to others.
Fetishism - obtaining sexual gratification primarily
and exclusively from specific objects.
Sadism – by inflicting pain to others

86. Masochism – by inflicting pain upon themselves .
Sodomy – sexual act through the anus of another
human being.
Froilism – a form of sexual perversion in which
three (3) persons are participating in sexual act.
Pluralism – a group participates in sexual orgies
(sexual festival).

87. Cunnilingus – licking of woman’s genitals
Fellatio – sucking the penis
Pedophilia – obtaining pleasure from sexual
contact with children.
Incest – sexual relations between persons related
by blood.

88. Bestiality – sexual intercourse with a living
animal.
Necrophilia – desire to engage in sexual
intercourse with a dead body.

89. Sexual Dysfunction
a. Dysfunction of sexual desire
1.Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder-marked
by lack or no sexual desire
2.Sexual Aversion- characterized by a desire
to avoid genital contact with a sexual partner

90. B. Dysfunctional of sexual
arousal
1.Male erectile disorder-inability to achieve
erection
2.Female Sexual Arousal- it refers to none
responsiveness to erotic stimulation

91. C. Dysfunction of Orgasm
1.Premature Ejaculation- unsatisfactory brief
period between the beginning or sexual
stimulation
2.Male orgasmic Disorder-inability to ejaculate
during sexual intercourse
3.Female Orgasmic Disorder-difficulty in achieving
orgasm, either manually or during sexual
intercourse

92. D. Sexual Pain disorder
1.Vaginismus- involuntary muscle spasm
at the entrance to the vagina that prevents
penetration and sexual intercourse
2.Dyspareunia- painful coitus

93. E. Hyper sexuality
1.Nymphomania- a female psychological
disorder characterized by an overactive libido
2.Satyriasis-male disorder